Bone cancer diagnosed in india

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Bone Cancer Diagnosed in India

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A patient's symptoms, physical exam, and results of imaging tests, and blood
tests may suggest that bone cancer is present. But in most cases, doctors
must confirm this suspicion by examining a tissue or cell sample under a
microscope (known as a biopsy).
Other diseases, such as bone infections, can cause symptoms and imaging
results that could be confused with bone cancer. Accurate diagnosis of a bone
tumor often depends on combining information about its location (what bone
is affected and even which part of the bone is involved), appearance on xrays, and appearance under a microscope.
Since a single bone metastasis can have the same sign and symptoms as a
primary bone tumor, many doctors require a biopsy to diagnose a patient's
first bone metastasis. After that, additional bone metastases can usually be
diagnosed based on x-rays and other imaging tests.



Imaging Tests to Detect Bone Cancer
Imaging tests you undergo depends on your situation. Your doctor may
recommend one or more imaging tests to evaluate the area of concern,
including:
 Bone scan
 Computerized tomography (CT)
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Positron emission tomography (PET)
 X-ray



Bone Scan:
This procedure helps show if a cancer has spread to other bones. It can find
metastases earlier than regular x-rays. Bone scans also can show how much
damage the primary cancer has caused in the bone.
For this test, the patient receives an injection of radioactive material
called technetium diphosphonate. The amount of radioactivity used is very
low and causes no long-term effects. This substance is attracted to diseased
bone cells throughout the entire skeleton. Areas of diseased bone will be seen
on the bone scan image as dense, gray to black areas, called "hot spots."
These areas may suggest metastatic cancer is present, but arthritis, infection,
or other bone diseases can also cause a similar pattern.



Computerized tomography (CT) Scan:
CT scan (or CAT scan) stands for Computerised
(Axial) Tomography scan. This means a scan that
takes a series of X-rays and uses a computer to put
them together. The scan is painless. The CT machine
takes pictures of your body from different angles
and gives a series of cross sections (slices) through
the part of the body being scanned. A very detailed
picture of the inside of the body can be built up in
this way.

Together these cross sections give a very accurate picture of where a tumour is
and how big it is. They also show how close the area that needs to be treated or
operated on is to major body organs.



Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Scan:
MRI scans use radio waves and strong magnets instead of x-rays. The energy
from the radio waves is absorbed and then released in a pattern formed by the
type of tissue and by certain diseases. A computer translates the pattern of radio
waves given off by the tissues into a very detailed image of parts of the body.
Sometimes a contrast material called gadolinium is injected into your veins to
better see the tumor.

MRI scans are often the best test for outlining a bone tumor. They are also
particularly helpful for looking at the brain and spinal cord. MRI scans are a little
more uncomfortable than CT scans. First, they take longer -- often up to an
hour. Also, you have to be placed inside a tube, which is confining and can upset
people with claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces). The machine also makes a
thumping noise that you may find disturbing. Some places provide headphones
with music to block this out.


Positron emission tomography (PET) Scan:
PET scans use glucose (a form of sugar) that contains a
radioactive atom. A special camera can detect the
radioactivity. Cancer cells absorb a lot of the radioactive
sugar because of their high rate of metabolism. PET is
useful to look for cancer throughout your body. PET scans
can be more helpful than several different x-rays because
it scans the whole body. It can sometimes help tell if a
tumor is cancerous or benign. It is being combined with
CT scans to better pinpoint some kinds of cancer.



X-ray :
Most bone cancers show up on x-rays of the bone.
The bone at the site of the cancer may appear
"ragged" instead of solid. The cancer can also
appear as a hole in the bone. Sometimes doctors
can see a tumor around the defect in the bone that
might extend into nearby tissues (such as muscle
or fat). The radiologist (doctor who specializes in
reading x-rays) can often tell if a tumor is
malignant by the way it appears on the x-ray, but
only a biopsy can absolutely determine that.
A chest x-ray is often done to see if bone cancer
has spread to the lungs.



Biopsy Tests to Detect Bone Cancer :
A Sample of bone tissue is extracted and examined for cancer cells. This is
the most reliable way to diagnose bone cancer. A core needle biopsy involves
inserting a long, thin needle into the bone and removing a sample, while an
open biopsy involves making an incision in the target bone area and surgically
removing a sample of tissue.

Blood Tests to Detect Bone Cancer :
To Determine the level of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase. A large
amount of this enzyme is present in the blood when the cells that form bone
tissue are very active—when children are growing, when a broken bone is
mending, or when a disease or tumor causes production of abnormal bone
tissue. Because high levels of alkaline phosphatase are normal in growing
children and adolescents.

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Bone cancer diagnosed in india

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Bone cancer diagnosed in india