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Tobacco-to-Bamboo Research Project in South
Nyanza in Kenya: Experiences and Challenges
Study Framework
 WHO Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control (FCTC)
articles 17-18
Kenya is a party to WHO-FCTC
Article 17: Provision of support for
economically viable alternative
activities
Article 18: Protection of the
environment and the health of
persons 2
The Kenya Government
Tobacco Control Act, 2007
• Part III 13. (1) The Minister for Agriculture
should put in place policies to promote,
as appropriate, economically viable and
sustainable alternatives for tobacco
growers, workers, distributors, retailers
and individual sellers
3
Main Objective of the Research Project
(2006-2012/14- 8years)
To experiment on the potential of
bamboo as an alternative crop and
livelihood diversification strategy to
tobacco smallholder farmers
5
Research Methods/ Approach
• Household Surveys
• Farm trials of bamboo seedlings- 4,000
• Capacity building/ trainings/ field visits/
demonstrations/ extension services
• Provision of inputs and information /
on bamboo production and marketing
6
South Nyanza
Western
Eastern
Tobacco Farming Zones in Kenya
6 Counties are key tobacco
producers (Migori, Homabay, Meru,
Tharaka Nithi, Bungoma, Busia)
Number of tobacco farmers in Kenya
7
REGION NO. OF CONTRACTED
FARMERS
NO. OF
INDEPENDENT
FARMERS
TOTAL
NYANZA 10,203 7,131 17,334 (31.4%)
WESTERN 13,405 10,629 24,034 (43.6%)
EASTERN 4,188 9,576 13,764(25.0%)
TOTAL 27,796 (50.4%) 27,336 (49.6%) 55,132
• About 300,000 people directly depend on tobacco farming
8
Tobacco farming status in Kenya
Number of tobacco farmers has
increased from 1,500 in 1971 to
35,000 in 1990s and 55,000 in 2014!.
The number of Tobacco companies
that operate in the country has
increased from one to three (BAT,
Mastermind Tobacco and Tobacco
Alliance One
Major threat:-
 Expansion from medium to high
potential agricultural areas due to
the collapse of cotton, sisal,
pyrethrum and coffee farming
sectors
Environmental, Health and
Social Impacts of Tobacco
Farming in Kenya
9
10
The land under tobacco has continued
to grow rapidly at the expense of
traditional food crops- Increased from
1,500 acres in 1971 to over 55,000 acres
by 2014.
Livestock activities are reducing due to
limited land for gracing
Fertile land allocation preferences are
always given to tobacco farming and not
the other crops
Tobacco & Demand on Land Resources
11
• Tobacco Farming is a Major
Contributor to soil erosion-
due to deforestation, shifting
cultivation, cultivation of
marginal lands, etc
• Soil degradation due to
heavy application of
pesticides and synthetic
fertilizers/ soil pollution from
the pesticides
• Nutrient extraction-Tobacco
depletes soil nutrients at a
much fast rate than most
crops
• No mulching is allowed in
tobacco farms
• Decrease in production of
food crops (maize, beans,
etc)
Tobacco and its Impact on Water Quality
 Tobacco seedlings demand water for
irrigation
 Tobacco nurseries are established near
water streams
 Commercial tobacco growing involves the
use of a range of herbicides, fungicides and
insecticides to maximise crop production.
 Chemicals used are washed into local
streams-pollute the water used for
domestic/ livestock activities
Tobacco Curing (drying of green leaf)
Demands a Lot of Firewood
13
Tobacco and Deforestation of Hilltops in Eastern, Meru
14
The tobacco grown is mainly cured using wood fuel. Consequently, a lot
of indigenous trees are felled for curing tobacco.
15
• Materials for building tobacco barns
• Nursery sheds places
• Poles and sticks for the preparation
of tobacco prior to curing
• Over 0.5 million trees cut every year
Destruction of Indigenous trees
• To a large extent
indigenous trees have
been replaced by
exotics like eucalyptus,
cypress, pine, etc
• Loss of bio-diversity-
over 50 indigenous tree
species have become
extinct in the region
• Tobacco companies
encourage the use of
indigenous trees
because it gives better
quality/ aroma/ grade
to tobacco cured leaf
16
17
Tobacco, deforestation, water catchments,
climate change
Impact of Tobacco on Water Resources (Quantity)
• Over 85 of local natural
streams have changed
from permanent to
seasonal over a period
of 1970-2015 (45 years)
• Increased distance for
women to collect water
• Time spent by women
and the girl child in
collecting water for
domestic use has
increased over time 
Tobacco, Deforestation and Wildlife Conservation
• Tobacco farmers in Migori and
Kuria have moved to Masai Mara
Wildlife Reserve (70Km away) in
search of Firewood
• Increased human-wildlife
conflicts
• Major threat to the tourism
sector, country’s national
heritage
19
20
Tobacco & Farmers’ Health
• A tobacco
farmer spends
more income
(USD 35) per
year on medical/
health care
services than a
non-tobacco
farmer
• Most farmers
store the
“Golden Leaf” in
their houses!!
21
Tobacco & Farmers’ Health
• Farmers operate
without personal
protective equipment
(PPE)
• Most common health
problems:-
Green Tobacco
Sickness
Chest complications
Skin and eye irritations
Miscarriages among
pregnant women
Dizziness, etc
22
Bamboo Experimental Sites- 400 farms
 
Trial Sites
South Nyanza
Kuria
Migori
Suba
Homabay
23
Field demonstrations on bamboo plantingField demonstrations on bamboo planting
(G(Giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus), common bamboo (Bambusa
vulgaris), Bambusa tulda, Bambusa textillis and Oxytenanthera abyssinica
1st
Tobacco & 1st
bamboo farmer in South Nyanza
(former MP for Kuria)
24
Monitoring Parameters
Survival rate
Number of culms
Culm height
Culm diameter
Number of shoots
Clump diameter
Diseases/ pest attacks
Branch development
Canopy closure
Internode length
Number of nodes per culm
Human interference and
attitude
25
Regular scientific monitoring
26
Trial Farm (Day 1)-Sept/ October 2006
Bamboo
Grows fast!!!
27
Bamboo Culms after 12 months
28
Bamboo Culms after 24 months
29
Bamboo after 36-48 months
Key findings from Bamboo
Experiments
• Bamboo production incomes/ acre are
4 -10 times higher than tobacco
farming depending on the production
value chain
• Bamboo growth performance is good
in tobacco farming zones
30
31
Bamboo’s potential in rehabilitating
degraded forests within 2-3 years
Kenya’ naked
Hill Tops
China & Bamboo
Bamboo of 2 Migori
County
32
Bamboo has also been used for protection of Riverbanks and to clean
water downstream already polluted by tobacco farming activities
Rural Community –based Small-Scale
Bamboo Farmers Enterprises
33
Over 42% of project tobacco farmers have already
switched to bamboo farming
PROVIDED TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
FOR SIMPLE BAMBOO PROCESSING
34
35
Bamboo handcrafts
made by former tobacco
farmers
36
Bamboo
Furniture made
by project
farmers
Bamboo Furniture-For Leisure
37
Bamboo Furniture......
38
Bamboo Sofa Set from Bamboo
Farmers Coop Societies
Bamboo Beds- Suba
40
Bamboo
Basketry
Industry
Bamboo fiber for
textiles, a big potential
international market
Bamboo Fiber is good
for the Textiles Industry
Bamboo bee hives
Family Nurseries now Provide
Bamboo Seedlings for sale
42
Private Bamboo Nurseries in Homa bay
43
44
Residential and Farm
Fencing by bamboo
Project Positive Impact on Local
Livelihoods- From bamboo Cash
45
Project Positive Impact on Local Livelihoods- How
Bamboo Cash is Changing Rural Lives
46
Motor Bikes Fish Ponds
Entertainment/ TV,
Radio
Use of Bamboo in Local Housing Construction
48
Bamboo Rural Bridges Construction
Research Outcomes/ Outputs
• Formed 4 community-based bamboo
farmers coops:-
• Migori Bamboo Farmers Cooperative Society
Ltd.
• Kuria Bamboo Cooperative Society Ltd.
• Homa Bay Bamboo Cooperative Society Ltd.
• Suba Bamboo Cooperative Society Ltd.
• Produce about 150,000 seedlings per year-
30 Millions Ksh (USD 335K)
• In the processing of establishing 20 more
bamboo cooperatives in the next 5 years
• 50% of Counties in Kenya depending on these
coops for supply of bamboo seedlings and
poles
Nyamira County Bamboo
Farmers- New Groups
50
51
Bamboo is being adopted as the best alternative for
eucalyptus in most Counties in Kenya
Scientific and Other Outputs
• 6 scientific papers
• 10 Technical Reports (www.tobaccotobamboo.org)
• Project Video
• Farmers Bamboo Products Catalogue and guiding
prices
• Bamboo seedlings price guidelines
• 6 MSc students and 2 PhD Students
52
KEY CHALLENGES
• Lack of inputs/ quality
seedlings
• Financing/ start up capital
• Training/ Lack of knowledge
on bamboo farming
• Limited farm and market
education
• Limited links to the market 53
• Lack of a National
Bamboo Development
programme/ policy/
Fund
• Farmers dynamics
• Poor bamboo value-
chain development
 Increased number of
conmen/ ‘specialists’
and brokers –
misleading sector
investors
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
• Promote policy and regulations that control tobacco
farming but support alternative crops like bamboo to
protect the environment, farmer’s health and
improve livelihoods (FCTC Articles 17 & 18
• Establishment of bamboo farmers-support
mechanisms / programmes/ fund- the bamboo
farming program must provide farmers with a
complete service model of— inputs, financing,
training, farm and market education, and value-chain
development 54
55
Thank You
www.tobaccotobamboo.

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Tobacco to-bamboo research project in south nyanza in kenya experiences and challenges

  • 1. 1 )) Tobacco-to-Bamboo Research Project in South Nyanza in Kenya: Experiences and Challenges
  • 2. Study Framework  WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) articles 17-18 Kenya is a party to WHO-FCTC Article 17: Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities Article 18: Protection of the environment and the health of persons 2
  • 3. The Kenya Government Tobacco Control Act, 2007 • Part III 13. (1) The Minister for Agriculture should put in place policies to promote, as appropriate, economically viable and sustainable alternatives for tobacco growers, workers, distributors, retailers and individual sellers 3
  • 4. Main Objective of the Research Project (2006-2012/14- 8years) To experiment on the potential of bamboo as an alternative crop and livelihood diversification strategy to tobacco smallholder farmers
  • 5. 5 Research Methods/ Approach • Household Surveys • Farm trials of bamboo seedlings- 4,000 • Capacity building/ trainings/ field visits/ demonstrations/ extension services • Provision of inputs and information / on bamboo production and marketing
  • 6. 6 South Nyanza Western Eastern Tobacco Farming Zones in Kenya 6 Counties are key tobacco producers (Migori, Homabay, Meru, Tharaka Nithi, Bungoma, Busia)
  • 7. Number of tobacco farmers in Kenya 7 REGION NO. OF CONTRACTED FARMERS NO. OF INDEPENDENT FARMERS TOTAL NYANZA 10,203 7,131 17,334 (31.4%) WESTERN 13,405 10,629 24,034 (43.6%) EASTERN 4,188 9,576 13,764(25.0%) TOTAL 27,796 (50.4%) 27,336 (49.6%) 55,132 • About 300,000 people directly depend on tobacco farming
  • 8. 8 Tobacco farming status in Kenya Number of tobacco farmers has increased from 1,500 in 1971 to 35,000 in 1990s and 55,000 in 2014!. The number of Tobacco companies that operate in the country has increased from one to three (BAT, Mastermind Tobacco and Tobacco Alliance One Major threat:-  Expansion from medium to high potential agricultural areas due to the collapse of cotton, sisal, pyrethrum and coffee farming sectors
  • 9. Environmental, Health and Social Impacts of Tobacco Farming in Kenya 9
  • 10. 10 The land under tobacco has continued to grow rapidly at the expense of traditional food crops- Increased from 1,500 acres in 1971 to over 55,000 acres by 2014. Livestock activities are reducing due to limited land for gracing Fertile land allocation preferences are always given to tobacco farming and not the other crops Tobacco & Demand on Land Resources
  • 11. 11 • Tobacco Farming is a Major Contributor to soil erosion- due to deforestation, shifting cultivation, cultivation of marginal lands, etc • Soil degradation due to heavy application of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers/ soil pollution from the pesticides • Nutrient extraction-Tobacco depletes soil nutrients at a much fast rate than most crops • No mulching is allowed in tobacco farms • Decrease in production of food crops (maize, beans, etc)
  • 12. Tobacco and its Impact on Water Quality  Tobacco seedlings demand water for irrigation  Tobacco nurseries are established near water streams  Commercial tobacco growing involves the use of a range of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides to maximise crop production.  Chemicals used are washed into local streams-pollute the water used for domestic/ livestock activities
  • 13. Tobacco Curing (drying of green leaf) Demands a Lot of Firewood 13
  • 14. Tobacco and Deforestation of Hilltops in Eastern, Meru 14 The tobacco grown is mainly cured using wood fuel. Consequently, a lot of indigenous trees are felled for curing tobacco.
  • 15. 15 • Materials for building tobacco barns • Nursery sheds places • Poles and sticks for the preparation of tobacco prior to curing • Over 0.5 million trees cut every year
  • 16. Destruction of Indigenous trees • To a large extent indigenous trees have been replaced by exotics like eucalyptus, cypress, pine, etc • Loss of bio-diversity- over 50 indigenous tree species have become extinct in the region • Tobacco companies encourage the use of indigenous trees because it gives better quality/ aroma/ grade to tobacco cured leaf 16
  • 17. 17 Tobacco, deforestation, water catchments, climate change
  • 18. Impact of Tobacco on Water Resources (Quantity) • Over 85 of local natural streams have changed from permanent to seasonal over a period of 1970-2015 (45 years) • Increased distance for women to collect water • Time spent by women and the girl child in collecting water for domestic use has increased over time 
  • 19. Tobacco, Deforestation and Wildlife Conservation • Tobacco farmers in Migori and Kuria have moved to Masai Mara Wildlife Reserve (70Km away) in search of Firewood • Increased human-wildlife conflicts • Major threat to the tourism sector, country’s national heritage 19
  • 20. 20 Tobacco & Farmers’ Health • A tobacco farmer spends more income (USD 35) per year on medical/ health care services than a non-tobacco farmer • Most farmers store the “Golden Leaf” in their houses!!
  • 21. 21 Tobacco & Farmers’ Health • Farmers operate without personal protective equipment (PPE) • Most common health problems:- Green Tobacco Sickness Chest complications Skin and eye irritations Miscarriages among pregnant women Dizziness, etc
  • 22. 22 Bamboo Experimental Sites- 400 farms   Trial Sites South Nyanza Kuria Migori Suba Homabay
  • 23. 23 Field demonstrations on bamboo plantingField demonstrations on bamboo planting (G(Giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus), common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), Bambusa tulda, Bambusa textillis and Oxytenanthera abyssinica 1st Tobacco & 1st bamboo farmer in South Nyanza (former MP for Kuria)
  • 24. 24 Monitoring Parameters Survival rate Number of culms Culm height Culm diameter Number of shoots Clump diameter Diseases/ pest attacks Branch development Canopy closure Internode length Number of nodes per culm Human interference and attitude
  • 26. 26 Trial Farm (Day 1)-Sept/ October 2006 Bamboo Grows fast!!!
  • 30. Key findings from Bamboo Experiments • Bamboo production incomes/ acre are 4 -10 times higher than tobacco farming depending on the production value chain • Bamboo growth performance is good in tobacco farming zones 30
  • 31. 31 Bamboo’s potential in rehabilitating degraded forests within 2-3 years Kenya’ naked Hill Tops China & Bamboo Bamboo of 2 Migori County
  • 32. 32 Bamboo has also been used for protection of Riverbanks and to clean water downstream already polluted by tobacco farming activities
  • 33. Rural Community –based Small-Scale Bamboo Farmers Enterprises 33 Over 42% of project tobacco farmers have already switched to bamboo farming
  • 34. PROVIDED TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR SIMPLE BAMBOO PROCESSING 34
  • 35. 35 Bamboo handcrafts made by former tobacco farmers
  • 38. Bamboo Furniture...... 38 Bamboo Sofa Set from Bamboo Farmers Coop Societies
  • 41. Bamboo fiber for textiles, a big potential international market Bamboo Fiber is good for the Textiles Industry Bamboo bee hives
  • 42. Family Nurseries now Provide Bamboo Seedlings for sale 42
  • 43. Private Bamboo Nurseries in Homa bay 43
  • 45. Project Positive Impact on Local Livelihoods- From bamboo Cash 45
  • 46. Project Positive Impact on Local Livelihoods- How Bamboo Cash is Changing Rural Lives 46 Motor Bikes Fish Ponds Entertainment/ TV, Radio
  • 47. Use of Bamboo in Local Housing Construction
  • 48. 48 Bamboo Rural Bridges Construction
  • 49. Research Outcomes/ Outputs • Formed 4 community-based bamboo farmers coops:- • Migori Bamboo Farmers Cooperative Society Ltd. • Kuria Bamboo Cooperative Society Ltd. • Homa Bay Bamboo Cooperative Society Ltd. • Suba Bamboo Cooperative Society Ltd. • Produce about 150,000 seedlings per year- 30 Millions Ksh (USD 335K) • In the processing of establishing 20 more bamboo cooperatives in the next 5 years • 50% of Counties in Kenya depending on these coops for supply of bamboo seedlings and poles
  • 51. 51 Bamboo is being adopted as the best alternative for eucalyptus in most Counties in Kenya
  • 52. Scientific and Other Outputs • 6 scientific papers • 10 Technical Reports (www.tobaccotobamboo.org) • Project Video • Farmers Bamboo Products Catalogue and guiding prices • Bamboo seedlings price guidelines • 6 MSc students and 2 PhD Students 52
  • 53. KEY CHALLENGES • Lack of inputs/ quality seedlings • Financing/ start up capital • Training/ Lack of knowledge on bamboo farming • Limited farm and market education • Limited links to the market 53 • Lack of a National Bamboo Development programme/ policy/ Fund • Farmers dynamics • Poor bamboo value- chain development  Increased number of conmen/ ‘specialists’ and brokers – misleading sector investors
  • 54. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS • Promote policy and regulations that control tobacco farming but support alternative crops like bamboo to protect the environment, farmer’s health and improve livelihoods (FCTC Articles 17 & 18 • Establishment of bamboo farmers-support mechanisms / programmes/ fund- the bamboo farming program must provide farmers with a complete service model of— inputs, financing, training, farm and market education, and value-chain development 54