Orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

ORTHODONTIC WIRES


INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

INTRODUCTION






Recent advances in Orthodontic wire alloys have
resulted in a varied array of wires that exhibit a wide
spectrum of properties .
Up until the 1930's the only orthodontic wire
Available was made of Gold.
Austenitic stainless steel, with its greater strength,
higher modulus of elasticity, good resistance to
corrosion and moderate costs, were introduced, as
an orthodontic wire in 1929 and shortly afterward
gained popularity over gold.

DEFINITIONS
STRESS:
:-Stress is the internal distribution of the load
measured as force per unit area .
 STRAIN:
:-Strain is the internal distortion produced by
load (force defined as deflection per unit
length).



 PROPORTIONAL

LIMIT OR ELASTIC LIMIT
:-The point at which first plastic deformation
occurs.
 LOAD DEFLECTION RATE
:-For a given load (force) the deflection observed
within the elastic limit is known as load
deflection rate

 MODULUS

OF ELASTICITY
:-The mechanical property that determines the
load deflection rate of an orthodontic wire is
the modulus of elasticity (F). Load deflection
rate varies directly and linearly with modulus
of elasticity .


GOLD ALLOYS
 The

composition of the alloys used in gold
orthodontic wires is similar to the type IV gold
casting alloys .
 These wires can be potentially strengthened
with the proper heat treatment, although they
are typically used in as cold drawn condition.


COMPOSITION.
GOLD

55-65%

COPPER

11-18%

SILVER

1-25%

NICKEL

5-10%

 The

yield strength of wrought gold wires can
range from 50,000 - 160,000 psi depending
on the alloy condition .

 The

modulus of elasticity of gold alloys is
approximately 15 X 10 power of 6 psi.


ADVANTAGES
 HIGLY

FORMABLE

 CAPABLE

OF DELIVERING LOWER LEVEL
OF FORCES THAN STAINLESS STEEL.

 CAN

BE EASILY JOINED BY SOLDERING
AND JOINTS ARE HIGLY CORROSION
RESISTANT.

DISADANTAGES.
 Gold

alloys typically have yield strengths in
the lower end of the range, which limits
spring back .

 Increasing

cost .


STAINLESS STEEL
 In

the 1940's Austenitic stainless steel began
to displace gold as the primary alloy for
orthodontic wires.

 The

most commonly used types are 302 and
304 stainless steel

 These

alloys derive most of their strength
from cold working and carbon interstitial

COMPOSITION.
IRON

73-74%

CHROMIUM

18%

NICKEL

8%

CARBON

0-0.2%

 The

only heat treatment used with this wire
are for stress relieving, which is typically
done at 850 degree F(454° c) for less than
10 50,000-280,000 psi
 The modulus of elasticity of orthodontic
stainless steel wires range from 23 X 106 24 X 10 rise to 6 psi. The high modulus
necessitates the use of smaller diameter
wires for alignment procedures where lower
forces are indicated.

 The

microstructure demonstrates the
typical 'fibrous' appearance associated
with extensively elongated strains.

 This

microstructure can be altered by
short exposures to high temperatures,
which is why soldering procedures
have to be undertaken carefully.


 The

ratio of yield strength to modulus
indicates that stainless steel wire has
slightly greater spring back properties
than gold .

 In

general stainless steel has excellent
formability, although the wires with
higher yield strength may be somewhat
brittle.



Stainless steel can be soldered and
has good corrosion resistance.

MULTISTRANDED STAINLESS STEEL WIRE
 Flexibility

of stainless steel wire can be
increased by building up a strand of stainless
steel wire around a core of ‘0.0065" wire
along with 0.0055" wire used as wrap wires.
This produces an overall diameter of
approximately 0.0165".
 The strand of stainless steel wire is more
flexible due to the contact slip between
Adjacent wrap wires and the core wire of the
strand

 When

the strand is deflected the wires which are
both under tension and torsion will slip with
respect to the core wire and each other. If there
is no elastic deformation wire returns to its
normal position giving the elasticity to the strand
of the wire
 Muti stranded Wires are available in round,
rectangular and in square cross sections.

Triple-stranded wire
geometry.Lower
drawings show
derivation of crosssectional area of a
single strand normal
to the neutral axis.


 Kusy

and Dillcy noted that the stiffness of a
triple stranded 0.175" (3 X 008") stainless
steel arch wire was similar to that of 0.0 10"
single stranded stainless steel arch wire.

 The

multi stranded arch wire was also 25%
stronger that the 0.010 stainless steel wire.

 The

triple stranded wire was also half as stiff
as .016" B-titanium. Multi stranded wire can
be used as a substitute to the newer alloy
wire considering the cost of nickel titanium
wire

Multi stranded wires available are : Dentaflex

- Dentaurum.
:-Dentaflex is available is triple strand, co-axial
six strand and braided eight strand.
 D-rect is an 8 stranded, interwoven braided
rectangular wire. Its high flexibility, together
with 3-dimensional control and slot filling
capabilities.

D-rect advantages



Initial torque control
Picking up second molars later in treatment



A finishing arch wire, where torque control is desired
yet resilient to permit inter arch



Occlusal settling.



Torque control with vertical or anterior Box elastics

 Force

9 is a 9-strand, inter woven, braided rectangular
wire. It delivers 50% more force than the 8-stranded
D-rect. Its selection can be based upon similar
applications where Slightly more force seems to be
indicated.

 RESPOND

- is a 6-strand, spiral wrap with a central
core wire. Respond-6.1n deliver light, initial forces
while filling the arch wire slot for greater control. Its
resistance to permanent deformation makes respond
an excellent choice as an initial arch wire in more
severe dental mal alignments.

Straight lengths of twisted
stainless steel wires
compared (after having
been tied into the typodont
for one hour). Respond (a
six-strand wire) has a
greater range than TwistFlex or Wildcat (both threestrand wires).




Rectangular multistrand
wires compared. DRect (an eight-strand,
braided wire) compares
closely with Force 9 (a
nine-strand, braided
wire). Quad-Cat (a
three-strand, twisted
rectangular wire)
deforms easily and is
much stiffer.

AUSTRALIAN ORTHODONTIC ARCH WIRES.
 A.J.

Wilcock produced orthodontic arch wire
to meet Dr. Begg’s needs for use in Begg’s
technique .
 The wire produced has certain unique
characteristics different from usual stainless
steel




It is an ultra high tensile austenitic stainless steel arch
wire



The wire is resilient, certain bends when incorporated
into the arch form and pinned to the teeth become
activated. By which stresses are produced within the
wire generating wires.
The wire has a unique property of zero stress
relaxation. Zero relaxation allows the wire to maintain its
force over a long period of time, yet resist permanent
deformation from elastic load.

AVAILABLE IN 8 GRADES:

REGULAR GRADE

White label lowest grade and easiest to bend. Used for
practice bending or forming auxiliaries. It can be
used as arch wire when distortion and bite opening is
not a problem.


REGULAR PLUS GRADE:

Green label relatively easy to form yet more resilient
than regular grade. Used for auxiliaries when more
pressure and resistance to deformation is required.



SPECIAL GRADE:
Black label highly resilient yet can be formed into intricate
shapes with little danger of breakage



SPECIAL PLUS GRADE:
Orange label - hardness and resiliency of the wire are
excellent for Supporting anchorage and reducing deep
overbite.
EXTRA SPECIAL GRADE:
Blue label highly resilient and hard, difficult to bend and
subjects to fracture.






Later due to demand from orthodontic
fraternity higher grades premium and
premium plus grades were developed.



In early 1980 an even higher grade wire
which is commercially available as
supreme was produced by A.J. Wilcock.
This wire is available in .008", .009", .
010 and .011 ", These wires were
initially used for alignment in lingual
orthodontics were brackets are close
together. The flexibility of supreme wire
is comparable to that of Nickel Titanium
wires and has the added advantage of
good formability.



To avoid breakage of
Australian orthodontic
arch wire, the flat beak
of the light wire pliers
should be used. This
has the effect of
introducing a moment
about the thumb and
wire gripping point
that reduces the
applied stress that
might other wise
cause wire fracture.



In addition when the wire is bent around the round beak of the
pliers the stress on the crystalline structure is confined to a
small area which may cause the wire to break. When bending
the wire around the flat beak the ,points of stress are offset,
providing more area for crystalline adjustment and therefore
less chance for fracture of the wire.



The wire has a ductile-brittle transition temperature which
may be around room tem-perature or slightly above. Hence
pulling the wire with the fingers is recommended to warm the
wire, which reduces brittleness and avoid fracture.



Till 1980wires were straightened by what is called as spinner straightening
process. Spinner straightening is a mechanical process of straightening,
usually in the cold hard drawn conditions.



The wire is pulled through high speed rotating bronze rollers which
torsionally twist the wire into a straightened condition. This can result in
permanent deformation.



Presently the premium and supreme wires are straightened by a process
called pulse straightening. Though the exact procedure, presumably
remain a trade secret, it enables to straighten these high yield strength
wires, without structural deformation and altering the physical properties.


 Wallaby

is a high temper Australian stainless
steel wire manufactured by Ormco, Its higher
yield strength over equivalent diameter of
stainless steel, provides higher forces for a
given deflection.


CHORME COBALT ALLOYS
 Initially

it was manufactured for watch springs
by Elgin watch company, hence the name
Elgiloy.
Marketed as
 Elgiloy
 Azurloy
 Multiphase
 Ramaloy

COMPOSITION
COBALT

40%

CHROMIUM

20%

NICKEL

15%.

MOLYBDENUM

7%

MANGANESE

2%

CARBON

0.15%

BERRYLIUM

0.4%

IRON

15%

Types of chrome cobalt alloy wires:
 Blue

Elgiloy:- Can be bent easily with fingers and pliers. Heat
treatment of blue elgiloy increases its resistance to
deformation

 Yellow

EIgiloy :- Relatively ductile and more resilient than blue
elgiloy. Further increase in its resilience and spring
performance can be achieved bywww.indiandentalacademy.com
heat treatment.

 Green

Elgiloy
- More resilient than yellow elgiloy and can be
shaped with pliers before heat treatment.

 Red

Eigiloy - Most resilient of elgiloy wires, with high
spring qualities, withstand only minimal work
hardening. Heat treatment makes it extremely
resilient.


Since elgiloy will fracture easily heat treatment, all
adjustments should be made before precipitation
hardening process.



Smaller spring back is desired for all non heat treated
cobalt chromium wires with the exception of red temper
elgiloy.

HEAT TREATMENT:
 The

ideal temperature for heat treatment is
900°F or 482°C for 7.12 minutes in a dental
furnace.
 This causes precipitation hardening of the alloy
increasing the resistance of the wire to
deformation.
 Electrical heat treatment using, a heat treatment
unit can also be used with a temperature
indication paste.

 Heat

treatment increases the flexural yield strength,
modulus of elasticity ,reduces the corrosion in
localized areas where stresses can get concentrated .

 Pre-heat

treated wires will be soft and easy to
manipulate, making it convenient for clinician to place
accurate bends with ease, after heat treatment, the
wire will obtain better spring back properties .



The disadvantage of this wire is the tendency to harden at the
point where two segment are welded or soldered, and the
greater degree of work hardening when compared to stainless
steel.



Soldering should be done carefully as high temperatures
(above 1200°F) causes annealing with resultant loss in yield
and tensile strengths. Low fusing solder is recommended.



The advantages of elgiloy over stainless steel wires include
greater resistance to fatigue and distortion and longer function
as a resilient spring. The high moduli of elasticity of elgiloy wire
suggest that these wires deliver twice the forces of Beta
Titanium wires and four times the force or nitinol wires for equal
amount of activations.

•AZURLOY is a heat treatable alloy with excellent
formability in its non heat treated form .

 Can

be used for

 Multiloop
 Utility

systems

arches

 Overlay

intrusion arches or base arches.

Heat-treated Elgiloy
wires arranged in order
of decreasing working
range (from top to
bottom), Red Elgiloy
having the greatest
range..


NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOYS.
 The

first of the titanium alloys introduced into
orthodontics in recent years, is nickel titanium
alloy marketed as Nitinol by Unitek corporations
were developed for the space program but has
proved very useful in clinical orthodontics
because of its exceptional springiness.
 The word Nitinol is an acronym which is derived
from Nickel titanium and NOL which stands for
NAVALORDINANCE LABORATORY, its place
of origin

TheNiti alloys have two remarkable
properties that are unique in dentistry

Shape

memory
Super elasticity


 Shape

memory is the phenomenon where about the
alloy is soft and readily formable at a low temperature,
but can be easily returned to its original configuration
when heated to suitable transition temperature.

 Super

elasticity is the property, demonstrated by
these wires when the value remains, fairly constant
upto a certain point of wire deformation and stays
constant as the wire rebounds

Martensite form exists at lower temperature,
the austenite form higher temperature
After considerable experimentation, Nitinol
marketed in the later 1970s for Orthodontic use
in a stabilized martensite form, with no
applications of face transition effects.
 Nitinol is exceptionally springy and quite strong
but poor formability.
 The family of stabilized martensitic alloys
commercially available referred to as M-NITl.



The late 1980 new Niti wires with
an active austenitic grain structure
appeared. These wires exhibit the
other remarkable properties of Niti
alloys, namely super elasticity and
shape memory. This group of Niti
wires is referred to as A – Ni ti wires.



The physical behavior of niti alloy wire can be interpreted and
explained from a metallurgic analysis.



It is generally an accepted fact that Niti alloy is a nearly
equiatomic inter metallic compound that incorporates a variety
of properties that can be conlrolled by the manufacturing
process.



A given zone lies between the high and low temperature
ranges.
At high temperature range, the crystal structure of Niti alloy is
an austenitic phase, which is a body centered cubic lattice.





The martensite phase which is a closely packed hexagonal
lattice a low temperature range

 By

contolling the low and high temperature ranges,
change in crystal structure called martensitic
transformation can be produced. This phenomenon is
a said to cause a change in its physical properties.

 In

the martensitic phase which has a low temperature
range the metal is ductile

.

In the austenite phase in the high temperature range,
it is more difficult to induce deformation.

When an external force is applied, the deformation
of most metals is induced with a slip of lattice, the
deformation of Niti alloy is induced with martensitic
transformation
 The

martensitic transformation can be
reversed by heating the alloy to return to its
austenitic phase and it is gradually
transformed by reversing back into the energy
stable condition.
 This means that the alloy can return to the
previous shape. This is called shape
memory.

SUPER ELASTICITY
 It

is produced by stress not by temperature
difference and is called stress induced
martensitic transformation.

 Matrensitic

transformation begins when external
force is applied in such a manner that stress
exceeds a given amount.

 This

called as super elasticity.

A

new Japanese Nickel Titanium alloy was
developed by Miura et al Japan. This wire showed
better super elastic and shape memory properties.
The wire delivered a constant force over an
extended portion of the deactivation range.



When compared to Nitinol it showed less tendency
towards permanent deformation during activation

 Another

Nickel titanium alloy introduced by
Burstone and developed by Dr. Tien hua Chang
called as Chinese Niti alloy exhibits superior spring
back property when compared to Nitinol due to little
work hardening and presence of the parent phase
which is austenite yielding better mechanical
properties.



In addition Chinese Ni ti wire has a much lower
transition temperature range.

 Part

of the unusual nature of a super elastic material
like A-Niti is that its unloading curve differs from its
loading curve (i.e., reversibility has an energy loss
associated with it hysterisis.

 This

different loading the unloading curves produce
even more remarkable effct that is the force delivered
by an A-niti which can be changed during clinical use
merely by releasing it and retying it.

 For

the orthodontists, wire bending in the classic
sense is all but impossible with Niti, because they do
not undergo plastic deformation until remarkably high
force is applied.



Bending of the niti wires can be done in clinical setting by
bending the wire while an electric current is being passed
through it using modified orthodontic pliers as the electrodes .



The process of heating the wire electrically is known as DERHT
or direct electrical resistance heat treatment. The elastic
properties of the wire is not affected by the presence of the
bend.



It is also possible to change the super elastic properties of a
section of an arch wire by the treatment of that segment. This
is accomplished by passing the electric current between
electrodes attached to only one segment of the wire.

 Surface

roughness of Niti wire is thc highest among all
the orthodontic wires

.

The surface characteristics of the Nickel Titanium
alloy wires are a result of its complex manufacturing
process and proprietary surface treatment.



Nickel and Titanium are commonly manufactured into
nickel titanium alloy by the process of vacuum melting

Several

remelts are needed to improve
homogeneity of nickel titanium alloys.

Voids

occur in the area where the
powders are not completely pressed
together.

The

wires obtain their final shape by the
process of drawing or rolling. The process
of drawing or rolling may leaves scratch
marks on the surface.

USES OF NITI ALLOY WIRES:


Because of its superior spring back, super elasticity,
shape memory, and its ability to produce light force for
longer duration Niti is the ideal wire for initial leveling
and aligning.



Rectangular Niti allows full engagement of the Bracket
slot and gives better torque control in the initial phase
of treatment. Reverse curve Niti, also known as
Rocking chair Niti helps in bite opening and when
placed upside down helps in bite closure along with
leveling and aligning.

 The

problems of breakage during insertion
common with elastomeric modules is resolved.



Reuse after autoclaving is also possible with
Niti spring

 Niti

palatal expander bas been developed which

is used for transverse expansion of maxilla



The action of the appliance is a consequence of Niti's
shape memory and transition temperature effects, The
Ni ti expander has a transition temperature of 94
degree F.



When it is chilled before insertion, it becomes flexible
and can be easily bent to facilitate placement. As the
mouth begins to warm the appliance, the metal stiffens,
shape memory is restored and the expander begins to
exert a light, continuous force on the teeth and the mid
palatal suture.

 Niti

is also available in the form of coil springs.

 These

Niti coil springs manufactured by Ormco
greatly enhance efficiency in both space
closure and space opening.


TRADE NAMES OF NITI ALLOY WIRES
MANUFACTURED BY SOME COMPANIES
 Elastinol

- Masel orthodontics
 Bioforce sentalloy - Gac International
 Nitanium - Ortho organisers
 Sentinol- Gac International
 5 Align - A Company
 Force: I - American Orthodontics
 Turbo –ormco
 Nitinol xl-3M unitek

The latest of the Niti Wires is the
Copper Niti wire introduced by Ormco
 Copper

Niti from Ormco represents, the next
generation of the super elastic and shape
memory wires.

 This

revolutionary new alloy set at four
transformation temperature for four
distinct. force levels, enables the clinician to
provide the optimal forces for tooth movement.

COMPOSITION.
NICKEL

49.8%

TITANIUM

42.9%

COPPER

6%

CHROMIUM

0.05%


 Stress

induced martensite is responsible for the
super elastic properties of NI-TI alloys.

 Martensite

transformation is also temperature
dependent.

 One

of of the most important markers is the
materials austenitic finish temperature.

 To

exploit super elasticity to its fullest potentials
the working temperature of the orthodontic
appliance should be greater than the austenitic
finish temperature.

 It

is the differential between the austenitic finish
temperature And the mouth temperature that
determines the force generated by Ni ti alloys .

ADVANTAGES OF COPPER NI -TI


REDUCE HYSTERISIS.



PRECISE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE.



20%LESS LOADING FORCE WHEN COMPARED TO
NICKEL TITANIUM.



IT PERMITS EASIER ENGAGEMENT IN TO THE
BRACKET SLOT WITH LESS DIFFICULTY.



IT CREATES LESS TRAUMA AND DISCOMFORT TO THE
PATIENT.



Five flexible archwires after activation. Nitinol shows the
least deflection. D-Rect and Respond practically tie for
second, and Hi-T stainless steel shows the most distortion.
All five of these archwires would apply light forces, due to
their low stiffness numbers, and could consequently be
used ideally for initial leveling and aligning. Schematic
diagram shows the differences among the wires.

Stainless steel and Nitinol arch
wires before and after
activation, showing resulting
permanent distortion. Numbers
indicate how far (mm) the arch
wire springs back after being
cut free from the deviated teeth.
Each number, therefore,
represents the working range,
or the distance the wire could
have moved the tooth at that
particular activation. In both
cases, the 5mm activation was
the maximum working range
deflection.

ALPHA TITANIUM
 Pure

titanium has different crystallographic
forms at high and low temperatures

 At

temperature below 885° C the hexagonal
closed packed or alpha lattice is stable while
at higher temperature the metal rearranges
into body centered cubic or beta crystal.

 The

alpha titanium alloy is attained by aiding 6%
aluminum and 4% vanadium to titanium.



Because of its hexagonal lattice, it possess fewer slip
planes making it less ductile from B - titanium.

 Slip

planes are the planes of atoms in a crystal that
can glide past.

 The

more the slip planes the easier it is to
deform the material.



Body centered cubic of B-titanium have two slip
planes.

 The

hexagonal close pack structures of Alpha
titanium has only one active slip plane along its
base rendering it less ductile.

 Alpha

titanium gets hardened by absorbing intra
oral free hydrogen ions which turn it into titanium
hydride at the oral temperature of 37°C and
100% humidity.



Mollenhauer reported that after six weeks in
mouth, the wire become brittle to bend.

Presently the wire is available as a combination the
anterior section is .018" X .025"rectangular torque
control and braking while the posterior section
which is oval, tapering from 0.018" to. 0.017".



Used as finishing wires.
2nd stage of Begg’s
treatment.


BETA TITANIUM/TITANIUM MOLEBDYNUM
ALLOY/TMA.
 Beta

- titanium a new orthodontic alloy with
unique properties and excellent balance of
properties suitable for many orthodontic
applications
 For a given cross section it can deflected
approximately twice as far as stainless
steel wire without permanent deformation.


COMPOSITION
TITANIUM

79%

MOLYBDENUM

11%

ZIRCONIUM

6%

TIN

4%

ADVANTAGES OF TMA
 IT

DELIVERS FORCE VALUE LESS THAN HALF
OF STAINLESS STEEL.

 THIS

MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO USE LARGER
RECTANGULAR WIRES FOR EARLIER OR
MORE COMPLETE TORQUE CONTROL WHILE
MAINTAINING OR REDUCING
LOAD/DEFLECTION RATE.

 GOOD

SPRING BACK.

 GOOD

FORMABILITY.

 WELDABILITY.
 ABSENCE

OF NICKEL MAKES IT IN
USEFUL FOR PATIENTS ALLERGIC TO
NICKEL.

Nitinol and TMA
compared. TMA has
less working range
than Nitinol, but more
than all the solid
stainless steel and
Elgiloy wires.


 Performed

tear drop looped T.M.A, arch wire provides
twice the working range of stainless steel and requires
fewer activations for retraction.

 T.M.A’s

moderate forces are moderate less trauma for
,the patient and increases patient comfort.



Retraction can be accomplished more efficiently with
reduced chair time. A stainless steel tear drop loop
produce a force of 728 gms for 1mm activation and a
T.M.A. tear drop loop produces a force 367 gms, for 1
mm activation.

 Ormco

has introduced a low friction, T.M,A.
featuring dramatically reduced coefficient
of friction for superior sliding mechanics.
Through an exclusive ion beam implantation

 The

surface friction of T.M.A. is reduced by an
average of 54%.


TMA COLOURS
 BY

ION BEAM IMPLANTATION TMA CAN BE
GIVEN COLOURS WHICH PATIENTS LIKE.


TOOTH COLOURED ORTHODONTIC
WIRES: NEW

ORTHODONTIC MATERIAL WHICH
HAS BEEN ADAPTED FROM AEROSPACE
TECHNOLOGY.

 HAS

BEEN MADE OF COMPOSITIE
PLASTICS.


FIRST WIRE USED CLINICALLY IS
OPTIFLEX BY ORMCO:

HAS GOT 3 LAYERS



A SILICON DIOXIDE CORE WHICH PROVIDES
FORCE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF TEETH.



SILICON RESIN MIDDLE LAYER PROTECTS THE
CORE FROM MOISTURE AND ADDS STRENGTH.



A STAIN RESISTANT NYLON OUTER LAYER.

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF
OPTIFLEX:


It is used in adult patients who wish that their braces
not be really visible.



It should be used in cases to be treated without
bicuspid extraction.



Optilflex is not the ideal arch wire for major cuspid
retraction. Retracting cuspids in the extraction cases
with optiflex has been disappointing due to its limited
ability to control the distal tripping and the labio lingual
rotation of the retracted cuspids.

MARSENOL: MARSENOL

is a tooth colored Nickel titanium
wire manufactured by GLENROE
TECHNOLOGIES. It is an E.T.E. coated Nickel
Titanium. E.T.E. is an abbreviation for
ELASTOMERIC POLY TETRA
FLORETHYLENE EMULSION.

 Marensol

exhibits all the same working
characteristics of an uncoated super elastic
Nickel titanium wire.

LEE WHITE WIRE
 LEE

WHITE WIRE, manufactured by LEE
PHARMACEUTICAL is a resilient stainless steel
or Nickel titanium arch wire bonded to a tooth
colored EPOXY coating.



Suitable for use with CERAMIC and PLASTIC
brackets

Clinical application:Stage I-unravelling of incisors:
 Wire with low stiffness is necessary for
clinician to attain full bracket engagement and
biocompatible with tooth supporting structure.
 Wires of choice:
1. TMA
2. NITI
3. SS
4. ELGILOY

REASON:1.

2.

TMA IS MOST APPROPRIATE FOR
DECROWDING BECAUSE OF ITS LOW
WIRE STIFNESS AND HIGHER ENERGY
POTENTIAL.
2ND CHOICE IS NITI BECAUSE IT HAS THE
LOWEST STIFNESS AND GREATEST
AMOUNT OF FLEXIBILITY.BUT IT HAS
LOWEST STORED ENERGY
POTENTIAL,SO IT NEEDS FREQUENT
ACTIVATION.

STAGE2-INISOR RETRACTION

1.
2.
3.
4.

WIRES OF CHOICE ARE
WALLABY
AUSTRALIAN WILCOCK WIRE- PREMIUM
PLUS
ELGILOY
TMA


REASON
 HIGH

WIRE STIFNESS IS NECESSARY
FOR DELIVERY OF PROPER TIP AND
TORQUE.
 THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY AVAILABLE
FOR TOOTH MOVEMENT SHOULD BE
HIGH.


STAGE III-FINISHING AND DETAILING

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

WIRES OF CHOICE
TMA
AJ WILCOCK-PREMIUM PLUS
CHROMIUM ALLOY
GREEN ELGILOY
WALLABY.


REASON
 REQUIREMENTS

IN 3 RD STAGE ARE

 LOW

STIFNESS.

 HIGH

ENERGY POTENTIAL.

 FULL

BRACKET ENGAGEMENT WITHOUT
PERMANENT DEFORMATION.

CONCLUSION
 NOW

THERE IS TRANSITION FROM
VARIBLE CROSS SECTIONAL CONCEPT

VARIBLE MODULUS CONCEPT

VARIBLE TRANSFORMATION TEMPARATURE ORTHODONTICS

REFRENCES
•

1989 Aug 100 - 109 Txt Mechanical
properties and clinical applications of orthodontics
wires - Kapila and Sachdeva.

•

1985 Jun 445 - 452 Txt
Burstone, Qin, and Morton

Chinese NiTi wire -

•

1980 Feb 121 - 132
Burstone

Beta titanium -

Txt


• Andreasen GF, Morrow RE. Laboratory and clinical analyses of
nitinol wire. AM J ORTHOD 1978;73:142-51.
• Schwaninger B, Sarkar NK, Foster BE. Effect of long-term
immersion corrosion on the flexural properties of nitinol. AM J
ORTHOD 1982;82:45• Ingram SB, Gipe DP, Smith RJ. Comparative range of
orthodontic wires. AM J ORTHOD DENTOFAC ORTHOP
1986;90:296-307.
• Schaus JG, Nikolai RJ. Localized transverse flexural stiffnesses
of continuous arch wires. AM J ORTHOD 1986;89:407-14.

• Goldberg AJ, Morton J, Burstone CJ. The flexure modulus
of elasticity of orthodontic wires. J Dent Res 1983;62:8568.
• . Kusy RP, Dilley GJ. Elastic modulus of triple-stranded
stainless steel arch wire via three- and four-point bending.
J Dent Res 1984;63:1232-40.
• Burstone CJ, Qin B, Morton JY. Chinese NiTi wire— A
new orthodontic alloy. AM J ORTHOD 1985;87:445-52.
• Larson BE, Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Torsional elastic
property measurements of selected orthodontic arch
wires. Clin Mater 1987;2:165-79.

• Larson BE, Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Torsional elastic
property measurements of selected orthodontic arch
wires. Clin Mater 1987;2:165-79
• Kusy RP, Greenberg AR. Effects of composition and
crosssection on elastic properties of orthodontic wires.
Angle Orthod 1981;51:325-41.
• 19. Asgharnia MK, Brantley WA. Comparison of
bending and tension tests for orthodontic wires. AM J
ORTHOD 1986;89:228-36.
• 20. Burstone CJ, Goldberg AJ. Beta-titanium: a new
orthodontic alloy. AM J ORTHOD 1980;77:121

• Kusy RP, Dilley GJ. Elastic property ratios of a triple-stranded
stainless steel arch wire. AM J ORTHOD 1984;86:177-88.
• . Kusy RP, Stevens LE. Triple-stranded stainless steel wires —
Evaluation of mechanical properties and comparison with titanium
alloy alternatives. Angle Orthod 1987;57:18-32.
• Kusy RP. Comparison of nickel-titanium and beta-titanium wire
sizes to conventional orthodontic arch wire materials. AM J
ORTHOD 1981;79:625-9.
• Kusy RP, Greenberg AR. Comparison of the elastic properties of
nickel-titanium and beta-titanium arch wires. AM J ORTHOD
1982;82:199-205.
• Burstone CJ. Variable-modulus orthodontics. AM J ORTHOD
1981;80:1-16.

 Thank

you

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