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Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771
1768 | P a g e
Prevalence of Lactic Acidosis Syndrome in People Taking
Antiretroviral Drugs at a Local Health Centre
Usai T1
, Tshalibe R. S.1
, Nyamunda B. C.2
1
(Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
2
(Department of Chemical Technology, Midlands State University, P Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
ABSTRACT
This study examines the types of
antiretrovirus (ARV) drugs and the foods taken
by people who are HIV positive. The study aims to
establish whether the drugs and food consumed
are associated with the development of lactic
acidosis. A sample of 20 people drawn from a
population supplied with ARV drugs at a local
polyclinic was used. Questionnaires and
interviews were the main tools used in the study to
gather information on the types of ARVs, their
side effects and the dietary regimen for people
who were prone to lactic acidosis. The results
established that the ARV drug combinations of
lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine and
ritonavir, stavudine and nevirapine were taken by
the sample population, and that part of this
population experienced symptoms associated with
lactic acidosis. The results also established that the
dietary regimen for those who experienced the
symptoms of lactic acidosis was carbohydrate
dense, included acid forming foods, such as
fermented foods and was limited on vegetables
and citrus fruits. The research findings indicate a
knowledge gap among HIV positive people on
food choices and recommended dietary regimens.
The researcher recommends that nutritionists and
dieticians produce and distribute pamphlets,
magazines, flyers and recipes with the
recommended dietary regimen for HIV positive
people and that income generating projects be set
up to ensure adequacy of food supply in their
homes. Based on the findings the researcher
proposes a dietary regimen that may be suitable
for HIV positive people.
Keywords: ARV drugs, dietary regimen, HIV
positive, lactic acidosis, regimen.
I. INTRODUCTION
Lactic acidosis is a disease characterized by
unexplained weight loss and elevated blood lactate
levels [1]. This disease is a result of either over
production or under utilization of lactate. Lactic acid
is produced as a byproduct in cells during process of
glycolysis. Once produced, the lactic acid is excreted
by the liver and kidneys. Its accumulation lowers the
blood pH leading to the development of lactic
acidosis, characterized by elevated lactate levels
usually greater than 5 meq/ L and decreased
bicarbonate concentrations [2,3]. Under normal
circumstances, lactate should not be present in blood
at concentrations greater than 1.5 meq/L [4,5].
It was established that lactic acidosis is commonly
found in people with diseases involving circulatory
collapse and in HIV people taking specific
antiretroviral drugs [6]. ARV drug combinations are
given to HIV positive people to prolong life.
However some ARV drug combinations produce
toxic acids or damage cells/leucocytes [7]. Stavudine,
which is administered in combination with
lamivudine and nevirapine or ritonavir and
nevirapine exhibit such toxic effects. People taking
these drug combinations may develop liver problems
associated with lactic acidosis [2]. Studies have
shown that women with CD4 count higher than 250
cells per mm3
are at greater risk of developing lactic
acidosis [7]. Lactic acidosis can also be attributed to
improper diet.
Foods that are acidic like some fruits and
fermented foods may increase the blood acidity level
in HIV positive people increasing the chances of
developing lactic acidosis [8,9]. Consumption of
sugary foods tends to increase glucose levels in the
body [10]. Under conditions of hypoxia, excess
glucose is converted to lactic acid which might
accumulate resulting in lactic acidosis. Causes of
lactic acidosis can be medical, related to immunology
or dietary [11]. Doyle [12] reported that lactic
acidosis can be caused by organs (liver kidney, liver)
disorders, obesity, stress, fear and malnutrition.
According to Hopewood [13], anti diabetic drugs also
cause lactic acidosis.
This study seeks to evaluate whether the
prevalence of lactic acidosis in HIV positive people
getting treatment from a local clinic was associated
with ARV drug consumed and/or dietary regimen.
Most studies on lactic acidosis were done on diabetic
and cancer patients [14-16]. To the best of our
knowledge no such studies have been reported on
people affected by HIV. The investigation seeks
further to come out with recommendations on how to
reduce or eliminate factors that induce lactic acidosis
on HIV patients.
II. METHODOLOGY
Two instruments were used to collect
triangulated data namely questionnaires and
interviews. Purposive sampling was used to find out
Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771
1769 | P a g e
the most common types of ARV drugs used and types
of foods taken. Questionnaires consisting of both
closed and open ended questions were used. The
study was conducted with 20 people who were HIV
positive and receiving ARVs at a local health centre
(Mkoba 13 Polyclinic Gweru). The survey focused
on obtaining data on respondents’ demography, types
of ARV drug combinations and their side effects and
dietary regimen.
III. RESULTS
3.1 Drugs taken by respondents
Table 1 shows the drug combination taken
by the HIV patients. Antiretroviral drug combination
of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine was the most
common drug administered (80% respondents). Only
5% of the respondents were taking ritonavir,
lamivudine and nevirapine due to development of
lactic acidosis. The other 15% were not yet on ARVs
drugs but taking cotirmoxazole prophylaxis because
they were still under CD4 count monitoring.
Table 1: Drugs taken by HIV respondents
Drug combination Respondents (%)
lamivudine, stavudine,
nevirapine
80
ritonavir, lamivudine,
nevirapine
5
cotirmoxazole prophylaxis 15
Fig. 1 shows that most (80%) of the respondents take
drugs after a meal. Only 3 (15%) people took drugs
on empty stomach and 5% after eating a non fat
snack. ARV tablets containing stavudine could be
tolerated on an empty stomach but those taking
ritonavir could not since it causes nausea. All the
respondents did not take high energy meals since
they are potentially lactic acidosis inducing.
Figure 1: Meals consumed by HIV respondents
before taking ARVs tablets.
3.2 ARVs Symptoms
ARV drugs cause adverse effects after
taking them. Of the 20 HIV positive respondents 60%
experienced symptoms of either feeling very weak
and tired, weakness in arms and legs and nausea,
shortness in breathe and nausea while 40% of the
respondents did not experience any symptom. Not all
the respondents experience symptoms of lactic
acidosis. According to Devlin [2], people taking
ARV drug combination with stavudine may not
develop problems associated with lactic acidosis. Fig.
2 shows the frequency of the symptoms that were
experienced by 12 of the respondents after taking
ARV medication. Some respondents indicated more
than one symptom. Nine respondents felt weak and
tired, 6 experienced weakness in arms and legs and 1
respondent experienced nausea.
Figure 2: Frequency at which symptoms were
experienced after taking ARVs.
3.3 Dietary regimen
3.3.1 Meals taken per day by the respondents
Most of the respondents had at least three
meals per day. 2 out of 20 of the respondents had two
meals per day, 9 had three meals and the remainder
had more than three meals a day. Table 2 shows the
nutritional value as an index of biological value of
the foods taken at breakfast, lunch and supper. At
breakfast 35% of the respondents (n=20) had a
balanced diet with high biological value (HBV)
proteins from animal sources such as eggs and beef.
25% had low biological value (LBV) proteins from
vegetable sources such as cowpeas and sugar beans.
40% of the respondents did not have a balanced diet
which was protein deficient and rich in
carbohydrates. Tea with sugar was commonly taken
at breakfast. Sugary foods are not recommended to
HIV positive people who are prone to lactic acidosis.
Eating sugary foods tends to increase glucose levels
in the body resulting in conversion of glucose to
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Numberofpeople
0
2
4
6
8
10
weakness in
arms and legs
feeling very
weak and tired
nausea
Numberofrespondents
Symptoms
Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771
1770 | P a g e
lactic acid under conditions of limited oxygen supply
[10].
At lunch 50% of respondents did not have a
balanced diet (protein deficient and carbohydrate
dense). 50% had a balanced diet of which 90% of this
population had HBV protein (beef, roasted termites
and fish) and 10% LBV proteins (beans). The
negative economic effects were clearly shown at
breakfast and lunch since most of the respondents
were concerned about filling up the stomach without
considering nutrients required by the body.
During supper 90% of the respondents had a
balanced diet with HBV protein and this can be
attributed to supper being considered as the most
important meal of the day. 5% had LBV protein and
the other 5% did not have a balanced diet during
supper.
Green leafy vegetables were the common
source of minerals, vitamins and roughage.16 out of
the 20 respondents included vegetables in their diet, 2
included fruits in their servings and 2 respondents
lacked both fruits and vegetables in their diets. Fruits
are recommended in HIV people since they provide
micronutrients that are needed for metabolism of fats,
carbohydrates and proteins. Eating fruits that contain
zinc such as avocado, pears and paw-paws improves
white cell counts and antibody production. Zinc may
reduce symptoms of lactic acidosis and rheumatoid
arthritis [17]. Fruits also provide vitamins that
support drug detoxification and reduce ARV drug
after effects such as nausea, exhaustion, loss of
appetite and impairment of immune response.
17 out of the 20 respondents used cooking oil for
preparing meals, Only 3 respondents used fats as
spread such as butter, margarine and peanut butter
since consuming too much fat might result in
diarrhoea. 45% of respondents consumed acid
forming foods such as maheu, yoghurt, and tea with
sugar while 55% avoided such foods. Acid forming
foods aggravate the development of lactic acidosis.
Table 2: Nutritional value of meals
Meal Nutritional value of a meal
HBV LBH Unbalanced
Breakfast 7 5 8
Lunch 9 1 10
Supper 18 1 1
3.4 Weight of respondents
80% of the respondents weighed between 52
and 62 kg. This could be attributed to the fact that
once people are on ARV drugs, it is recommended
that they should not be overweight to avoid drug side
effects. Another factor could be due harsh economic
conditions.
3.5 Knowledge of respondents on diet
5% of the respondents had limited
knowledge of suitable diet to follow. Although
respondents received counseling sessions on
appropriate diets to follow, some did not have
adequate knowledge on nutrition in terms of
amounts, alleges and intolerance of certain foods by
individuals. It was evident from the results that
people who are HIV positive were not given the
recommended intake of essentials. A seven day
dietary regimen cyle for HIV positive people was
then recommended (Table 3). The suggested diet was
based on digestibility of foods and reaction of
different foods to ARVs. It was also recommended
that respondents need to have regular light exercises.
Table 3: The dietary regimen that the researcher recommends for people who are HIV positive.
Day Breakfast Mid morning Lunch Afternoon tea Supper
1 Millet porridge with
peanut butter, boiled
milk, orange juice,
pawpaw juice
Potato broth,
avocado,
mealies
Unpolished rice,
fresh vegetable
salad, pumpkin
Guavas, potato
chips, roasted
nuts
Lean meat, covo,
fish fillets,
mashed potato
2 Mealie meal porridge
with wheat bran, guava
juice
Herbal tea,3
slices of
bread
Sadza, Beef stew,
madora
Avocado,
pineapple juice
Rice with peanut
butter
3 Sorghum porridge with
peanut butter,
orange juice
Mashed
pumpkin,
yoghurt
Potatoes,
spinach
Pineapple
juice, mealies
Sorghum Sadza,
rape ,mushroom
4 Sour porridge,
pawpaw juice
Lemon grass
tea, millet,
muffins
Rice, fish fillet Roasted nut,
pear
Macaroni,
vegetable salad,
gravy
5 Millet porridge, boiled
milk
Potato broth,
pawpaw
Sadza, kapenta fish Fruit salad, ice
cream
Potatoes,
dumplings, lean
meat stew
6 Cerevita, pineapple
juice
Butternut,
fruit salad
Rice, chicken Potato crisp,
milk shake
Mashed butternut,
broccoli
7 Mealie-meal milk
porridge, guava juice
Green
mealies
Potatoes, termites,
carrot soup
Nuts, banana Sorghum Sadza,
spinach
4 CONCLUSIONS
Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771
1771 | P a g e
This study has shown that certain ARV drug
combination and unbalanced diet cause lactic
acidosis. Nutritionists and dieticians need to produce
and distribute materials that give information on
recommended dietary menu plans for HIV positive
people on ARVs. There is need for creation of
income generating projects that target HIV positive
people who are less fortunate to ensure adequacy of
food supply in their homes. There is need to include
in the health profession pre service curriculum
information on available HIV/AIDS medication, side
effects and its alleviation, counseling and testing
skills. Counseling needs to be individualized and
supported with practical written guidelines of
nutrients and drug interactions. Future studies on the
effectiveness of the recommendations in alleviating
lactate acidosis need to be carried out.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researcher would like to appreciate the
cooperation received from the medical staff and
people who were HIV positive at Mkoba 13
Polyclinic, without their support and cooperation the
study would not have been a success.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Arenas-Pinto, A .D. Grant, S. Edwards
and I.V.D. Weller, Lactic acidosis in HIV
infected patients: a systematic review of
published cases, Sexually Transmmited
Infections, 79, 2003, 340-343.
[2] T.M. Devlin, Biochemistry with clinical
correlations, (Pennsylvania: John Wiley and
Sons, 1986).
[3] D.S. Fraley, S. Adler, F.J. Bruns, and B.
Zett, Stimulation of lactate production by
administration of bicarbonate in a patient
with a solid neoplasm and lactic acidosis,
New England Journal of Medicine, 303,
1980 303:1100-1111.
[4] G. Friedman, G. Berlot, R.J. Kahn and J.
Vincent, Combined measurements of blood
lactate concentrations and gastric
intramucosal pH in patients with severe
sepsis, Critical Care Medicine, 3(7), 1995,
1184-1193.
[5] G.M. Glew, .Biochemistry a clinical
approach, (Pennsylvania: John Wiley and
Sons, 1996).
[6] H. Silverman, Food nutrition health,
(Oxford: Symour Press Ltd, 1992).
[7] R.M .Granich, C.F. Gilks, C. Dye, K. M. De
Cock and B.G. Williams, Universal
voluntary HIV testing with immediate
antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for
elimination of HIV transmission: a
mathematical model, The Lancet, 373, 2009,
48-57.
[8] Z. Buttler, .Fundamentals of diet and
nutrition, (Oxford: McCrawhill., 1999).
[9] C. Walsek, M. Zafonte and J.M. Bowers,
Nutritional issues and HIV/AIDS:
Assessment and treatment strategies,
Journal of the Association of Nurses in
AIDS Care, 8(6), 1997, 71–80.
[10] T.M. Wolever and D.J. Jenkins, The use of
the glycemic index in predicting the blood
glucose response to mixed meals, American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 43(1), 1986,
167-172.
[11] B.A. Mizock, Lactic acidosis in critical
illness, Critical care medicine, 20(1), 1992,
203-210.
[12] A. Doyle, .Food toxicology and chemistry,
Oxford: University Press, 1996.
[13] S. Hopewood, .Advanced food science,
(New York: Macmillan Publishing
Company, 1999.
[14] S. Salpeter, E. Greyber, G. Pasternak and E.
Salpeter, Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic
acidosis with metformin use in type 2
diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, 2006, 2967-2979.
[15] E.M. Sillos, J.L. Shenep and G.A. Burghen,
Lactic acidosis: a metabolic complication of
hematologic malignancies: case report and
review of the literature, Cancer, 92, 2001,
2237-2248.
[16] A.S. Friedenberg, D.E. Brandoff, F.J.
Schiffman, Type B lactic acidosis as a
severe metabolic complication in lymphoma
and leukemia: a case series from a single
institution and literature review, Medicine
(Baltimore), 86, 2007, 225-237.
[17] K. Sriram and V.A. Lonchyna,
Micronutrient supplementation in adult
nutrition therapy: practical considerations,
Journal of Parenter and Enteral Nutrition,
33(5), 2009, 548-562.

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  • 1. Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771 1768 | P a g e Prevalence of Lactic Acidosis Syndrome in People Taking Antiretroviral Drugs at a Local Health Centre Usai T1 , Tshalibe R. S.1 , Nyamunda B. C.2 1 (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe 2 (Department of Chemical Technology, Midlands State University, P Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe ABSTRACT This study examines the types of antiretrovirus (ARV) drugs and the foods taken by people who are HIV positive. The study aims to establish whether the drugs and food consumed are associated with the development of lactic acidosis. A sample of 20 people drawn from a population supplied with ARV drugs at a local polyclinic was used. Questionnaires and interviews were the main tools used in the study to gather information on the types of ARVs, their side effects and the dietary regimen for people who were prone to lactic acidosis. The results established that the ARV drug combinations of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine and ritonavir, stavudine and nevirapine were taken by the sample population, and that part of this population experienced symptoms associated with lactic acidosis. The results also established that the dietary regimen for those who experienced the symptoms of lactic acidosis was carbohydrate dense, included acid forming foods, such as fermented foods and was limited on vegetables and citrus fruits. The research findings indicate a knowledge gap among HIV positive people on food choices and recommended dietary regimens. The researcher recommends that nutritionists and dieticians produce and distribute pamphlets, magazines, flyers and recipes with the recommended dietary regimen for HIV positive people and that income generating projects be set up to ensure adequacy of food supply in their homes. Based on the findings the researcher proposes a dietary regimen that may be suitable for HIV positive people. Keywords: ARV drugs, dietary regimen, HIV positive, lactic acidosis, regimen. I. INTRODUCTION Lactic acidosis is a disease characterized by unexplained weight loss and elevated blood lactate levels [1]. This disease is a result of either over production or under utilization of lactate. Lactic acid is produced as a byproduct in cells during process of glycolysis. Once produced, the lactic acid is excreted by the liver and kidneys. Its accumulation lowers the blood pH leading to the development of lactic acidosis, characterized by elevated lactate levels usually greater than 5 meq/ L and decreased bicarbonate concentrations [2,3]. Under normal circumstances, lactate should not be present in blood at concentrations greater than 1.5 meq/L [4,5]. It was established that lactic acidosis is commonly found in people with diseases involving circulatory collapse and in HIV people taking specific antiretroviral drugs [6]. ARV drug combinations are given to HIV positive people to prolong life. However some ARV drug combinations produce toxic acids or damage cells/leucocytes [7]. Stavudine, which is administered in combination with lamivudine and nevirapine or ritonavir and nevirapine exhibit such toxic effects. People taking these drug combinations may develop liver problems associated with lactic acidosis [2]. Studies have shown that women with CD4 count higher than 250 cells per mm3 are at greater risk of developing lactic acidosis [7]. Lactic acidosis can also be attributed to improper diet. Foods that are acidic like some fruits and fermented foods may increase the blood acidity level in HIV positive people increasing the chances of developing lactic acidosis [8,9]. Consumption of sugary foods tends to increase glucose levels in the body [10]. Under conditions of hypoxia, excess glucose is converted to lactic acid which might accumulate resulting in lactic acidosis. Causes of lactic acidosis can be medical, related to immunology or dietary [11]. Doyle [12] reported that lactic acidosis can be caused by organs (liver kidney, liver) disorders, obesity, stress, fear and malnutrition. According to Hopewood [13], anti diabetic drugs also cause lactic acidosis. This study seeks to evaluate whether the prevalence of lactic acidosis in HIV positive people getting treatment from a local clinic was associated with ARV drug consumed and/or dietary regimen. Most studies on lactic acidosis were done on diabetic and cancer patients [14-16]. To the best of our knowledge no such studies have been reported on people affected by HIV. The investigation seeks further to come out with recommendations on how to reduce or eliminate factors that induce lactic acidosis on HIV patients. II. METHODOLOGY Two instruments were used to collect triangulated data namely questionnaires and interviews. Purposive sampling was used to find out
  • 2. Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771 1769 | P a g e the most common types of ARV drugs used and types of foods taken. Questionnaires consisting of both closed and open ended questions were used. The study was conducted with 20 people who were HIV positive and receiving ARVs at a local health centre (Mkoba 13 Polyclinic Gweru). The survey focused on obtaining data on respondents’ demography, types of ARV drug combinations and their side effects and dietary regimen. III. RESULTS 3.1 Drugs taken by respondents Table 1 shows the drug combination taken by the HIV patients. Antiretroviral drug combination of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine was the most common drug administered (80% respondents). Only 5% of the respondents were taking ritonavir, lamivudine and nevirapine due to development of lactic acidosis. The other 15% were not yet on ARVs drugs but taking cotirmoxazole prophylaxis because they were still under CD4 count monitoring. Table 1: Drugs taken by HIV respondents Drug combination Respondents (%) lamivudine, stavudine, nevirapine 80 ritonavir, lamivudine, nevirapine 5 cotirmoxazole prophylaxis 15 Fig. 1 shows that most (80%) of the respondents take drugs after a meal. Only 3 (15%) people took drugs on empty stomach and 5% after eating a non fat snack. ARV tablets containing stavudine could be tolerated on an empty stomach but those taking ritonavir could not since it causes nausea. All the respondents did not take high energy meals since they are potentially lactic acidosis inducing. Figure 1: Meals consumed by HIV respondents before taking ARVs tablets. 3.2 ARVs Symptoms ARV drugs cause adverse effects after taking them. Of the 20 HIV positive respondents 60% experienced symptoms of either feeling very weak and tired, weakness in arms and legs and nausea, shortness in breathe and nausea while 40% of the respondents did not experience any symptom. Not all the respondents experience symptoms of lactic acidosis. According to Devlin [2], people taking ARV drug combination with stavudine may not develop problems associated with lactic acidosis. Fig. 2 shows the frequency of the symptoms that were experienced by 12 of the respondents after taking ARV medication. Some respondents indicated more than one symptom. Nine respondents felt weak and tired, 6 experienced weakness in arms and legs and 1 respondent experienced nausea. Figure 2: Frequency at which symptoms were experienced after taking ARVs. 3.3 Dietary regimen 3.3.1 Meals taken per day by the respondents Most of the respondents had at least three meals per day. 2 out of 20 of the respondents had two meals per day, 9 had three meals and the remainder had more than three meals a day. Table 2 shows the nutritional value as an index of biological value of the foods taken at breakfast, lunch and supper. At breakfast 35% of the respondents (n=20) had a balanced diet with high biological value (HBV) proteins from animal sources such as eggs and beef. 25% had low biological value (LBV) proteins from vegetable sources such as cowpeas and sugar beans. 40% of the respondents did not have a balanced diet which was protein deficient and rich in carbohydrates. Tea with sugar was commonly taken at breakfast. Sugary foods are not recommended to HIV positive people who are prone to lactic acidosis. Eating sugary foods tends to increase glucose levels in the body resulting in conversion of glucose to 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Numberofpeople 0 2 4 6 8 10 weakness in arms and legs feeling very weak and tired nausea Numberofrespondents Symptoms
  • 3. Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771 1770 | P a g e lactic acid under conditions of limited oxygen supply [10]. At lunch 50% of respondents did not have a balanced diet (protein deficient and carbohydrate dense). 50% had a balanced diet of which 90% of this population had HBV protein (beef, roasted termites and fish) and 10% LBV proteins (beans). The negative economic effects were clearly shown at breakfast and lunch since most of the respondents were concerned about filling up the stomach without considering nutrients required by the body. During supper 90% of the respondents had a balanced diet with HBV protein and this can be attributed to supper being considered as the most important meal of the day. 5% had LBV protein and the other 5% did not have a balanced diet during supper. Green leafy vegetables were the common source of minerals, vitamins and roughage.16 out of the 20 respondents included vegetables in their diet, 2 included fruits in their servings and 2 respondents lacked both fruits and vegetables in their diets. Fruits are recommended in HIV people since they provide micronutrients that are needed for metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Eating fruits that contain zinc such as avocado, pears and paw-paws improves white cell counts and antibody production. Zinc may reduce symptoms of lactic acidosis and rheumatoid arthritis [17]. Fruits also provide vitamins that support drug detoxification and reduce ARV drug after effects such as nausea, exhaustion, loss of appetite and impairment of immune response. 17 out of the 20 respondents used cooking oil for preparing meals, Only 3 respondents used fats as spread such as butter, margarine and peanut butter since consuming too much fat might result in diarrhoea. 45% of respondents consumed acid forming foods such as maheu, yoghurt, and tea with sugar while 55% avoided such foods. Acid forming foods aggravate the development of lactic acidosis. Table 2: Nutritional value of meals Meal Nutritional value of a meal HBV LBH Unbalanced Breakfast 7 5 8 Lunch 9 1 10 Supper 18 1 1 3.4 Weight of respondents 80% of the respondents weighed between 52 and 62 kg. This could be attributed to the fact that once people are on ARV drugs, it is recommended that they should not be overweight to avoid drug side effects. Another factor could be due harsh economic conditions. 3.5 Knowledge of respondents on diet 5% of the respondents had limited knowledge of suitable diet to follow. Although respondents received counseling sessions on appropriate diets to follow, some did not have adequate knowledge on nutrition in terms of amounts, alleges and intolerance of certain foods by individuals. It was evident from the results that people who are HIV positive were not given the recommended intake of essentials. A seven day dietary regimen cyle for HIV positive people was then recommended (Table 3). The suggested diet was based on digestibility of foods and reaction of different foods to ARVs. It was also recommended that respondents need to have regular light exercises. Table 3: The dietary regimen that the researcher recommends for people who are HIV positive. Day Breakfast Mid morning Lunch Afternoon tea Supper 1 Millet porridge with peanut butter, boiled milk, orange juice, pawpaw juice Potato broth, avocado, mealies Unpolished rice, fresh vegetable salad, pumpkin Guavas, potato chips, roasted nuts Lean meat, covo, fish fillets, mashed potato 2 Mealie meal porridge with wheat bran, guava juice Herbal tea,3 slices of bread Sadza, Beef stew, madora Avocado, pineapple juice Rice with peanut butter 3 Sorghum porridge with peanut butter, orange juice Mashed pumpkin, yoghurt Potatoes, spinach Pineapple juice, mealies Sorghum Sadza, rape ,mushroom 4 Sour porridge, pawpaw juice Lemon grass tea, millet, muffins Rice, fish fillet Roasted nut, pear Macaroni, vegetable salad, gravy 5 Millet porridge, boiled milk Potato broth, pawpaw Sadza, kapenta fish Fruit salad, ice cream Potatoes, dumplings, lean meat stew 6 Cerevita, pineapple juice Butternut, fruit salad Rice, chicken Potato crisp, milk shake Mashed butternut, broccoli 7 Mealie-meal milk porridge, guava juice Green mealies Potatoes, termites, carrot soup Nuts, banana Sorghum Sadza, spinach 4 CONCLUSIONS
  • 4. Usai T, Tshalibe R. S, Nyamunda B. C / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1768-1771 1771 | P a g e This study has shown that certain ARV drug combination and unbalanced diet cause lactic acidosis. Nutritionists and dieticians need to produce and distribute materials that give information on recommended dietary menu plans for HIV positive people on ARVs. There is need for creation of income generating projects that target HIV positive people who are less fortunate to ensure adequacy of food supply in their homes. There is need to include in the health profession pre service curriculum information on available HIV/AIDS medication, side effects and its alleviation, counseling and testing skills. Counseling needs to be individualized and supported with practical written guidelines of nutrients and drug interactions. Future studies on the effectiveness of the recommendations in alleviating lactate acidosis need to be carried out. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher would like to appreciate the cooperation received from the medical staff and people who were HIV positive at Mkoba 13 Polyclinic, without their support and cooperation the study would not have been a success. REFERENCES [1] A. Arenas-Pinto, A .D. Grant, S. Edwards and I.V.D. Weller, Lactic acidosis in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of published cases, Sexually Transmmited Infections, 79, 2003, 340-343. [2] T.M. Devlin, Biochemistry with clinical correlations, (Pennsylvania: John Wiley and Sons, 1986). [3] D.S. Fraley, S. Adler, F.J. Bruns, and B. Zett, Stimulation of lactate production by administration of bicarbonate in a patient with a solid neoplasm and lactic acidosis, New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 1980 303:1100-1111. [4] G. Friedman, G. Berlot, R.J. Kahn and J. Vincent, Combined measurements of blood lactate concentrations and gastric intramucosal pH in patients with severe sepsis, Critical Care Medicine, 3(7), 1995, 1184-1193. [5] G.M. Glew, .Biochemistry a clinical approach, (Pennsylvania: John Wiley and Sons, 1996). [6] H. Silverman, Food nutrition health, (Oxford: Symour Press Ltd, 1992). [7] R.M .Granich, C.F. Gilks, C. Dye, K. M. De Cock and B.G. Williams, Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model, The Lancet, 373, 2009, 48-57. [8] Z. Buttler, .Fundamentals of diet and nutrition, (Oxford: McCrawhill., 1999). [9] C. Walsek, M. Zafonte and J.M. Bowers, Nutritional issues and HIV/AIDS: Assessment and treatment strategies, Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 8(6), 1997, 71–80. [10] T.M. Wolever and D.J. Jenkins, The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 43(1), 1986, 167-172. [11] B.A. Mizock, Lactic acidosis in critical illness, Critical care medicine, 20(1), 1992, 203-210. [12] A. Doyle, .Food toxicology and chemistry, Oxford: University Press, 1996. [13] S. Hopewood, .Advanced food science, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1999. [14] S. Salpeter, E. Greyber, G. Pasternak and E. Salpeter, Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006, 2967-2979. [15] E.M. Sillos, J.L. Shenep and G.A. Burghen, Lactic acidosis: a metabolic complication of hematologic malignancies: case report and review of the literature, Cancer, 92, 2001, 2237-2248. [16] A.S. Friedenberg, D.E. Brandoff, F.J. Schiffman, Type B lactic acidosis as a severe metabolic complication in lymphoma and leukemia: a case series from a single institution and literature review, Medicine (Baltimore), 86, 2007, 225-237. [17] K. Sriram and V.A. Lonchyna, Micronutrient supplementation in adult nutrition therapy: practical considerations, Journal of Parenter and Enteral Nutrition, 33(5), 2009, 548-562.