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Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                    Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                     Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245
       Design, Analysis and Study of 2x1 Rectangular Microstrip
            Antenna Array At 2.45 GHz for Beam Steering
                      Mr. Patil Sarang M.*, Prof.Dr.Bombale U.L.**.
  *Electronics Engineering Department, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering Morewadi, Kolhapur,
                                           Maharashtra, India.
         **Department of Electronics Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.


Abstract
         This paper presents an experimental             Phase shifters, and control signals to provide its
Phased Array Antenna System operating at 2.4             output signals with the desired phase distribution to
GHz. Antenna element excitation amplitudes are           its radiating antennas. This approach, however,
taken to be constant. Antenna element excitation         utilizes components such as a feeding network and
phases are changed. The obtained radiation               variable phase shifters not only bulky but also lossy,
patterns provide steerable main lobes and nulls          thus increasing design complexity [3]. In addition,
at predefined directions including control of the        beam steering is designed for single frequency
side lobes at specified levels. Units of the system      operation due to the limitation of phase shifters.
are presented in detail and their architecture is                  In the proposed system, the total 1800 angle
explained. A phase calibration is used to                is covered with discrete beam forming in desired
compensate the system. Measurements of                   direction. The direction of transmission is controlled
radiation patterns are presented and are                 through personal computer and controller unit. To
compared with calculated patterns.                       change the direction of transmission, the PC is
                                                         interfaced to the antenna hardware circuitry, the
Keywords: Microstrip, patch antennas, beams              angle in which the direction to be changed is given
steering.                                                through the PC.
                                                                   To demonstrate the implementation of the
1. INTRODUCTION                                          digital beam forming, phase array is to be built for
          In     wireless     communication        the   2.4 GHz [4], Transmission in order to allow testing
transmission and reception of the signal is through      and demonstrational use of the array in the
the isotropic antennas. Since this antenna radiates in   unrestricted Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)
all direction, this system has a limitation of high      band. The demonstrated technique, however, can be
power and reduced transmission length[1]. So the         implemented at any frequency and with minor
transmission in desired direction is required which      changes for a transmitting array as well.
inspires scientists to develop Directional Antenna                 Microstrip antenna is printed type of
(DA). Directional antenna has a characteristic of        antenna consisting of a dielectric substrate
radiating in one particular direction. Real time         sandwiched in between a ground plane and a patch
application requires transmission of the signals in      [6]. The concept of Micro strip antenna was first
desired direction without mechanical movement of         proposed in 1953, twenty years before the practical
antenna.                                                 antennas were produced. Since the first practical
          Many applications require radiation            antennas were developed in early 1970‟s, interest in
characteristics that may not be achievable by a          this kind of antennas was held in New Mexico [7].
single antenna element. It may, however, be              The microstrip antenna is physically very simple
possible that an aggregate of radiating elements in      and flat, these are two of the reasons for the great
an electrical and geometrical arrangement (an            interest in this type of antenna.
array) will result in the desired radiation                        Microstrip      antennas     have    several
characteristics [2]. The arrangement of the array        advantages compared to other bulky type of
may be such that the radiation from the elements         antennas. Some of the main advantages of the
adds up to give a radiation maximum in a particular      microstrip antennas are that it has low fabrication
direction or directions, minimum in others, or           cost, its lightweight, low volume, and low profile
otherwise as desired                                     configurations that it can be made conformal, it can
          Beam-steering phased antenna arrays find       be easily be mounted on rockets, missiles and
many applications in microwave radar and                 satellites without major modifications and arrays of
communication systems. A conventional phased             these antennas can simply be produced.
Antenna array uses a power distribution network,




                                                                                              1242 | P a g e
Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                    Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                     Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245
                                                         dielectric constant (εr) = 4.4, substrate thickness
DESIGN PROCEDURE:                                        h=1.588 mm, L=6 mm, W=8.88 mm on a ground
         The designed antenna is an 2×1 linear           plane. All dimensions of the antenna are in mm.
array. The first step in the design is to specify the    The length and the width of the patch are calculated
dimensions of a single microstrip patch antenna.         initially by the relationships (1)-(6) given in
The patch conductor can be assumed at any shape,
but generally simple geometries are used, and this              vo           2
simplifies the analysis and performance prediction.      W                                          (1)
Here, the half-wavelength rectangular patch element            2 Fr        r 1
is chosen as the array element (as commonly used in
microstrip antennas) [8]. Its characteristic             Where V0 is the free space velocity of the light.
parameters are the length L, the width w, and the
thickness h, as shown in below Figure                                       C
                                                            L                         -2 l          (2)
                                                                    2  Fr   reff
                                                                             reff  0.03 W  0.26h 
                                                          L  0.412  h                                  (3)
                                                                             reff  0.258 W  0.8h  
                                                                                                          

                                                         Where ¢ L is extension in length due to fringing
                                                         effects.
                                                         The effective dielectric constant is given by,

                                                                                                            1
                                                                     r 1  r 1             12  h  2
                       Figure 1.                          reff                       1                        (4)
         To meet the initial design requirements                      2            2       W 
(operating frequency = 2.4 GHz, and beam width =         The ground plane dimensions would be given as,
90) various analytical approximate approaches may
be used. Here, the calculations are based on the         Lg=6(h) +L= 6(1.588) +28.49= 38.018 mm                  (5)
transmission line model [9]. Although not critical,
the width w of the radiating edge is specified first.    Wg=6(h) +W= 6(1.588)+28.49=38.018 mm                    (6)
In practice, the length L is slightly less than a half
wavelength (in the dielectric). The length may also                Figure 2 show the geometry of inset feed
be specified by calculating the half wavelength          microstrip array antenna with two patches in the
value and then subtracting a small length to take into   array. The patch is energized electromagnetically
account the fringing fields [7-9]                        using 50 ohm SMA connector.
         Therefore many kinds of miniaturization                   Hence wide bandwidth is generated as the
techniques, such as using of high dielectric             resonant circuits become coupled. The slots
substrates, resistive or reactive load and increasing    aggregate the currents, which give additional
the electrical length of the antenna, Also it gives a    inductance controlled by the patch width. HFSS
good directivity and high gain with good                 software has been used to calculate the return loss (S
performance characteristics [10].The proposed array      11 ) ,directivity vs frequency,3D radiation pattern &
Antenna will be working on 2.45Ghz frequency             field gain Vs frequency. Firstly the example single
range. i.e.(ISM-band) The patch resonance to             patch antenna is designed with patch dimensions L
produce a broadband response. Representative             = 28.49mm, W =28.49mm for resonating frequency
results for the VSWR response, S- parameter and          of 2.45 GHz. The bandwidth for the antenna is
radiation patterns are shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4.      around 2GHz.
The gain of the antenna is higher than the traditional
Microstrip antenna.
The dimensions of the antennas are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Dimensions of the antenna
             εr W        L     h          s   d
 Antenna
    1       4.4 38.89 102 1.588           9   36.51

        An inset feed microstrip antennas is                                    Figure 2.
designed to resonate at 2.45 GHz frequency with



                                                                                                 1243 | P a g e
Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                    Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                     Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245
          The present work signifies that by
introduction of two Patch in the same size, the
Directivity gets enhanced about 9bdB i.e., Figure
3,4 and Figure 5 show the return loss (S11) vs.
frequency curve for the proposed inset feed
microstrip patch antenna without slot and with two
slots of same physical patch dimensions. The
positions of the slots were varied to see the effect on
the microstrip antenna bandwidth. It was observed
that antenna performance could be controlled by
introducing slots to a large extent in terms of
increased bandwidth, As the slots move in Y
direction the bandwidth gets increases for the
proposed design. From the present work it can b e
inferred that as the slots are moving along the Y axis                          Figure 5
in both the directions, of course in specified range
the bandwidth and other performance parameters are        4. Gain vs. frequency:
also improving significantly.

2. SIMULATED  RESULT FOR                         2X2
   PATCH ANTEENA ARRAY

1. Return loss Measurement:




                                                                                Figure 6.

                                                          From the figure 6, field gain obtained at 2.4Ghz is 5.93 dBi

                     Figure 3.                            5. Radiation pattern (3-D) for 2x1arrays: E –theta pattern:
From figure 3 The Return loss obtained at 2.45 GHz
is -30 dB and band width obtained at -10 dB is about
40MHZ.

2. Directivity vs. Frequency:




                      Figure 4
From the figure 4, directivity obtained at 2.4 GHz is
9 dBi                                                                           Figure 7


3. 2-Dimensional Radiation Pattern:



                                                                                               1244 | P a g e
Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                   Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                    Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245
3. CONCLUSION           AND         FUTURE          10. K.R.CARVER          and      J.W.MINK,
   OUTLOOK                                               ―Microstrip Antenna Technology‖, IEEE
          An experimental phased array antenna                       Trans. Antenna Propag., Vol.AP-29, pp.2-
system is developed in this Paper. The use of IF                     24, Jan 1981.
processing to control the radiation pattern                    11.   I.J.BAHL and P.BHARTIA, ―Microstrip
characteristics proved to be an approach providing                   Antennas‖, Dedham, MA: Artech House,
stability and easy control of the radiation patterns as              1980.
verified by the measurements and comparison with
theoretical results, which shows good agreement.          4.     AUTHORS:
System provides radiation patterns with steerable
main lobes and nulls at prespecified positions within                          Mr.Patil Sarang M.
the azimuth region 0◦ ↔ 180◦.The possibility of                                Has received B.E in Electronics &
using the developed conformal array as focal plane                             Telecommunication        in 2009    from
radiator in a large reflector antenna is an interesting                        BVCOE,Kolhapur. and Pursuing M.Tech
application being considered.                                                  (Electronics) from the DOT,SU Kolhapur,
                                                                               under the           guidance of Prof.
REFERENCES                                                                     Dr.U.L.Bombale. Currently he is working
  1.     Antenna Theory - Analysis and Design - by                             as a Assit.Professor, In BVCOE, Kolhapur
         Balanis - [2006]                                                      (India).
  2.     L. Stark, ―Microwave Theory of Phased-                                Email-sarang.p86@gmail.com
         Array Antennas—A Review,‖ Proc. IEEE,                                 Ph.No-+919766747908
         Vol. 62, pp. 1661–1701, December 1974.
  3.     F. M. Kashif, W. Qadeer, and S. I. Shah,
         ―Efficient implementation of quadrature                               Prof. Dr. U.L Bombale Has received PhD
         amplitude modulation transmitters,‖ in                                from Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of
         IEEE INMIC Technology for the 21st                                    Information       &        Communication
         Century, 2001.                                                        Technology, (DA-IICT) Gandhinagar,
  4.     W. Aerts, P. Delmotte, G. A. E.                                       Gujarat, India, under the guidance of Dr.
         Vandenbosch ―Conceptual Study of                                      Sanjeev gupta. M.E in Electronics &
         Analog Baseband Beam Forming: Design                                  Telecommunication in 1994 from COE,
         and Measurement of an Eight-by-Eight                                  Pune, and Currently he is working as a
         Phased Array‖, Transaction on Antenna                                 Professor in Dept. of Technology ,Shivaji
         Propagation, vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 000-999,                             university, Kolhapur (India).
         2009.                                                                 Email-uttam_bombale@rediffmail.com
  5.     . Aliakbarian* , V. Volski * , E. van der                             Ph.No-+919049274380
         Westhuizen+ , R. Wolhuter+, and G. A. E.
         Vandenbosch ―Analogue versus Digital for
         Baseband Beam Steerable Array used for
         LEO Satellite Applications‖
  6.     POZAR D.M., and SCHAUBERT D.H.,
         ―Microstrip Antennas, the Analysis and
         Design of Microstrip Antennas and
         Arrays‖, IEEE Press, New York, USA,
         1995
  7.     Guru Parsad, Tirupathi.‖ Design, Analysis
         and Study of 2x2 Rectangular Microstrip
         Antenna Array At 430 MHz for Wind
         Profiler RADAR‖ International Journal of
         Computer Applications & Information
         Technology Vol. 1, No.1, July 2012
  8.     J.R.JAMES, P.S.HALL and C.WOOD,
         ―Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design‖,
         London, UK,: Peter Peregrinus, 1981.
  9.     M. Amman, Design of Microstrip Patch
         Antenna for the 2.4 Ghz Band, Applied
         Microwave and Wireless, pp. 24-34,
         November /December 1997 JAMES J.R.,
         and HALL P.S., ―Handbook of Microstrip
         Antennas‖ Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London,
         UK, 1989.


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Gm3112421245

  • 1. Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245 Design, Analysis and Study of 2x1 Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Array At 2.45 GHz for Beam Steering Mr. Patil Sarang M.*, Prof.Dr.Bombale U.L.**. *Electronics Engineering Department, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering Morewadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. **Department of Electronics Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Abstract This paper presents an experimental Phase shifters, and control signals to provide its Phased Array Antenna System operating at 2.4 output signals with the desired phase distribution to GHz. Antenna element excitation amplitudes are its radiating antennas. This approach, however, taken to be constant. Antenna element excitation utilizes components such as a feeding network and phases are changed. The obtained radiation variable phase shifters not only bulky but also lossy, patterns provide steerable main lobes and nulls thus increasing design complexity [3]. In addition, at predefined directions including control of the beam steering is designed for single frequency side lobes at specified levels. Units of the system operation due to the limitation of phase shifters. are presented in detail and their architecture is In the proposed system, the total 1800 angle explained. A phase calibration is used to is covered with discrete beam forming in desired compensate the system. Measurements of direction. The direction of transmission is controlled radiation patterns are presented and are through personal computer and controller unit. To compared with calculated patterns. change the direction of transmission, the PC is interfaced to the antenna hardware circuitry, the Keywords: Microstrip, patch antennas, beams angle in which the direction to be changed is given steering. through the PC. To demonstrate the implementation of the 1. INTRODUCTION digital beam forming, phase array is to be built for In wireless communication the 2.4 GHz [4], Transmission in order to allow testing transmission and reception of the signal is through and demonstrational use of the array in the the isotropic antennas. Since this antenna radiates in unrestricted Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) all direction, this system has a limitation of high band. The demonstrated technique, however, can be power and reduced transmission length[1]. So the implemented at any frequency and with minor transmission in desired direction is required which changes for a transmitting array as well. inspires scientists to develop Directional Antenna Microstrip antenna is printed type of (DA). Directional antenna has a characteristic of antenna consisting of a dielectric substrate radiating in one particular direction. Real time sandwiched in between a ground plane and a patch application requires transmission of the signals in [6]. The concept of Micro strip antenna was first desired direction without mechanical movement of proposed in 1953, twenty years before the practical antenna. antennas were produced. Since the first practical Many applications require radiation antennas were developed in early 1970‟s, interest in characteristics that may not be achievable by a this kind of antennas was held in New Mexico [7]. single antenna element. It may, however, be The microstrip antenna is physically very simple possible that an aggregate of radiating elements in and flat, these are two of the reasons for the great an electrical and geometrical arrangement (an interest in this type of antenna. array) will result in the desired radiation Microstrip antennas have several characteristics [2]. The arrangement of the array advantages compared to other bulky type of may be such that the radiation from the elements antennas. Some of the main advantages of the adds up to give a radiation maximum in a particular microstrip antennas are that it has low fabrication direction or directions, minimum in others, or cost, its lightweight, low volume, and low profile otherwise as desired configurations that it can be made conformal, it can Beam-steering phased antenna arrays find be easily be mounted on rockets, missiles and many applications in microwave radar and satellites without major modifications and arrays of communication systems. A conventional phased these antennas can simply be produced. Antenna array uses a power distribution network, 1242 | P a g e
  • 2. Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245 dielectric constant (εr) = 4.4, substrate thickness DESIGN PROCEDURE: h=1.588 mm, L=6 mm, W=8.88 mm on a ground The designed antenna is an 2×1 linear plane. All dimensions of the antenna are in mm. array. The first step in the design is to specify the The length and the width of the patch are calculated dimensions of a single microstrip patch antenna. initially by the relationships (1)-(6) given in The patch conductor can be assumed at any shape, but generally simple geometries are used, and this vo 2 simplifies the analysis and performance prediction. W (1) Here, the half-wavelength rectangular patch element 2 Fr  r 1 is chosen as the array element (as commonly used in microstrip antennas) [8]. Its characteristic Where V0 is the free space velocity of the light. parameters are the length L, the width w, and the thickness h, as shown in below Figure C L -2 l (2) 2  Fr   reff   reff  0.03 W  0.26h  L  0.412  h    (3)   reff  0.258 W  0.8h     Where ¢ L is extension in length due to fringing effects. The effective dielectric constant is given by, 1  r 1  r 1   12  h  2 Figure 1.  reff    1    (4) To meet the initial design requirements 2 2   W  (operating frequency = 2.4 GHz, and beam width = The ground plane dimensions would be given as, 90) various analytical approximate approaches may be used. Here, the calculations are based on the Lg=6(h) +L= 6(1.588) +28.49= 38.018 mm (5) transmission line model [9]. Although not critical, the width w of the radiating edge is specified first. Wg=6(h) +W= 6(1.588)+28.49=38.018 mm (6) In practice, the length L is slightly less than a half wavelength (in the dielectric). The length may also Figure 2 show the geometry of inset feed be specified by calculating the half wavelength microstrip array antenna with two patches in the value and then subtracting a small length to take into array. The patch is energized electromagnetically account the fringing fields [7-9] using 50 ohm SMA connector. Therefore many kinds of miniaturization Hence wide bandwidth is generated as the techniques, such as using of high dielectric resonant circuits become coupled. The slots substrates, resistive or reactive load and increasing aggregate the currents, which give additional the electrical length of the antenna, Also it gives a inductance controlled by the patch width. HFSS good directivity and high gain with good software has been used to calculate the return loss (S performance characteristics [10].The proposed array 11 ) ,directivity vs frequency,3D radiation pattern & Antenna will be working on 2.45Ghz frequency field gain Vs frequency. Firstly the example single range. i.e.(ISM-band) The patch resonance to patch antenna is designed with patch dimensions L produce a broadband response. Representative = 28.49mm, W =28.49mm for resonating frequency results for the VSWR response, S- parameter and of 2.45 GHz. The bandwidth for the antenna is radiation patterns are shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. around 2GHz. The gain of the antenna is higher than the traditional Microstrip antenna. The dimensions of the antennas are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Dimensions of the antenna εr W L h s d Antenna 1 4.4 38.89 102 1.588 9 36.51 An inset feed microstrip antennas is Figure 2. designed to resonate at 2.45 GHz frequency with 1243 | P a g e
  • 3. Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245 The present work signifies that by introduction of two Patch in the same size, the Directivity gets enhanced about 9bdB i.e., Figure 3,4 and Figure 5 show the return loss (S11) vs. frequency curve for the proposed inset feed microstrip patch antenna without slot and with two slots of same physical patch dimensions. The positions of the slots were varied to see the effect on the microstrip antenna bandwidth. It was observed that antenna performance could be controlled by introducing slots to a large extent in terms of increased bandwidth, As the slots move in Y direction the bandwidth gets increases for the proposed design. From the present work it can b e inferred that as the slots are moving along the Y axis Figure 5 in both the directions, of course in specified range the bandwidth and other performance parameters are 4. Gain vs. frequency: also improving significantly. 2. SIMULATED RESULT FOR 2X2 PATCH ANTEENA ARRAY 1. Return loss Measurement: Figure 6. From the figure 6, field gain obtained at 2.4Ghz is 5.93 dBi Figure 3. 5. Radiation pattern (3-D) for 2x1arrays: E –theta pattern: From figure 3 The Return loss obtained at 2.45 GHz is -30 dB and band width obtained at -10 dB is about 40MHZ. 2. Directivity vs. Frequency: Figure 4 From the figure 4, directivity obtained at 2.4 GHz is 9 dBi Figure 7 3. 2-Dimensional Radiation Pattern: 1244 | P a g e
  • 4. Mr. Patil Sarang M., Prof.Dr.Bombale / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1242-1245 3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE 10. K.R.CARVER and J.W.MINK, OUTLOOK ―Microstrip Antenna Technology‖, IEEE An experimental phased array antenna Trans. Antenna Propag., Vol.AP-29, pp.2- system is developed in this Paper. The use of IF 24, Jan 1981. processing to control the radiation pattern 11. I.J.BAHL and P.BHARTIA, ―Microstrip characteristics proved to be an approach providing Antennas‖, Dedham, MA: Artech House, stability and easy control of the radiation patterns as 1980. verified by the measurements and comparison with theoretical results, which shows good agreement. 4. AUTHORS: System provides radiation patterns with steerable main lobes and nulls at prespecified positions within Mr.Patil Sarang M. the azimuth region 0◦ ↔ 180◦.The possibility of Has received B.E in Electronics & using the developed conformal array as focal plane Telecommunication in 2009 from radiator in a large reflector antenna is an interesting BVCOE,Kolhapur. and Pursuing M.Tech application being considered. (Electronics) from the DOT,SU Kolhapur, under the guidance of Prof. REFERENCES Dr.U.L.Bombale. Currently he is working 1. Antenna Theory - Analysis and Design - by as a Assit.Professor, In BVCOE, Kolhapur Balanis - [2006] (India). 2. L. Stark, ―Microwave Theory of Phased- Email-sarang.p86@gmail.com Array Antennas—A Review,‖ Proc. IEEE, Ph.No-+919766747908 Vol. 62, pp. 1661–1701, December 1974. 3. F. M. Kashif, W. Qadeer, and S. I. Shah, ―Efficient implementation of quadrature Prof. Dr. U.L Bombale Has received PhD amplitude modulation transmitters,‖ in from Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of IEEE INMIC Technology for the 21st Information & Communication Century, 2001. Technology, (DA-IICT) Gandhinagar, 4. W. Aerts, P. Delmotte, G. A. E. Gujarat, India, under the guidance of Dr. Vandenbosch ―Conceptual Study of Sanjeev gupta. M.E in Electronics & Analog Baseband Beam Forming: Design Telecommunication in 1994 from COE, and Measurement of an Eight-by-Eight Pune, and Currently he is working as a Phased Array‖, Transaction on Antenna Professor in Dept. of Technology ,Shivaji Propagation, vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 000-999, university, Kolhapur (India). 2009. Email-uttam_bombale@rediffmail.com 5. . Aliakbarian* , V. Volski * , E. van der Ph.No-+919049274380 Westhuizen+ , R. Wolhuter+, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch ―Analogue versus Digital for Baseband Beam Steerable Array used for LEO Satellite Applications‖ 6. POZAR D.M., and SCHAUBERT D.H., ―Microstrip Antennas, the Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays‖, IEEE Press, New York, USA, 1995 7. Guru Parsad, Tirupathi.‖ Design, Analysis and Study of 2x2 Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Array At 430 MHz for Wind Profiler RADAR‖ International Journal of Computer Applications & Information Technology Vol. 1, No.1, July 2012 8. J.R.JAMES, P.S.HALL and C.WOOD, ―Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design‖, London, UK,: Peter Peregrinus, 1981. 9. M. Amman, Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for the 2.4 Ghz Band, Applied Microwave and Wireless, pp. 24-34, November /December 1997 JAMES J.R., and HALL P.S., ―Handbook of Microstrip Antennas‖ Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, UK, 1989. 1245 | P a g e