Mc2521062109

Prof.Mathew V Karvinkoppa, Prof.Murtuza S Dholkawala, Prof. U S Gawai / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2106-2109
Applications Of The Higgs Boson

Prof.Mathew V Karvinkoppa*, Prof.Murtuza S Dholkawala** Prof. U S
Gawai***
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSPM’s ICOER, Pune)

Abstract
An overview at the development of circle the Earth twice per day, much faster than
engineering over the recent years shows us that clocks on the surface of the Earth, and Einstein's
practical applications of theoretical concepts theory of special relativity says that rapidly moving
have greatly accelerated the development of new clocks tick more slowly, by about seven
technologies. To be able to predict the direction microseconds (millionths of a second) per day. Also,
technologies of the future will take, we must turn the orbiting clocks are 20,000 km above the Earth,
our attention to the theoretical concepts being and experience gravity that is four times weaker
developed today. One of the newest than that on the ground. Einstein's general relativity
confirmations in the standard atomic model is theory says that gravity curves space and time,
that of the Higgs Boson. This paper will attempt resulting in a tendency for the orbiting clocks to tick
to consolidate what varied directions different slightly faster, by about 45 microseconds per day.
branches of engineering would take should we be The net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock
able to manipulate the Higgs field advances faster than a clock on the ground by about
38 microseconds per day. But at 38 microseconds
Keywords ; Bosons ,Heat per day, the relativistic offset in the rates of the
Transfer,Manufacturing, Std Atomic model, satellite clocks is so large that, if left
uncompensated, it would cause navigational errors
I. INTRODUCTION that accumulate faster than 10 km per day. GPS
A brief glance at the development of accounts for relativity by electronically adjusting the
engineering over the recent years shows us that rates of the satellite clocks, and by building
practical applications of theoretical concepts have mathematical corrections into the computer chips
greatly accelerated our progress. This is obvious which solve for the user's location. Without the
from the earliest development of radio waves, the proper application of relativity, GPS would fail in its
discovery of X- rays, studies in the field of navigational functions.
radioactivity, the quantum theory of solids leading
to semiconductors and computer chips, nuclear
magnetic resonance leading to MRI imaging,
particle accelerators leading to beams for cancer
treatment etc. Today, we can hardly imagine a world
without nuclear power, cell phones or fast
computers to help us in our everyday life. All these
stem from concepts that were not even dreamt of
during the development of the theories that form
their bases. As an example: When Einstein finalized
his theory of gravity and curved spacetime in
November 1915, ending a quest which he began Fig.1 Schematic Diagram Representing GPS system
with his 1905 special relativity, he had little concern
for practical or observable consequences. But Thus to be able to predict the direction
strangely enough, relativity plays a key role in a technologies of the future will take, we must turn
multi-billion dollar growth industry centered around our attention to the theoretical concepts being
the Global Positioning System (GPS). The system is developed today. A theory being tested is that of the
based on an array of 24 satellites orbiting the earth, Higgs Boson. This paper will attempt to consolidate
each carrying a precise atomic clock. Using a hand- what varied directions different branches of
held GPS receiver which detects radio emissions engineering would take should we be able to
from any of the satellites which happen to be manipulate the field created by this particle or in
overhead, users of even moderately priced devices other words, the Higgs field.
can determine latitude, longitude and altitude to an We must note, since the researches into this
accuracy which can currently reach 15 meters, and particular field of nuclear physics are still in their
local time to 50 billionths of a second. The satellite preliminary stages the practical aspects of it have
clocks are moving at 14,000 km/hr in orbits that not, so far, been examined. As such the ideas put

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forward in this paper, allow us a brief insight into The term Boson was coined by Paul Dirac in honour
what the future uses might be. The method of of Satyendra Nath Bose who along with Albert
modifying the Higgs field will greatly change the Einstein formed the theory that explains their
circumstances in which it will be possible to use presence. We know that the atom is made up of
thus precluding some uses herein mentioned. The more than just the protons, neutrons and electrons as
practical applications will also depend on cost and projected by the rudimentary models in all our high
viability, which is beyond the scope of this paper. school classrooms. A more elegant understanding of
We must also remember that it has taken the most the atom, assumes interatomic particles to be of two
expensive and complicated machine in the world types- Bosons and Fermions. Fermions are matter
today; several years, just to confirm its existence. particles, they occupy space in the atom and hence,
Finding a method to modify this field and using this more than two fermions cannot occupy the same
method might well be beyond the years we are space at the same time. Bosons are energy particles,
destined to see. they are responsible for the forces present in the
atom. Thus more than two bosons can occupy the
2. THE STANDARD MODEL IN same state at the same time.
PARTICLE PHYSICS How do we explain this? We know by
Einstein’s theory of relativity, that mass and energy
are interconvertable by the equation e=mc^2. Hence
to observe the independent forces acting within the
confines of the atom we must first manifest these
forces as particles. Basically speaking, Bosons are
merely forces manifested as particles.

4. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE HIGGS
BOSON

Fig.2 Standard Model of The Atom

The Standard Model theory of particle
physics, describes the mediation of
the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear
interactions in the dynamics of known subatomic
particles. The development of the Standard Model
has been a collaborative effort between
experimental physicists and theorists, spanning
Fig.4 Observed Energy Ranges of the Higgs Boson
continents and decades of research. The current
.
formulation is derived from the experimental
The Standard Model does not predict the
confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since the
mass of the Higgs boson, but does predict the
mid-1970s, discoveries of the bottom quark (1977),
production cross section once the mass is known.
the top quark (1995), and the tau neutrino (2000)
The "cross section" is the likelihood of a collision
have given further credence to the Standard Model.
event of a particular type.
However it is the recent CERN experiment that
The Higgs boson or Higgs particle is this
confirms the detection of the Higgs boson that
elementary particle in the Standard Model of
completes the set of predicted particles.
particle physics. The Higgs boson is named after
Peter Higgs, who proposed the mechanism that
3. CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF suggested such a particle in 1964. He was the only
A BOSON one to explicitly predict the massive particle (125–
127 GeV/c2) and identify some of its theoretical
properties. In mainstream media it is often referred
to as the "God particle", after the title of Leon
Lederman's book on the topic. It is also very
unstable, decaying into other particles almost
immediately. The currently accepted ‘Standard
Model’ states that a particular kind of "field"
(known as the Higgs field) exists, which in contrast
to the more familiar gravitational field and
electromagnetic field has constant strength
everywhere. This kind of field was shown to be
Fig.3 Representative Appearance of a Boson theoretically capable of producing a Higgs

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mechanism in nature, and particles interacting with
this field will acquire mass. The Standard Model of 6.EFFECTS ON MASS DUE TO
physics was developed on this basis, and it included MANIPULATION OF THE HIGGS FIELD
a prediction and requirement that for these things to From the above discussions we could easily draw
be true, there had to be an undiscovered some basic conclusions:
fundamental particle as the counterpart of this field. a) If a particle gains mass only when slowed
This particle would be the Higgs boson (or "Higgs down by the Higgs field, removing or nullifying this
particle"), the last unobserved particle of the field would cause the particle to lose its mass, all
Standard Model other properties remaining constant.
b) When the causative agent that nullifies this
5. THE MASS MECHANISM OF THE field is removed the particle would regain its
HIGGS FIELD original mass.
c) If we can assume the Higgs field to be
analogous to all other fields present in our universe
except for the fact that it is present everywhere, we
can also assume that this field can be varied in terms
of strength.
d) This can further be supported by the fact
that some particles are heavier than others and so the
interactions of the particles with respect to the field
must also vary.

Fig.5 Mass Mechanism of the Higgs Field 7.THE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Each elementary particle acquires its Affecting the mass of a particle and hence
unique set of attributes by interacting with invisible subsequently the material it is associated with can
entities called fields. One such field is the be majorly beneficial to engineering. Various
electromagnetic field. Each particle interacts with practical uses can be found for the application this
the electromagnetic field in a way that depends on theory:
its electric charge. For example, electrons tend to 7.1 In Manufacturing:
move through the field toward the positive ends of (a) By reducing the effect of the Higgs field on
bar magnets, and group together with positively a metal, its mass will reduce. Consequently the heat
charged protons. The electromagnetic field is absorbed by the metal given by Q=m.Cp.dt will also
associated with the photon, or particle of light. This reduce. Lesser heat required will allow for metal
correspondence can be seen in two ways: First, working at lower temperatures. As the metal will
when the EM field is "excited," meaning its energy have low mass, metal working will be easier and the
is flared up in a certain spot, that flare-up is, itself, a alloys formed can be more homogenous and of
photon..Secondly, when particles interact with the better quality. Oxidation and wastage caused due to
EM field (for example, when they are drawn toward high temperatures will also be reduced.
the oppositely charged end of a magnet), they (b) By increasing the effect of the Higgs field,
experience the field by absorbing and emitting a the mass of the metal can be increased allowing for
constant stream of "virtual photons", photons that high mass compaction of materials. During the
are momentarily created and then destroyed just for compaction process, the mass of the metal can be
the purpose of mediating the particle-field increased allowing the metal to be densely packed
interaction. due to its weight, thus producing highly dense,
There exists a Higgs field. It gives particles stronger and more durable materials.
mass. Except for massless photons and gluons, all (c) By reducing the mass of materials, the
elementary particles get their masses from their force required for machining would also reduce
interactions with the Higgs field, similar to being thereby enabling us to achieve greater tolerances
'slowed down' by passing through a viscous fluid. with lower powered tools.
Some particles have a harder time moving through (d) Damages caused due to work hardening
the viscous Higgs field than others and as a result, would be reduced as operations performed on low
they are heavier. Just as the photon mediates mass work pieces would be analogous to hot
interactions with the EM field and is itself an working.
excitation of the EM field, the Higgs particle 7.2 In Transportation:
mediates interactions with the Higgs field, and is (a) Every day large loads of various materials
itself an excitation of the Higgs field. have to be transported from place to place. Reducing
Particles move through the Higgs field by the mass of these loads in whatever circumstances
exchanging virtual Higgs particles with it. And a they may be will reduce the motive power required
real Higgs particle surfaces when the field becomes for their transportation. Thus allowing the use of
excited. smaller engines and allowing ease of transport.

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(b) Transport of heavy construction equipment As to the first question, further studies into
to remote locations would be both easier and the nature of this incredible field are required to
speedier if the mass of the payload could be determine exactly the nature of the energy that
reduced. makes up the Higgs field. Finding the field was
(c) Reducing the mass of payloads will also merely the first step in this direction. Although the
reduce the effect that gravity has on these materials. theoretical aspects of the composition of the field
Sending satellites and research equipment into orbit are known, what sort of energies affect this field is
might become only a question of determining to largely unknown. Like electricity, can we generate
what extent the mass of an object can be reduced. Higgs fields of our own? Do they already exist?
(d) Even in normal road transport, we find that What would be the cost of generating these fields?
most of the weight in transit is that of the vehicle These are questions that must be answered before
itself. Reducing this weight will allow smaller we can seek to modify these very fundamental of the
engines to achieve greater speed as well as greatly building blocks of our universe.
reduce energy consumption. When we consider the second question, we
7.3 Heat Transfer: already have a slight understanding of effects of
(a) As a higher mass will absorb more heat, removing the Higgs field completely. The forces
increasing the mass of heat sinks will improve their that hold an atom together are very closely related
heat absorption capacity. Coolant could be made and completely removing the Higgs field causes
more efficient by increasing their mass as they breakdown of the fundamental atomic structure.
passed the engine and lowering their mass in the This is undesirable as for most of the uses herein
radiator so as to dissipate heat quickly. mentioned, the main advantage stems from
(b) Heat transfer systems such as those used in manipulating the mass while keeping all other
CPUs could handle more heat if their mass were to factors of a material or object unchanged. This
be increased, allowing for longer periods of use, however does not preclude the modification of the
greater efficiency and faster operation. field. A change in the magnitude of the field without
7.4 In Defence: its complete removal can still be implemented. After
(a) Increasing the mass of armor plates on the all even an electric current of too great a magnitude
detection of incoming fire could render the is destructive in nature. Still we seem to use these
projectiles harmless as a greater mass would absorb fields and currents in nearly all aspects of
more momentum. Reducing the Mass of the armor technology today.
during transportation would decrease the time and
energy required. Acknowledgements
(b) Low mass projectiles could be accelerated I would also like to express my thanks to
to higher speeds thus increasing their penetrative all my peers and colleagues who have constantly
power seeking to cut through armor plates instead of endured my eccentricities during the making of my
striking against them causing contact damage to report.
enemy forces. Finally, I would like to thank my Parents for their
(c) Explosive payloads could be transported to love and support in all my endeavors.
required sites at higher speeds and using lesser
energy, if their mass could be reduced. References
7.5 Miscellaneous: [1] Cern: www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern
(a) Vapour deposition using low mass vapour /ideas/standard3.html
would make the process easier to use and more [2] An Introduction to the Standard Model of
viable for low temperature applications. Also vapour Particle Physics: W. Noel
once deposited could also be hardened using high Cottingham, Derek A. Greenwood;
mass fields, creating more durable coatings. Cambridge University Press.
(b) Printing of computer chips could be made [3] Contemporary Physics Education
more accurate using low mass fields, leading to the Project, http://cpepweb.org
development of smaller circuits and hence smaller [4] Halzen & Martin, Quarks and Leptons: An
devices. Introductory Course in Modern Physics
(c) Difficult to handle gases and other volatile [5] Harris, Nonclassical Physics
substances could be stored and transported [6] Griffiths, Introduction to Elementary
safely by increasing their mass and limiting Particles
their movement. [7] Higgs boson mass and new physics - Fedor
Bezrukov, Mikhail Yu. Kalmykovy, Bernd
8. CONCLUSION: A. Kniehl & Mikhail Shaposhnikovx:
The most important questions that have yet http://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.2893.pdf
to be answered are: How will we modify the Higgs
field? And To what extent can we modify the Higgs
field?

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