1. INTEGRATED SCIENCE I
Quarter 1 The Scientific Method and Matter
Module 1 The Scientific Method
You will study the following topics in this module:
Lesson 1 - Formulating a Research Problem and Hypothesis
Lesson 2 - Planning the Investigation, Experimentation and Data Analysis
Lesson 3 - Making Conclusions and Recommendations
EXPLORE Your Understanding
In this phase, you will be given an overview of the scientific method. Your
understanding of basic and integrated science processes gained from elementary
science will also be assessed.
Pre-Assessment
A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet.
1. How is a hypothesis tested?
a. by using the hypothesis to make predictions about a system.
b. by comparing observations in nature with predictions
c. by conducting an experiment and looking for results
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following statements would be true of the scientific method?
a. People structure their lives on the principle of scientific method.
b. The scientific method is a continuous process by which people learn about
his world.
c. Scientists report the experimental results, but not the experimental design.
d. When the results of the experiment do not fit the hypothesis, a scientist may
discard the results and stop the experiment.
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2. 3. Suppose your mother sent you to the market to buy fruits and vegetables.
How would you choose good quality fruits and vegetables?
a. Ask the vendor to choose it for you.
b. Examine the fruit if it is free from insect bites and the smell of insecticide.
c. Just get any kind and pay right away.
d. Tell your mother that you do not know how to buy good quality fruits and
vegetables.
4. When scientists wish to communicate the results of their research, they are
most likely to do which of the following?
a. immediately repeat the research
b. call a press conference
c. write a concise report with complete results and proofs to the experiments
performed and formulate conclusions
d. sell their findings to other researchers
5. During an experiment about a coin and feather that were dropped at the same
time, it was found that the coin reached the ground first. One student said:
“Maybe, the coin is heavier than the feather.” What do you call this kind of
statement?
a. a problem
b. a hypothesis
c. an interpretation
d. a conclusion
B. Identification. For Numbers 6 – 10, identify what science processes are revealed
in the following statements: Write your answer on the space provided after the
number.
communicating inferring
interpretation
experimenting hypothesizing
observation
generalization identifying the problem
6. A girl is standing in an open field. There is no shadow formed because it is
12 noon. ____________________
7. Blue litmus paper turned red when it was dipped into an unknown liquid.
____________________
8. The liquid in the test tube is an acid. ____________________
9. The laptop computer is not functioning anymore. Maybe the battery got
discharged. ___________________.
10. A nail turned rusty. What made it that way? ________________
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3. C. Directions: Read the following story, and then follow the directions below.
A science student conducted a study of the ability of vertebrate blood to carry
oxygen. He believed that a low environmental temperature would cause the
organism's blood to carry less oxygen than blood at a higher temperature. The
following reflects the student’s experiment and the data he collected.
Two tanks of salt water, each containing 25 gallons, were set up in the lab.
Each tank was filled with the same types of organisms (perch and salmon).
The same type of aerators was added to each tank to supply dissolved oxygen
to the fish.
To one of the tanks, marked TANK A, the temperature was decreased at
increments of 5 degrees C every 20 minutes.
The second tank, marked TANK B, the temperature was raised at increments
of 5 degrees C every 20 minutes.
Blood was removed from each of the fish and measured for its oxygen content.
Below are the results from the above experiment
Amount of Dissolved Amount of Dissolved
Temperature Temperature
Oxygen found in fish in Oxygen found in fish in
in 0C in 0C
Tank A (ppm) Tank B (ppm)
25 35 25 35
20 30 30 32
15 23 35 39
10 12 40 35
5 8 45 20
1. What is the hypothesis of the above experiment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Is the above experiment a controlled experiment? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the variable factor in the above experiment?
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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4. 4. Graph the data above and then answer the questions that follow.
Table 1
35 40 45 50
Temperatures in degree Celsius
20 25 30
15
10
5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Amount of Dissolved Oxygen found in fish in Tank A -ppm
Table 2
35 40 45 50
Temperatures in degree Celsius
20 25 30
15
10
5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Amount of Dissolved Oxygen found in fish in Tank B -ppm
5. What is the dependent variable? ____________________________________
6. What is the independent variable? ____________________________________
7. Based on the above data, is the scientist’s hypothesis correct? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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5. 8. What are the controls used in the above experiment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
KWL Chart
Before you begin with the next part of this module, fill in the first two columns. Fill in
the last column after completing the module.
Matter
What I know What I want to know What I learned
You have just finished the first phase of this module. As you proceed to the next
activities, think of a product output that will enable you to show your understanding of
the scientific method. This product will be presented in the last part of this module
which will be assessed based on the following criteria:
a) Community-based
b) Application of Scientific Method
As you proceed with the rest of the activities, always have this question in your mind,
“When do scientific methods become valuable”.
Your understanding of the scientific method will be increased as you study the
lessons and perform the activities in the FIRM UP phase.
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6. FIRM UP Your Understanding
In this phase, varied learning experiences shall be introduced to
help you understand scientific methods and equip you with skills and knowledge for
you to be successful throughout the topic. This involves acquiring scientific
knowledge using scientific methods and processes. This also involves understanding
or making meanings out of the scientific knowledge obtained.
Scientific Method: An Overview
The scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of
bias or prejudgment in the experimenter. It results from
personal beliefs, as well as cultural beliefs, which means
any human filters information based on his or her own
experience. Unfortunately, this filtering process can cause a
scientist to prefer one outcome over another. For someone
trying to solve a problem around the house, succumbing to
these kinds of biases is not such a big deal. But in the
scientific community, where results have to be reviewed and
duplicated, bias must be avoided at all costs.
That's the job of the scientific method. It provides an objective, standardized
approach to conducting experiments and, in doing so, improves their results. By
using a standardized approach in their investigations, scientists can feel confident
that they will stick to the facts and limit the influence of personal, preconceived
notions.
The illustration below shows the cyclic presentation of basic procedures of scientific
method. As you go on further with the lesson, you will be able to understand each
step clearly as you do the given activities in each lesson.
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7. The scientific method requires observations of nature to formulate and test
hypotheses through experimentation. The record data from the experiment will
determine the correctness of your hypothesis. Further observation and
experimentation are needed if the hypothesis is incorrect.
Lesson 1 - Formulating Research Problem and Hypothesis
Problem solving is an important survival skill for people of all ages. Early human
beings were forced to problem solve to ensure the evolution of humanity. This
problem solving skill has helped people produce all the conveniences and comforts
in life. These include the rapid improvements in our communication, transportation,
medicine, and many more.
But nowadays, we are given fewer and fewer opportunities to problem solve for
ourselves because as a society we have grown accustomed to fixing other people's
problems. Assisting others is admirable, but not at the expense of that person's well
being. We still need to develop skills that would enable us to investigate phenomena
and acquire new knowledge, as well as correcting and integrating previous
knowledge
In this lesson, you will learn the scientists’ recommended step by step procedure of
identifying and solving problems. You will solve problems, think critically, analyze
data, find answers, and formulate research problems or questions.
After having thoroughly researched your question,
you should have some educated guess about how
things work. This educated guess about the answer
to your question is called the hypothesis.
The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be
tested in your experiment. Do this by expressing the
hypothesis using your independent variable (the
variable you change during your experiment) and
your dependent variable (the variable you observe-
changes in the dependent variable depend on changes in the independent variable).
In fact, many hypotheses are stated exactly like this: "If a particular independent
variable is changed, then there is also a change in a certain dependent variable."
"If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the independent
variable], then it will increase the flow of water [flow of water is
the dependent variable].
"Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature is the independent
variable] will increase the amount of sugar that dissolves [the
amount of sugar is the dependent variable]."
"If a plant receives fertilizer [having
fertilizer is the independent variable],
then it will grow to be bigger than a
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8. plant that does not receive fertilizer [plant size is the
dependent variable]."
"If I put fenders on a bicycle [having fenders is the
independent variable], then they will keep the rider dry when
riding through puddles [the dependent variable is how much
water splashes on the rider]."
Notice that in each of the examples it will be easy to measure the independent
variables. This is another important characteristic of a good hypothesis. If we can
readily measure the variables in the hypothesis, then we say that the hypothesis is
testable.
Not every question can be answered by the scientific method. The hypothesis is the
key. If you can state your question as a testable hypothesis, then you can use the
scientific method to obtain an answer.
Activity 1.1
Directions: Interview at least 20 adult individuals who have children in your locality
and ask the question listed below.
What is the most common ailment of children in your Check the age Total
community? bracket
0-3 4-6 7- 10-
9 11
a. Athletes foot
b. Boils
c. Chicken pox
d. Cold
e. Constipation
f. Cough
g. Diarrhea
h. Fever
i. Measles
j. Mump
k. Worm
l. Other / pls. specify
Guide Questions
1. What is the most common ailment in your locality?
____________________________________________________________
2. What particular age bracket of the children mostly suffers from this ailment?
3. State the major health problem of the children in your locality?
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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9. 4. Write you hypothesis.
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Activity 1.2
Identify the problem in the picture below and make your own hypothesis.
Problem:
________________________________________________________
Hypothesis:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Problem:
______________________________________________________
Hypothesis:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Problem:
_______________________________________________________
Hypothesis:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Problem:________________________________________________
Hypothesis:_________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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10. Lesson 2 - Planning Investigation, Experimentation and Data Analysis
After identifying and formulating the problem, you have to think carefully about the
plan of the research that would test your hypothesis. In this process, you should
consider the options you have about different ways in which the research topic can
be investigated, that is a research design.
You should try to choose a design that will give most
definitive answers about the research topic. But you
have to weigh this against the possibility of doing the
study. You have to consider, among other things,
your own capabilities, the availability of material or
subjects for the research, and the availability of
resources.
After deciding on a research design that is
appropriate to deal with the research topic and that is achievable, you have to look
again at the broad research topic, define and refine it.
For many studies, this will involve generating a research hypothesis that can be
tested through experimentation.
Experimentation is the step in the scientific method that helps people decide
between two or more competing explanations – or hypotheses. These hypotheses
suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon, or predict the results of an action.
An example might be the hypothesis that "if I let go of this ball, it
will fall to the floor": this suggestion can then be tested by
carrying out the experiment of letting go of the ball, and
observing the results.
Once hypotheses are defined, an experiment can be carried out - and the results
analyzed - in order to confirm, refute, or define the accuracy of the hypotheses.
Listed below are the scientific processes that you could use as you try to discover
the reliability of your hypothesis.
A. Observing and Collecting Data
Our understanding of the world around us is based on observations. Observing is
the use of one or more of the five senses to perceive objects or events. For example,
you will use your sense of sight to observe any turbidity changes in your aquarium.
Scientists also use a variety of tools to aid in making
observations. In these experiments you will be using tools such as a
hydrometer to test fluid density, as well as a variety of water quality
test kits which will be used to monitor such factors as nitrates,
phosphates and dissolved oxygen levels in your tank.
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11. While making observations, scientists often collect data.
Collecting data is the gathering and recording of specific
information based on observations. You will be recording and
sharing your aquarium observations with your class mates and
students conducting this experiment at other schools.
B. Measuring
Observations are most useful when they involve quantitative data ---
data that can be measured in numbers. Measuring is the process of
determining the dimensions of an object, the number of objects in a
group, the duration of an event, or other characteristics in precise units.
C. Organizing Data
Data are of little use unless they are organized. Organizing data involves placing
observation and measurements in some kind of logical order such as in a graph,
chart, table, or a map. This is an essential part of the Scientific Process which
assists in the interpretation of the data.
D. Hypothesizing
Hypothesizing is the process of formulating testable statements about observable
phenomena. This is often one of the first steps in a scientific investigation. A
statement is testable if evidence can be collected that either supports the
hypothesis or refutes it.
E. Predicting
To test a hypothesis, a scientist usually makes a prediction that follows from the
hypothesis. Predicting is stating in advance the results that will be obtained from
testing a hypothesis. A prediction can take the form of an “if - then” statement.
F. Experimenting
Some hypotheses or predictions can best be tested
through careful observations in a natural setting, such
as a field study. Others can be tested through
experiments. Experimenting is the process of testing
a hypothesis or prediction by carrying out data-
gathering procedures under controlled conditions.
G. Analyzing Data
After a scientist has collected and organized data from a field study or an
experiment, the data must be analyzed. Analyzing data is the process of
determining whether or not the set of data is reliable and whether or not it
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12. supports a given prediction or hypothesis. Scientists analyze data in many ways,
including using statistics, interpreting graphs, determining relationships between
variables, comparing the data to those obtained from other studies, and
determining possible sources of experimental error.
H. Inferring
Inferring is the process of drawing conclusions on the basis of facts or premises
instead of direct perception. Facts might include data gathered during a field study
or an experiment. Premises might include conclusions drawn from previous
knowledge or from past experience.
I. Modeling
Modeling involves constructing a representation of an object, a system, or a
process that helps show relationships between data. A model may be visual,
verbal, or mathematical. A biologist might create a mathematical model to show
how environmental factors, such as sunlight, temperature, rainfall, and humidity,
affect the growth of plants in the rain forest. Scientist sometimes uses models to
help generate new predictions or hypotheses.
J. Communicating
Scientist does not work in isolation. Often they work
in groups. In many cases they publish results of their
experiments in scientific journals or present them at
scientific meetings. Sharing information, or
communicating, is essential to progress in science.
Communication allows scientists to build on the work of
others.
Activity 2.1
Perform the following activities:
A. Go out and look for a place where you can find different kinds of leaves.
1. Use your senses in observing the leaves of at least f plants.
2. Record your observations in the table below.
Leaf Color Shape Texture Odor
A
B
C
D
E
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13. Guide Questions:
Answer the questions below using the data you gathered during the investigation.
1. Which of your senses gave the most information about the leaves?
_____________________________________________________
2. Which of your senses helped you the most in distinguishing the leaf samples?
_________________________________________________________
3. Your personal observation has limitations. Name several scientific instruments
that may help you overcome the limitations of your senses whenever you
make observations.
a. Sight: _____________________________________________
b. Smell:_____________________________________________
c. Taste:_____________________________________________
d. Touch:_____________________________________________
4. Is it important that a scientist record his data immediately? Why or why not?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
B. Do the following using a thermometer
Pour 500 mL water in the kettle and heat it for 20 minutes. Record the
temperature every two minutes using thermometer. Graph the data with the
temperature on Y-axis and the time interval on the X-axis.
35 40 45 50
Temperatures in degree Celsius
20 25 30
15
10
5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time interval in minutes
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14. Can you use the graph to know what will be the temperature in the next 20 minutes?
Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
C. Do the following using five textbooks and a ruler:
1. Measure the thickness of each textbook in millimeters. Do not include the
cover.
2. Count the number of pages in each of the five textbooks.
3. Record you data in the table below
Textbook Thickness Pages
A
B
C
D
E
4. Plot the data on the graph.
35 40 45 50
Thickness in millimeter
20 25 30
15
10
5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Number of Pages
5. What are the different science processes demonstrated in the activities
performed?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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15. Lesson 3 - Making Conclusions and Recommendations
Suppose you see a test tube filled with a clear liquid on top of a table in the
laboratory. It would be extremely dangerous and perhaps fatal to "jump to the
conclusion" that it was water. There are lots of clear liquids that look like water - and
many of them are extremely dangerous. "It is a clear liquid" is an observation, but "It
is water" is not!
We could perform physical and chemical tests on the clear liquid
from which we might conclude - decide based on observations -
that it is water, but the statement "It is water" is a conclusion - not
an observation. It is a vital part of science to draw conclusions
based on the data gathered from you observations. In every
experiment, we collect data (observations), but the goal of the
experiment is to reach a conclusion based on the data.
In drawing a conclusion, identify one key source of experimental error that took
place. Explain how it affected the results. For instance, when the wind that passed
by reduced the temperature of reactants and therefore made the reaction slower
than expected.
One of the most important steps in scientific method is choosing a solution to the
original problem. Recommendations for the problem can be made after all the
necessary data have been gathered and analyzed.
Activity 3.1
Perform the following activity:
1. You are going to heat the aluminum can with an alcohol lamp, but before
doing so, formulate your hypothesis. Write as many as you can.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Provide the following materials:
empty aluminum can (soft drinks can)
soft plastic bag
rubber band
alcohol lamp or candle
3. Assemble the materials:
Place the soft plastic on the lid of the aluminum can.
Wrap it around the lid with a rubber tightly.
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16. 4. Now heat the can for about 2 minutes. Observe what happens. Record your
observations. (Be careful in heating the can. See to it that the flame will not
touch the plastic.)
5. Are all your hypotheses correct?
______________________________________
6. What conclusion can you make out of the experiment you have performed?
Formulate your conclusion.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
As you perform this investigation, you will:
become familiar with the steps of the scientific method
use the scientific method of thinking how to solve a problem.
Answer the following questions and write your answers on the space provided after
each number.
1. The first step of a scientific method is to identify the problem you wish to solve.
What is the problem in this activity?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. After you identify the problem, it is time to make observations. What do you see?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. Next, the data from your observations must be organized. What factors do you
think play a part in your observations?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. Verify your answer or solution by repeating the experiment if you wish to.
Activity 3.2
Try the activity given in the pretest to verify the answers:
Perform the experiment using the same materials, 5 coins of different sizes – 10-
peso, 5-peso; 1-peso and a 25-centavo coin.
Do the following procedure:
Lay the coins one by one on a table.
Get a medicine dropper
16
17. Fill the medicine with water.
Drop the water in each coin one at a time.
Count the number of water drops needed to fill the coins. Stop dropping when
the water spills over the coin.
Do the same procedure with the other coins.
Record the data on the table provided for.
No. of Trials Number of Water Drops
10-peso 5 - peso 1-peso 25-centavo
1
2
3
Average
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the problem in this activity?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Formulate your hypothesis. (List down as many as possible. )
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Analyze your results. Which coin holds the greatest number of water drops?
a. a 10-peso coin
b. a 5-peso coin
c. a 1-peso coin
d. a 25 centavo coin
4. What factor do you think has something to do with the differences in the number of
water drops a coin can hold?
a. distance of medicine dropper from the coin
b. sizes of the coins
c. diameter of the dropper
d. all of the above
5. Which of the following can you identify as the responding variable?
a. number of water drops
b. size of the coin
c. diameter of the dropper
d. kind of medicine dropper
6. Where should you base your conclusion or generalization?
a. gathered data
b. results of experiment performed
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18. c. direct observations
d. what others say about it.
After firming up your understanding of the scientific method, you have to deepen
your understanding by doing the following activities.
DEEPEN Your Understanding
Here, you shall be engaged in understanding scientific knowledge which includes the
processing and making meanings out of the information. You need to reflect, revisit,
revise and rethink your ideas; express your understandings and engage in
meaningful self-evaluation; and undergo in-depth exploration of scientific methods
using multiple sources of information and various modalities of manifestations of
learning.
1. Write an essay on how scientific processes and scientific methods helped you
in solving a particular problem that you encountered in your life.
2. What would you like to be in the future? How would your understanding of
scientific processes and scientific methods help you in your future career?
3. Name three basic problems in your locality. Think of possible solutions to
these problems applying your knowledge in scientific processes and scientific
method.
Problems of Procedures in Solving the Problem
Locality
1.
2.
3.
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19. Note: For more reliable data, interview at least 20 adult individuals in your
community and ask what the main problems in your community are. Gather the
necessary data and identify the top three problems of the locality.
4. Explain how scientific knowledge is acquired and validated.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. When do scientific methods become valuable?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Summative Test
A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. In what step of the Scientific Method do you ask a question?
a. Conclusion
b. Problem
c. Hypothesis
d. Information
2. In what step of the Scientific Method do you go to the library or ask an expert?
a. Conclusion
b. Hypothesis
c. Problem
d. Information
3. The possible answer to the problem.
a. Hypothesis
b. Conclusion
c. Data
d. Experiment
4. The actual answer to the problem.
a. Hypothesis
b. Data
c. Conclusion
d. Information
5. The variable that you change in the experiment. Also called the manipulated
variable.
a. Controlled
b. Dependent
c. Independent
d. Responding
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20. 6. The variable that changes because you changed the other variable. Also
called the responding variable.
a. Dependent
b. Independent
c. Controlled
d. Manipulated
7. The group in the experiment that does not get the variable is called the
___________ group.
a. Dependent
b. Control
c. Independent
d. Responding
8. The variables in the experiment that do not change are called the
__________ variables.
a. Controlled
b. Independent
c. Dependent
d. Manipulated
9. Recorded observations and measurements.
a. Information
b. Conclusion
c. Hypothesis
d. Data
10. The conclusion is based on the results of the _____________.
a. Information
b. Hypothesis
c. Experiment
d. Problem
B. Read the article and answer the questions below.
Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) was a Swedish Ethologist (animal behaviorist) famous
for studying animals in their native habitats. One of his classic experiments involved
a bird called the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus). Black-headed gulls build nests
of twigs on the ground and lay light brown eggs that are covered with dark brown
spots. However, the inside of the egg is white in color. Tinbergen noticed that adult
gulls pick up the eggshells shortly after a chick has hatched, and fly them to a
location far from the nest, where they are left. Since this behavior required
expending energy and time that could have been spent feeding and protecting the
chicks, Tinbergen wanted to know why the birds did this.
Problem: Why do black-headed gulls remove eggshells from the nest?
Hypothesis: The white interior of the shell is not camouflaged and attracts predators
to the nest. Therefore, the gulls remove the shells to decrease
predation.
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21. Test: Tinbergen and his co-workers collected gull eggs and painted 69 of them white
and left 68 of them with their natural color. (Statistically, these numbers are
close enough to be considered equal.) The researchers then scattered the
eggs next to a gull breeding area and observed from a nearby blind. Predation
rates were recorded for white versus natural colored eggs.
Data
Original Eggs Taken by Eggs Not
Number of Predators Taken
Eggs
White Eggs 69 43 26
Natural Eggs 68 13 55
a. Do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis? Why or why not?
b. If you were working with Tinbergen, what would you suggest be done next?
c. Identify the experimental and dependent variables.
Now that you have gained a better understanding of scientific processes and
methods, you are now ready for the next level- transferring what you have learned.
TRANSFER Your Understanding
This part will let you transfer your learning in new settings
and use this creatively to generate new ideas, view things differently and reengineer
processes. You shall be involved in designing, constructing, planning, producing
new knowledge and/or inventing products which can contribute to the protection of
the environment and sustainable use of resources.
Using your data from Activity 1 # 3 from DEEPEN Your Understanding, prepare a
presentation that would let you discuss your proposed solutions to the top three
problems in your locality. With your teacher’s approval, you may make a
presentation to the following groups:
Sanguniaang Kabataan officers
Barangay officials
Group of students
Your presentation should be based on the following criteria:
1. Community-based
2. Application of Scientific Method
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23. Answer key:
Pre-Assessment Summative Test
1. D 1. B
2. B 2. D
3. B 3. A
4. C 4. C
5. B 5. C
6. Interpretation 6. A
7. Observation 7. B
8. Generalization 8. A
9. Hypothesizing 9. D
10. Identifying the problem 10. C
References/ Weblinks
http://www.sciencebuddies.org
http://www.clcillinois.edu
http://www.clipartguide.com
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