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Gr. 8, Information System and Its Types
1. Information System and its types
with example
Irsam Nageen 3041
Anam Zulfiqar 3040
Hira Tahir 3037
Adnan Khadim 3038
Ateeq 3039
Submitted to Inam ul Haq
University of Education, Okara Campus
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2. Contents
Information Systems
Components of IS
Types of IS
Transaction processing system
Examples
TPS Cycle
Features of TPS
Advantages of TPS
Types of TPS
Management Information system
Management
Elements
Levels of MIS
What is MI
What is MIS
Role of MIS
Types of MIS
Advantages of MIS
Outputs of MIS
Decision Support System
Categories
Tools for IM
Examples
Main Components
Characterizing DSS
Passive System
Active System
Issues
Criteria
Design Cycle
4. TYPESOFIS
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There are many types of IS , some of these
are followings
•Transaction Processing System(TPS)
•Management information system (MIS)
•Decision support system (DSS)
•Executive Support System (ESS)
•Knowledge management system (KMS)
•Learning management system (LMS)
•Database management System (DBMS)
•Office information system (OIS)
5. TransactionProcessingSystem(TPS)
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Transaction processing systems are designed
to process the day-to-day transactions of an
organization so that many labor-intensive business transactions
can be replaced by automated processes. These transactions
have characteristics of large numbers and routine processes.
Each process has a very simple data transaction, and TPS is
expected to process each one in a very short period of time.
Examples are super market grocery check out
(billing systems) or bank transaction processes,
Airline Reservation System, Payroll Processing System,
Transport Ticket Reservation System, Purchase Order Entry
Systems and Markets Tabulation System.
6. TPS Cycle
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The process of data collection, data editing, data
collection, data manipulation, data storage and
document production.
Data Manipulation: The process of capturing and
gathering all data necessary to complete transactions
Data Editing: The process of checking data for
validity and completeness.
Data Correction: The process of miskeyed or
misscanned data that was found during data editing.
Data Manipulation: The process of performing
calculations and other data transformations related
to business transaction.
Data Storage: The process of updating one or more
databases with new transaction.
Data Production: The process of generation output
records and reports.
7. Features of TPS
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Rapid response – fast performance with rapid results
• Reliability – well designed backup and recovery with a
low failure rate
• Inflexibility – treat every transaction equally. It may be
used many times each day which means it has to be
precise and inflexible
• Controlled processing – maintain specific
requirements for the roles and responsibilities of
different employees.
8. Advantages of TPS
Ensure data and information integrity and
accuracy
Produce timely documents and reports
Increase labor efficiency
Help provide increased and enhanced
service
Help build and maintain customer loyalty
Achieve competitive advantage
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12. Useful informationfor management decisions
Comprisesprocesseddata (information),
necessaryfor makingmanagementdecisionsand
generally givesoutputin the form of tables,
matrix, reports, dashboards,graphs, trends, etc
for logical and analyticalcomparisons.
Viz. Market trend reports,sales report, IT
applicationusage reports,Management
dashboards,businessinformationreports,
researchreports, etc.
Management Information System
13. What is MIS?
MIS is basically a software tool which gives a holistic report of
processed information based on which management can take
certain crucial decision on which strategy and tactics could be
figured out
MIS provides information that is needed to manage organizations
efficiently and effectively
MIS is any organized approach for obtaining relevant and timely
information on which managerial decisions are based
MIS facilitates the decision making process and enable the
organizational planning, control, and operational functions to be
carried out effectively
MIS is a study of how individuals, groups, and organizations
evaluate, design, implement, manage, and utilize systems to
generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of
decision making, including systems termed decision support
systems, expert systems, and executive information systems.
14. MIS must have
Right Information
To Right Person
At Right Place
At Right Time
In the Right Form
At Right Cost
Role of MIS
Effective decision making based upon:
Quality analysis
Cost & budget analysis
Risk analysis
Market analysis
Inventory analysis
SWOT analysis
Stakeholder analysis
Feedback analysis
Behavior analysis
15. Typesof MIS
Management information systems (MIS), produce fixed, regularly scheduled
reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firm’s
underlying transaction processing systems to middle and operational level
managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision
problems.
Decision support systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by
middle management to compile information from a wide range of sources to
support problem solving and decision making.
Executive information systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick
access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments
such as accounting, human resources and operations.
Marketing information systems are MIS designed specifically for managing
the marketing aspects of the business.
Office automation systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in
the enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may
be implemented at any and all levels of management.
16. Advantagesof MIS
Companies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses
due to the presence of revenue reports, employees' performance
record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the
company improve their business processes and operations.
Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a
communication and planning tool.
The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the
company to align their business processes according to the needs
of the customers. The effective management of customer data can
help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion
activities.
Information is considered to be an important asset for any
company in the modern competitive world. The consumer buying
trends and behaviors can be predicted by the analysis of sales and
revenue reports from each operating region of the company.
17. Outputs of MIS
Scheduled reports
Produced periodically, or on a schedule (daily,
weekly, monthly)
Key-indicator report
Summarizes the previous day’s critical activities
Typically available at the beginning of each day
Demand report
Gives certain information at a manager’s request
Exception report
Automatically produced when a situation is
unusual or requires management action
18. DecisionSupport System
A DSS is typically built to support the solution of a certain problem or to evaluate an
opportunity.
Advantages
Time savings
Enhance effectiveness
Improve interpersonal communication.
Competitive advantage.
Cost reduction.
Increase decision maker satisfaction.
Promote learning.
Increase organizational control.
A DSS::= an approach for supporting decision making.
It uses an interactive, flexible, adaptable computer-based
information system CBIS especially developed for supporting
the solution to a specific non-structured management problem
A clinical decision-support system is any computer program designed to help health
professionals make clinical decisions.
In a sense, any computer system that deals with clinical data or medical knowledge is
intended to provide decision support.
Three types of decision-support function, ranging from generalized to patient specific.
19. categories
Generating alerts and reminders
Diagnostic assistance
Therapy critiquing and planning
Image recognition and interpretation
Tools for Information Management
Examples:
Hospital information systems
Bibliographic retrieval systems (PubMed)
Specialized knowledge-management workstations (e.g. electronic
textbooks, …)
These tools provide the data and knowledge needed, but they do not help to
apply that information to a particular decision task (particular patient)
20. Tools for focusingIntention
Examples:
Clinical laboratory systems that flag abnormal values or that provide lists of
possible explanations for those abnormalities.
Pharmacy systems that alert providers to possible drug interactions or
incorrect drug dosages
Are designed to remind the physician of diagnoses or problems that might be
overlooked.
Tools for Patient-Specific Consultation
Provide customized assessments or advice based on sets of patient-specific
data:
Suggest differential diagnoses
Advice about additional tests and examinations
Treatment advice (therapy, surgery, …)
21. Tools for Patient-SpecificConsultation
Provide customized assessments or advice based on sets of patient-specific data:
Suggest differential diagnoses
Advice about additional tests and examinations
Treatment advice (therapy, surgery, …)
Alternative (more specific) Definition
Clinical decision support systems are active knowledge systems which use two or
more items of patient data to generate case-specific advice.
Main components:
Medical knowledge
Patient data
Case-specific advice
Characterizing Decision-Support Systems
System function
Determining what is true about a patient (e.g. correct diagnosis)
Determining what to do (what test to order, to treat or not, what therapy plan
a…)
The mode for giving advice
Passive role (physician uses the system when advice needed)
Active role (the system gives advice automatically under certain conditions)
22. PassiveSystem
The user has total control:
Requires advice
Analyses the advice
Accepts/Rejects the advice
Domain of use:
Wide domain like internal medicine
Examples: QMR, DXPLAIN
Narrow domain
Acute abdominal pain
Analysis of ECG
Passive Systems (cont.)
Characteristics:
Stand-alone
Data entry:
System initiative
User initiative
Consultation style
Consulting model
Critiquing model
23. ActiveSystem
The user has partial control
System gives advice
User evaluates the advice
The user accepts/rejects the advice
Domain of use
Limited domain
Drug interactions
Protocol conformance control
Laboratory results warnings
Medical devices control
Active Systems (cont.)
Characteristics
Built-in/integrated with other system (e.g. laboratory information system, or pharmacy
system)
Data entry
By the user
Related to the main application
Consultation style
Critiquing model
Examples:
HELP (advices and reminders, therapy)
CARE (reminders)
24. Need for CDSS
Limited resources - increased demand
Physicians are overwhelmed.
Insufficient time available for diagnosis and treatment.
Need for systems that can improve health care processes and their outcomes in
this scenario
Possible Disadvantages of CDSS
Changing relation between patient and the physician
Limiting professionals’ possibilities for independent problem solving
Legal implications - with whom does the onus of responsibility lie?
Issues for success or failure
Evaluation of User Needs
Top management support
Commitment of expert
Integration Issues
Human Computer Interface
Incorporation of domain knowledge
Consideration of social and organisational context of the CDSS
25. Evaluationof Clinical DecisionSupport Systems
Evaluation of Clinical Decision Support Systems
Criteria for success of CDSS
Aspects for consideration during evaluation
Criteria for a clinically useful DSS
Knowledge based on best evidence
Knowledge fully covers problem
Knowledge can be updated
Data actively used drawn from existing sources
Performance validated rigorously
Criteria for a clinically useful DSS (cont.)
System improves clinical practice
Clinician is in control
The system is easy to use
The decisions made are transparent
Aspects for Evaluation of a CDSS
The process used to develop the system
The systems essential structure
Evidence of accuracy, generality and clinical effectiveness
The impact of the resource on patients and other aspects of the health care
environment
26. DesignCycleFor developmentCDSS
Design Cycle for the development of a CDSS
Planning Phase
Research Phase
System Analysis and conceptual phase
Design Phase
Construction phase
Further Development phase
Maintenance, documentation and adaptation