Enviar pesquisa
Carregar
7 13
•
1 gostou
•
653 visualizações
Ijarcsee Journal
Seguir
Tecnologia
Negócios
Denunciar
Compartilhar
Denunciar
Compartilhar
1 de 7
Baixar agora
Baixar para ler offline
Recomendados
24 27
24 27
Ijarcsee Journal
99 103
99 103
Ijarcsee Journal
Cloud computing: new challenge to the entire computer industry
Cloud computing: new challenge to the entire computer industry
Studying
347 352
347 352
Editor IJARCET
Cloud security cam ready
Cloud security cam ready
Hai Nguyen
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...
ijceronline
Thesis presentation: Middleware for Ubicomp - A Model Driven Development Appr...
Thesis presentation: Middleware for Ubicomp - A Model Driven Development Appr...
Till Riedel
L1802028184
L1802028184
IOSR Journals
Recomendados
24 27
24 27
Ijarcsee Journal
99 103
99 103
Ijarcsee Journal
Cloud computing: new challenge to the entire computer industry
Cloud computing: new challenge to the entire computer industry
Studying
347 352
347 352
Editor IJARCET
Cloud security cam ready
Cloud security cam ready
Hai Nguyen
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...
ijceronline
Thesis presentation: Middleware for Ubicomp - A Model Driven Development Appr...
Thesis presentation: Middleware for Ubicomp - A Model Driven Development Appr...
Till Riedel
L1802028184
L1802028184
IOSR Journals
SMARCOS CNR Paper Engineering
SMARCOS CNR Paper Engineering
Smarcos Eu
The Computer Aided Design Concept in the Concurrent Engineering Context.
The Computer Aided Design Concept in the Concurrent Engineering Context.
Nareshkumar Kannathasan
Green Computing - Maturity Model for Virtualization
Green Computing - Maturity Model for Virtualization
ijdmtaiir
Data Management In Cellular Networks Using Activity Mining
Data Management In Cellular Networks Using Activity Mining
IDES Editor
Visual Programming and Program Visualization – Towards an Ideal Visual Softwa...
Visual Programming and Program Visualization – Towards an Ideal Visual Softwa...
IDES Editor
ZORA MDE Short Presentation 3.2
ZORA MDE Short Presentation 3.2
Momir Boskovic
Design & Development of a Trustworthy and Secure Billing System for Cloud Com...
Design & Development of a Trustworthy and Secure Billing System for Cloud Com...
iosrjce
Dockerization (Replacement of VMs)
Dockerization (Replacement of VMs)
IRJET Journal
20 74-1-pb
20 74-1-pb
Mahendra Sisodia
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...
IJTET Journal
"Parallel and Distributed Computing: BOINC Grid Implementation" por Rodrigo N...
"Parallel and Distributed Computing: BOINC Grid Implementation" por Rodrigo N...
Núcleo de Electrónica e Informática da Universidade do Algarve
55 60
55 60
Editor IJARCET
Adm Workshop Program
Adm Workshop Program
Emmanuel Fuchs
Next Generation Automation Final
Next Generation Automation Final
impodgirl
Chap1
Chap1
None Theless
Towards enhancing resource
Towards enhancing resource
csandit
Transparent Caching of Virtual Stubs for Improved Performance in Ubiquitous E...
Transparent Caching of Virtual Stubs for Improved Performance in Ubiquitous E...
ijujournal
Red Hat, Green Energy Corp & Magpie - Open Source Smart Grid Plataform - ...
Red Hat, Green Energy Corp & Magpie - Open Source Smart Grid Plataform - ...
impodgirl
01_Program
01_Program
Emmanuel Fuchs
46 51
46 51
Ijarcsee Journal
122 129
122 129
Ijarcsee Journal
31 34
31 34
Ijarcsee Journal
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Mais procurados
SMARCOS CNR Paper Engineering
SMARCOS CNR Paper Engineering
Smarcos Eu
The Computer Aided Design Concept in the Concurrent Engineering Context.
The Computer Aided Design Concept in the Concurrent Engineering Context.
Nareshkumar Kannathasan
Green Computing - Maturity Model for Virtualization
Green Computing - Maturity Model for Virtualization
ijdmtaiir
Data Management In Cellular Networks Using Activity Mining
Data Management In Cellular Networks Using Activity Mining
IDES Editor
Visual Programming and Program Visualization – Towards an Ideal Visual Softwa...
Visual Programming and Program Visualization – Towards an Ideal Visual Softwa...
IDES Editor
ZORA MDE Short Presentation 3.2
ZORA MDE Short Presentation 3.2
Momir Boskovic
Design & Development of a Trustworthy and Secure Billing System for Cloud Com...
Design & Development of a Trustworthy and Secure Billing System for Cloud Com...
iosrjce
Dockerization (Replacement of VMs)
Dockerization (Replacement of VMs)
IRJET Journal
20 74-1-pb
20 74-1-pb
Mahendra Sisodia
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...
IJTET Journal
"Parallel and Distributed Computing: BOINC Grid Implementation" por Rodrigo N...
"Parallel and Distributed Computing: BOINC Grid Implementation" por Rodrigo N...
Núcleo de Electrónica e Informática da Universidade do Algarve
55 60
55 60
Editor IJARCET
Adm Workshop Program
Adm Workshop Program
Emmanuel Fuchs
Next Generation Automation Final
Next Generation Automation Final
impodgirl
Chap1
Chap1
None Theless
Towards enhancing resource
Towards enhancing resource
csandit
Transparent Caching of Virtual Stubs for Improved Performance in Ubiquitous E...
Transparent Caching of Virtual Stubs for Improved Performance in Ubiquitous E...
ijujournal
Red Hat, Green Energy Corp & Magpie - Open Source Smart Grid Plataform - ...
Red Hat, Green Energy Corp & Magpie - Open Source Smart Grid Plataform - ...
impodgirl
01_Program
01_Program
Emmanuel Fuchs
Mais procurados
(19)
SMARCOS CNR Paper Engineering
SMARCOS CNR Paper Engineering
The Computer Aided Design Concept in the Concurrent Engineering Context.
The Computer Aided Design Concept in the Concurrent Engineering Context.
Green Computing - Maturity Model for Virtualization
Green Computing - Maturity Model for Virtualization
Data Management In Cellular Networks Using Activity Mining
Data Management In Cellular Networks Using Activity Mining
Visual Programming and Program Visualization – Towards an Ideal Visual Softwa...
Visual Programming and Program Visualization – Towards an Ideal Visual Softwa...
ZORA MDE Short Presentation 3.2
ZORA MDE Short Presentation 3.2
Design & Development of a Trustworthy and Secure Billing System for Cloud Com...
Design & Development of a Trustworthy and Secure Billing System for Cloud Com...
Dockerization (Replacement of VMs)
Dockerization (Replacement of VMs)
20 74-1-pb
20 74-1-pb
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...
A Secure Cloud Storage System with Data Forwarding using Proxy Re-encryption ...
"Parallel and Distributed Computing: BOINC Grid Implementation" por Rodrigo N...
"Parallel and Distributed Computing: BOINC Grid Implementation" por Rodrigo N...
55 60
55 60
Adm Workshop Program
Adm Workshop Program
Next Generation Automation Final
Next Generation Automation Final
Chap1
Chap1
Towards enhancing resource
Towards enhancing resource
Transparent Caching of Virtual Stubs for Improved Performance in Ubiquitous E...
Transparent Caching of Virtual Stubs for Improved Performance in Ubiquitous E...
Red Hat, Green Energy Corp & Magpie - Open Source Smart Grid Plataform - ...
Red Hat, Green Energy Corp & Magpie - Open Source Smart Grid Plataform - ...
01_Program
01_Program
Destaque
46 51
46 51
Ijarcsee Journal
122 129
122 129
Ijarcsee Journal
31 34
31 34
Ijarcsee Journal
12 15
12 15
Ijarcsee Journal
114 120
114 120
Ijarcsee Journal
ภารกิจระดับครูผู้ช่วย
ภารกิจระดับครูผู้ช่วย
Beeby Bicky
Destaque
(6)
46 51
46 51
122 129
122 129
31 34
31 34
12 15
12 15
114 120
114 120
ภารกิจระดับครูผู้ช่วย
ภารกิจระดับครูผู้ช่วย
Semelhante a 7 13
Best Practices for Improving User Interface Design
Best Practices for Improving User Interface Design
ijseajournal
BEST PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING USER INTERFACE DESIGN
BEST PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING USER INTERFACE DESIGN
ijseajournal
195
195
vivatechijri
Usability Engineering Presentation Slides
Usability Engineering Presentation Slides
wajahat Gul
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE
vivatechijri
Managing usability evaluation practices in agile development environments
Managing usability evaluation practices in agile development environments
IJECEIAES
Di24709711
Di24709711
IJERA Editor
Crafting Infrastructures. Requirements, scenarios and evaluation in the SPICE...
Crafting Infrastructures. Requirements, scenarios and evaluation in the SPICE...
Luca Galli
Requirements Analysis.pptx
Requirements Analysis.pptx
XanGwaps
Interact2011 - Designing Inter-usable Systems
Interact2011 - Designing Inter-usable Systems
Ville Antila
Usability Evaluation in Educational Technology
Usability Evaluation in Educational Technology
Alaa Sadik
Hci practices-in-agile-software-development
Hci practices-in-agile-software-development
Durreesamin Journal Australia (ISSN: 2204-9827)
2012 in tech-usability_of_interfaces (1)
2012 in tech-usability_of_interfaces (1)
Mahesh Kate
Hci in-the-software-process-1
Hci in-the-software-process-1
Ali javed
E031202024029
E031202024029
ijceronline
Ijetr021224
Ijetr021224
ER Publication.org
Ijetr021224
Ijetr021224
Engineering Research Publication
using LPP
using LPP
Karthika Parthasarathy
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance Framework
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance Framework
IJERA Editor
Software lifecycle model report
Software lifecycle model report
Ashutosh Singh
Semelhante a 7 13
(20)
Best Practices for Improving User Interface Design
Best Practices for Improving User Interface Design
BEST PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING USER INTERFACE DESIGN
BEST PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING USER INTERFACE DESIGN
195
195
Usability Engineering Presentation Slides
Usability Engineering Presentation Slides
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE
Managing usability evaluation practices in agile development environments
Managing usability evaluation practices in agile development environments
Di24709711
Di24709711
Crafting Infrastructures. Requirements, scenarios and evaluation in the SPICE...
Crafting Infrastructures. Requirements, scenarios and evaluation in the SPICE...
Requirements Analysis.pptx
Requirements Analysis.pptx
Interact2011 - Designing Inter-usable Systems
Interact2011 - Designing Inter-usable Systems
Usability Evaluation in Educational Technology
Usability Evaluation in Educational Technology
Hci practices-in-agile-software-development
Hci practices-in-agile-software-development
2012 in tech-usability_of_interfaces (1)
2012 in tech-usability_of_interfaces (1)
Hci in-the-software-process-1
Hci in-the-software-process-1
E031202024029
E031202024029
Ijetr021224
Ijetr021224
Ijetr021224
Ijetr021224
using LPP
using LPP
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance Framework
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance Framework
Software lifecycle model report
Software lifecycle model report
Mais de Ijarcsee Journal
130 133
130 133
Ijarcsee Journal
116 121
116 121
Ijarcsee Journal
109 115
109 115
Ijarcsee Journal
104 108
104 108
Ijarcsee Journal
93 98
93 98
Ijarcsee Journal
88 92
88 92
Ijarcsee Journal
82 87
82 87
Ijarcsee Journal
78 81
78 81
Ijarcsee Journal
73 77
73 77
Ijarcsee Journal
65 72
65 72
Ijarcsee Journal
58 64
58 64
Ijarcsee Journal
52 57
52 57
Ijarcsee Journal
41 45
41 45
Ijarcsee Journal
36 40
36 40
Ijarcsee Journal
28 35
28 35
Ijarcsee Journal
19 23
19 23
Ijarcsee Journal
16 18
16 18
Ijarcsee Journal
6 11
6 11
Ijarcsee Journal
1 5
1 5
Ijarcsee Journal
134 138
134 138
Ijarcsee Journal
Mais de Ijarcsee Journal
(20)
130 133
130 133
116 121
116 121
109 115
109 115
104 108
104 108
93 98
93 98
88 92
88 92
82 87
82 87
78 81
78 81
73 77
73 77
65 72
65 72
58 64
58 64
52 57
52 57
41 45
41 45
36 40
36 40
28 35
28 35
19 23
19 23
16 18
16 18
6 11
6 11
1 5
1 5
134 138
134 138
Último
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
apidays
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
sammart93
Tata AIG General Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Tata AIG General Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MIND CTI
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Khushali Kathiriya
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
panagenda
Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Edi Saputra
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
DianaGray10
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
debabhi2
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Juan lago vázquez
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Drew Madelung
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
Roshan Dwivedi
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
?#DUbAI#??##{{(☎️+971_581248768%)**%*]'#abortion pills for sale in dubai@
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
Martijn de Jong
Top 10 Most Downloaded Games on Play Store in 2024
Top 10 Most Downloaded Games on Play Store in 2024
SynarionITSolutions
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
apidays
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Anna Loughnan Colquhoun
Último
(20)
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Tata AIG General Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Tata AIG General Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
Top 10 Most Downloaded Games on Play Store in 2024
Top 10 Most Downloaded Games on Play Store in 2024
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
7 13
1.
ISSN: 2277 –
9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 Roadmaps for Usability Engineering Sanjeev Narayan Bal Asst. Prof. Dept. of Comp.Sc. Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar s_n_bal@yahoo.co.in Abstract-- Usability engineering is a cost-effective, user of interactive application development, just as are systems centered process that ensures a high level of effectiveness, engineering and software engineering. Usability engineering efficiency, and safety in complex interactive systems. A activities can be tailored to allow individualizing as needed major challenge, and thus opportunity, in the field of for a specific project or product development effort. The human-computer interaction (HCI) and specifically usability engineering process applies to any interactive usability engineering (UE) is designing effective user system, ranging from training applications to multimedia CD- interfaces for emerging technologies that have no ROMs to augmented and virtual environments to simulation established design guidelines or interaction metaphors, or applications to graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The usability introduce completely new ways for users to perceive and engineering process is flexible enough to be applied at any interact with technology and the world around them. This stage of the development life cycle, although early use of the paper presents a brief description of usability engineering process provides the best opportunity for cost savings. activities, and discusses our experiences with leading usability engineering activities for different applications. we propose a usability engineering approach that employs II. ACTIVITIES IN USABILITY ENGINEERING user-based studies to inform design, by iteratively inserting a series of user-based studies into a traditional usability engineering lifecycle to better inform initial user interface designs. We will discuss interaction, visualization, and adaptive user support for maps on mobile devices. we propose an entangled User Centered System Design (UCSD) and Feature Driven Development (FDD) process for MCI ,where a usability engineering model is used. Index Terms--Usability engineering, mobile devices, Mass Casualty Incident, User Centered Design, Feature Driven Development, virtual environments I. INTRODUCTION Usability engineering is a cost-effective, user-centered process that ensures a high level of effectiveness, efficiency, and safety in complex interactive systems . Activities in this process include user analysis, user task analysis, conceptual and detailed user interface design, quantifiable usability metrics, rapid prototyping, and various kinds of user-centered evaluations of the user interface. These activities are further explained in Section "Activities in Usability Engineering." Usability engineering produces highly usable user interfaces that are essential to reduced manning, reduced human error, and increased productivity. Unfortunately, managers and developers often have the misconception that usability engineering activities add costs to a product's development life Fig. 1 Typical user-centered activities associated with our usability cycle. In fact, usability engineering can reduce costs over the engineering process. Although the usual flow is generally left-to-right from life of the product, by reducing the need to add missed activity to activity, the arrows indicate the substantial iterations and revisions that occurs in practice. functionality later in the development cycle, when such additions are more expensive. The process is an integral part 7 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
2.
ISSN: 2277 –
9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 As mentioned in the introduction, usability engineering usability experts rely explicitly and solely on established consists of numerous activities. Figure 1 shows a simple usability design guidelines to determine whether a user diagram of the major activities. Usability engineering includes interface design effectively and efficiently supports user task both design and evaluations with users; it is not just performance (i.e.. usability). But usability experts can also applicable at the evaluation phase. Usability engineering is not rely more implicitly on design guidelines and work through typically hypothesis-testing-based experimentation, but user task scenarios during their evaluation. Nielsen instead is structured, iterative user-centered design and recommends three to five evaluators for an expert evaluation, evaluation applied during all phases of the interactive system and has shown empirically that fewer evaluators generally development life cycle. Most existing usability engineering identify only a small subset of problems and that more methods were spawned by the development of traditional evaluators produce diminishing results at higher costs. Each desktop graphical user interface (GUIs). evaluator first inspects the design alone, independently of In the following sections, we discuss several of the major other evaluators' findings. Then the evaluators combine then usability engineering activities, including domain analysis, data to analyze both common and conflicting usability expert evaluation (also sometimes called heuristic evaluation findings. Results from an expert evaluation should not only or usability inspection), formative usability evaluation, and identify problematic user interface components and interaction summative usability evaluation. techniques, but should also indicate why a particular Domain Analysis component or technique is problematic. This is arguably the Domain analysis is the process by which answers to two most cost-effective type of usability evaluation, because it critical questions about a specific application context are does not involve users. determined: Formative Usability Evaluation • Who are the users? Formative evaluation is the process of assessing, refining, • What tasks will they perform? and improving a user interface design by having Thus, a key activity in domain analysis is user task representative users perform task-based scenarios, observing analysis, which produces a complete description of tasks, their performance, and collecting and analyzing data to subtasks. and actions that an interactive system should provide empirically identify usability problems. This observational to support its human users, as well as other resources evaluation method can ensure usability of interactive systems necessary for users and the system to cooperatively perform by including users early and continually throughout user tasks . While it is preferable that user task analyses be interface development. This method relies heavily on usage performed early in the development process, like all aspects of context (e.g.. user tasks, user motivation), as well as a solid user interface development, task analyses also need to be understanding of Formative evaluation produces both flexible and potentially iterative, allowing for modifications to qualitative and quantitative results collected from user performance and other user interface requirements during representative users during their performance of task scenarios any stage of development. In our experience, interviewing an . Qualitative data include critical incidents, a user event that existing and/or identified user base, along with subject matter has a significant impact, either positive or negative, on users' experts and application '"visionaries", Provides very useful task performance and/or satisfaction. Quantitative data include insight into what users need and expect from an application. metrics such as how long it takes a user to perform a given Observation-based analysis requires a user interaction task, the number of errors encountered during task prototype, and as such, is used as a last resort. A combination performance, measures of user satisfaction, and so on. of early analysis of application documentation (when Collected quantitative data are then compared to appropriate available) and interviews with subject matter experts typically baseline metrics, sometimes initially redefining or altering provides the most effective user task analysis. Domain evaluators' perceptions of what should be considered baseline. analysis generates critical information used throughout all Both qualitative and quantitative data are equally important stages of the usability engineering life cycle. A key result is a since they each provide unique insight into a user interface top-down, typically hierarchical decomposition of detailed design's strengths and weaknesses. user task descriptions. This decomposition serves as an Summative Usability Evaluation enumeration and explanation of desired functionality for use Summative evaluation, in contrast to formative evaluation- by designers and evaluators, as well as required task is a process that is typically performed after a product or some sequences. Other key results are one or more detailed part of its design is more or less complete. Its purpose is to scenarios, describing potential uses of the application, and a statistically compare several different systems or candidate list of user-centered requirements. Without a clear designs, for example, to determine which one is "better," understanding of application domain user tasks and user where better is defined in advance. In practice, summative requirements, both evaluators and developers are forced to evaluation can take many forms. The most common are the "best guess" or interpret desired functionality, which comparative, field trial, and more recently, the expert review. inevitably leads to poor user interface design. While both the field trial and expert review methods are well- Expert Evaluation suited for design assessment, they typically involve Expert evaluation (also called heuristic evaluation or assessment of single prototypes or field-delivered designs. usability inspection) is the process of identifying potential Our experiences have found that the empirical comparative usability problems by comparing a user interface design to approach employing representative users is very effective for established usability design guidelines. The identified analyzing strengths and weaknesses of various well-formed, problems are then used to derive recommendations for candidate designs set within appropriate user scenarios. improving that design. This method is used by usability However, it is the most costly type of evaluation because it experts to identify critical usability problems early in the may need large numbers of users to achieve statistical validity development cycle, so that these design issues can be and reliability, and because data analysis can be complex and addressed as part of the iterative design process. Often the challenging. 8 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
3.
ISSN: 2277 –
9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 III. USABILITY ENGINEERING APPROACHES field. Since this methodology assumes the presence of TO DESIGINING USER INTERFACES guidelines and heuristics to aid in designs to be evaluated during the "expert guidelines-based evaluation" phase, it is not To date, numerous approaches to software and user applicable to emerging technologies such as augmented interface design have been developed and applied. The reality, where user interface design guidelines and heuristics waterfall model, developed by Royce, was the first widely have not yet been established. When examining many or the known approach to software engineering. This model takes a approaches described above - and specifically the design and top-down approach based on functional decomposition. Royce evaluation activities - in most cases, design activities rely on admitted that while this process was designed to support large leveraging existing metaphors, style guides or standards in the software development efforts, it was inherently flawed since it field (e.g., drop down menus, a browser's "back" button, etc.). did not support iteration; a property that he eventually added However, in cases where an application falls within an the model. The spiral model (Boehm, [1]) was the first widely emerging technological field, designers often have no existing recognized approach that utilized and promoted iteration. It is metaphors or style guides, much less standards on which to useful for designing user interfaces (as well as software), base their design. Moreover, in cases where the technology because it allows the details of user interfaces to emerge over provides novel approaches to user interaction or time, with iterative feedback from evaluation sessions feeding fundamentally alters the way users perceive the interaction design and redesign. As with usability engineering space (i.e., where technology and the real world come approaches, the spiral model first creates a set of user-centered together), designers often have little understanding of the requirements through a suite of traditional domain analysis perceptual or cognitive ramifications of "best guess" designs. activities (e.g., structured interviews, participatory design, As a result, a process is needed to help designers of novel user etc.). Following requirements analysis, the second step simply interfaces iteratively create and evaluate designs, to gain a states that a "preliminary design is created for the new better understanding of effective design parameters, and to system". Hix and Hartson [2] describe a star life cycle that is determine under what conditions these parameters are best explicitly designed to support the creation of user interfaces. applied. Without this process, applications developed using The points of the star represent typical design/development traditional usability engineering approaches can only improve activities such as "user analyses", "requirements/ usability incrementally from initial designs which again, are often specifications", "rapid prototyping", etc, with each activity based on developer's best guesses, given the absences of connected through a single center "usability evaluation" guidelines, metaphors, and standards. activity. The points of the start are not ordered, so one can start at any point in the process, but can only proceed to another point via usability evaluation. The design activities focus on moving from a conceptual design to a detailed design. Mayhew [3] describes a usability engineering lifecycle that is iterative and centered on integrating users throughout the entire development process. With respect to design, the usability engineering lifecycle relies on screen design standards, which are iteratively evaluated and updated. Both the screen design standards as well as the detailed user interface designs rely on style guides that can take the form of a platform" style guide (e.g., Mac, Windows, etc.), "corporate" style guide (applying a corporate "look and feel"), "product family" style guide (e.g., MS Office Suite), etc. Gabbard, Hix and Swan [4] present a cost-effective, structured, iterative methodology for user-centered design and evaluation of virtual environment (VE) user interfaces and interaction. Fig. 2, depicts the general methodology, which is based on sequentially performing: 1. user task analysis, 2. expert guidelines-based evaluation, 3. formative user-centered evaluation, and 4. summative comparative evaluations. While similar methodologies have been applied to traditional (GUI-based) computer systems, this methodology is novel because we specifically designed it for —and applied it to —VEs, and it leverages a set of heuristic guide- lines specifically designed for VEs. These sets of heuristic guidelines were derived from Gabbard's taxonomy of Fig. 2 The user-centered design and evaluation methodology for virtual usability characteristics for VEs [5,6]. A shortcoming of this environment user interaction described by Gabbard . approach is that it does not give much guidance for design activities. The approach does not describe how to engage in User Interface Design Activities for Augmented Reality design activities, but instead asserts that initial designs can be As shown in Fig. 3, it can be argued that user-based created using input from task descriptions, sequences, and experiments are critical for driving design activities, usability, dependencies as well as guidelines and heuristics from the and discovery early in an emerging technology's development 9 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
4.
ISSN: 2277 –
9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 (such as AR). As a technological field evolves, questions about how different design parameters might lessons learned from conducting user-based studies are not support user task performance, designers may be able to only critical for the usability of a particular application, but conduct a user-based study as a starting point. Under this provide value to the field as a whole in terms of insight into a approach, designers start with experimental design parameters part of the user interface design space (e.g., of occlusion or as opposed to specific user interface designs. As shown in Fig. text legibility). As time progresses, contributions to the field 4, user based studies not only identify user interface design (from many researchers) begin to form a collection of parameters to assist in UI design, but also have the potential to informal design guidelines and metaphors from which produce UI design guidelines and lessons learned, as well as researchers and application designers alike can draw from. generate innovation, which provides both tangible Eventually, the informal design guidelines are shaken down contributions to the field while also improving the usability of into a collection of tried-and-true guidelines and metaphors a specific application. Ultimately, a set of iteratively refined that are adopted by the community. Finally, the guidelines and user interface designs are produced that are the basis for the metaphors become "defacto" standards or at best deemed overall application user interface design. This design can then "standards" by appropriate panels and committees. The be evaluated using formative user-centered evaluation, as context of the work reported here, however, falls within the described by Hix, Gabbard, and Swan [4]. application of user-based studies to inform user interface design; the left-most box of Fig. 3. Based on our experiences performing usability engineering, and specifically design and evaluation activities for the Battlefield Augmented Reality System, we propose an updated approach to user interface design activities for augmented reality systems. This approach emphasizes iterative design activities in between the user task analysis phase (where requirements are gathered and user tasks understood) and the formative user-centered evaluation phase (where an application-level user interface prototype has been developed and is under examination) (Fig. 2). With this approach, w7e couple the user expert evaluation and user- based studies to assist in the user interface design activity (Fig. 3). Expert evaluations can be iteratively combined with well-designed user-based studies to refine designers' understanding of the design space, understanding of effective design parameters (e.g., to identify subsequent user-based studies), and most importantly to refine user interface designs. A strength of this approach is that interface design activities are driven by a number of activities; inputs from the user task analysis phase (Fig. 2), user interface design parameters correlated with good user interface performance (derived from Fig. 3 User-based experiments are a critical vehicle for discovery and usability early in an emerging field's development. Over time, contributions user-based studies), and expert evaluation results. from the field emerge, leading eventually to adopted user interface design With this methodology, expert evaluations along with guidelines and standards. user-based studies are iteratively applied to refine the user interface design space. Of the three main activities shown in Fig. 3, there are two logical starting points: user interface design and user based studies. An advantage of starting with user interface design activities is that designers can start exploring the design space prior to investing time in system development, and moreover, can explore a number of candidate designs quickly and easily. In the past, we have successfully used PowerPoint mockups to examine dozens of AR design alternatives. If mocked up correctly, the static designs can be presented through an optical see through display, which allows designers to get an idea of how the designs may be perceived when viewed through an AR display in a representative context (e.g., indoors versus outdoors). Once a set of designs have been created, expert evaluations can be applied to assess the static user interface designs, culling user interface designs that are likely to be less effective than others. The expert evaluations are also useful in terms of further understanding the design Fig. 4 We applied the depicted user-centered design activities as part of space by identifying potential user-based experimental factors our overall usability engineering approach when developing the Battlefield Augmented Reality System . and levels. Once identified, user-based studies can be conducted to further examine those factors and levels to determine, for example, if the findings of the expert evaluation match that of user-based studies. In cases where the design space is somewhat understood and designers have specific 10 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
5.
ISSN: 2277 –
9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 IV. USABILITY ENGINEERING FOR MOBILE DEVICES Usability determines to a major extent the success of products and services that are based on information and communication technology. Usability engineering [10] is an approach to develop software that is easy to use. effective and efficient, and is in our opinion based on three principles: 1) Early and continuous focus on user and tasks. 2) empirical measurement. 3) and iterative design. In UE several development cycles (Figure 5), with assessments and re- specifications, are worked through. A complex and interesting scenario is developed with users, from which user requirements and features can be derived. The features are implemented and the quality is assessed by human computer interaction (HCI) metrics. These metrics are closely related to the social challenges, regarding comfort and acceptance, but the technological challenges are also addressed in the metrics. When taking the user as the center of the design it is also important to take into account his or her cognitive task load Fig. 5 The Usability engineering method [9], for which several metrics exist. The assessment of the use which experimental method. metrics can be done in several different ways, either by We conclude that difficulties for usability testing for experts or users. mobile devices exist, but several frameworks are available which can be used for designing usable mobile map UE is a good design approach for a usable mobile map. applications. Because there are many challenges for mobile But thorough understanding of the dynamic use context is applications, ease of use and effectiveness are crucial. Using a crucial for user-centered design of mobile applications [7, 12]. sound usability engineering approach, we decide which With mobile devices it is necessary to test them eventually interface features for mobile maps help dealing with the while the user is mobile, which makes evaluation difficult. technological, environmental, and social challenges. Depending on the task and the application, usability can Example-- Tourist information and navigation support by highly differ between a sunny day and a rainy day, between a using 3D maps displayed on mobile devices noisy environment and a silent environment. The choice Laakso, Gjesdal and Sulebak [8] developed 3D maps with between a lab-experiment or a field experiment is therefore far tourist information and GPS for mobile devices. In this study from crucial for mobile devices [13]. The use of the mobile there was a strong focus on user requirements and feedback of map is mostly a secondary task; the primary task (route potential users on the prototypes. The study consisted of three planning or looking for a nearby restaurant) does have a iterations. In the first iteration the intended user group was strong influence on the way of use. Not only the device has to asked how they did perform the task which the application have a high degree of fidelity, but the primary task has to be was going to support, and which functionalities they would simulated realistic too. Zhang and Adipat [13] give an like to have in the proposed application. With the answers it overview of challenges in usability testing of mobile devices. was possible to create a prototype which was tested in the These challenges are the same as the design challenges for second iteration. The application was tested in a usability test mobile applications: mobile context, connectivity, small and with focus groups. Both the participants of the usability screen size, different display resolutions, limited processing test and the participants of the focus groups belonged to the capability and power, and different data entry methods. An group of intended users. The tasks that were performed in the example is that low screen resolution can have disastrous usability test were typical tasks for the application and effects on the usability of a mobile application. There are performed in a realistic field environment. There was one different frameworks for usability testing of mobile devices drawback of the design of the experiment. The 3D map was [11,13]. In all frameworks, it is an important question whether shown on a mobile device whereas the 2D map was of paper. to do a usability test in the laboratory or in the field, and Therefore it was difficult to compare the two views. In the whether experts are used or prospective users. Lab- final iteration another prototype was evaluated with the use of experiments are appropriate for improvement of the interface usability tests and questionnaires. The 3D map was found fun design, for which the real device or an emulator can be used. but less usable than the 2D map. for which an explanation Field-experiments on the other hand are more appropriate could be that participants are used to 2D maps. Furthermore when the final application is tested [13]. The framework of results showed that location positioning, for example using Streefkerk et al. [11] extends the framework of Zhang and GPS, is very important for map information on mobile Adipat by that it not only gives instructions on which devices. The experimental set-up of this study is a sound experimental method to use , but gives constraints for when to example of usability engineering. All three general approaches are followed; there is an early and continuous focus on the user, empirical measurements are used, and it is an iterative design. In this experiment the technological challenge for 11 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
6.
ISSN: 2277 –
9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 visualization of the viewpoint was examined and several HCI • Ambulance crews are informed on their way to the area metrics were used to measure the usability of the design. of operation as well as while waiting at the ambulance Users were included in both the design and the usability assembly area. Supplying this information to the rescue testing. workers can help to cope with anxieties and help to prepare them for the situations they will be confronted with . V. USABILITY ENGINEERING FOR MASS CASUALITY INCIDENTS • All relevant information is stored on central servers for ad-hoc as well as post-hoc analyses. This information can To design an application system that is usable in case of an be very useful to implement organizational learning and MCI, we propose an entangled approach of User-Centered gradually improving the whole man-machine-system over System Design (UCSD) and Feature Driven Development time. (FDD) [14,15,16,17]. To prepare users to be able to handle a At the moment our project is still in a first prototypical system in case of an MCI, we propose that the MDGS state. The goal is to integrate the system as a module into provides training for MCIs within the regular day-to-day the R2-System, an end-to-end solution for regular transport business . This should be accomplished by using similar and rescue missions, of the DIGITALYS GmbH. support systems for handling MCIs and regular rescue and transport missions. Speaking in terms of software engineering, support for an MCI should be provided by an additional module of the same MDGS framework that is used for handling the regular day-to-day business. Development Process As already mentioned, we follow an entangled approach that combines UCSD and FDD to keep the project and development process focused (Figure 6). Classic elements of UCSD (e.g. user studies, interviews) will be complemented by: •observing MCI exercises; •accompanying paramedics and emergency physicians while they are using the MDGS in regular missions; •evaluating the usability of the MDGS in regular missions; Fig. 6 Process model combining FDD and UCSD . •attending emergency medical aid and MCI related workshops. Combining these and scientific information, features can be derived. Natural dependencies between these "small, client valued function[s]" [17] and a prioritization process will lead to a sorted list of feature sets. To work through the list, we use the iterative and incremental process of FDD. By using an entangled FDD/UCSD process as our software engineering paradigm, we are able to quickly roll out feature- sets, as well as keeping them close to the users' needs and expectations through repeated user-feedback. General Principles for MDGSs Figure 7, gives an overview of our proposed MDGS. The overall design is based on the assumption that an MDGS that follows the principle has to be technically feasible and suitable for handling day-to-day rescue and transport missions as well as MCIs. The basic features as shown in the figure are: • All rescue workers (paramedics, emergency physicians, team leader, and incident commander) are using the same handheld device, most likely a rugged tablet PC. • All stakeholders (public-safety answering point, crisis squad, hospital staff, and rescue teams) are kept in the loop. They are aware of all necessary information. The users are guided by dialogues that are simple enough to be still useful even in very demanding situations. • The location of every patient and rescue worker is made available by location-based services for the stake holders in Fig. 7 Handling of MCIs as an integrated part of general MDGS. command. 12 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
7.
ISSN: 2277 –
9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 VI. CONCLUSION [14] Chu, Y. and Ganz, A. 2007. WISTA: a wireless telemedicine system for disaster patient care. Mob. Netw. From these three applications, we have learned many Appl. 12,201-214. lessons on how to improve the process of usability [15] Demchak, B., Chan, T. C, Griswold, W. G., and Lenert, engineering. L. A. 2006. Situational awareness during mass-casualty We have presented a modified usability engineering events: command and control. A MI A Anna Symp Proc, 905. approach to design that employs a combination of user [16] Norman, D. A. and Draper, S. W. 1986. User centered interface design, user-based studies and expert evaluation to system design. New perspectives on human-computer iteratively design a usable user interface as well as refine interaction. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J. designers' understanding of a specific design space. In this [17] Palmer S. R. and Felsing J. M. 2002. A Practical Guide paper we looked at the usability of maps on mobile devices. to Feature-Driven Development. Prentice Hall Different methods of visualization, interaction, and adaptive PTR, Upper Saddle River NJ. user support to obtain good usability were discussed in the view of technical, environmental and social challenges. We have also disclosed a model for Usability Engineering for Author Mass Casualty Incidents. Sanjeev Narayan Bal MBA, MCA, MTech (CSE) REFERENCES Assistant Professor (CSE) [1] B.W. Boehm, "A Spiral Model of Software Development Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar. arid Enhancement", IEEE Computer, 21(5), 1-72,1988. Life Member - ISTE [2] D. Hix and H.R. Hartson, "Developing User Interfaces: Published many papers in National and International Journals. Ensuring Usability Through Product and Process", New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons,1993. [3] D.J. Mayhew, "The Usability Engineering Lifecycle, a Practitioner's Handbook for User Interface Design", San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1999.' [4] J.L. Gabbard, D. Hix and J.E. Swan II, "User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Virtual Environments". Invited Paper to IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Volume 19, Number 6, pages 51-59, November / December, 1999. [5] J.L. Gabbard, "Taxonomy of Usability' Characteristics in Virtual Environments". Master's thesis. Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, 1997. [6] J.E. Swan II and J.L. Gabbard, "Survey of User-Based Experimentation in Augmented Reality", In Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Virtual Reality, HCI International 2005, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, July 22-27,2005. [7] Gorlenko. L. & Merrick, R. (2003). No wires attached: Usability challenges in the connected mobile world. IBM Systems Journal, 42, 639-651. [8] Laakso. K., Gjesdal. O., & Sulebak, J. R. (2003). Tourist information and navigation support by using 3D maps displayed on mobile devices. Proceedings of HCI in Mobile Guides (Udine, Italy: in conjunction with Mobile HCI 2003). [9] Neerincx. M. A. & Lindenberg. J. (2005). Situated cognitive engineering for complex task environments. Proceedings of the Seventh International Naturalistic Decision Making Conference. [10] Nielsen. J. (1994). Usability Engineering. Morgan Kaufmann. [11] Streefkerk, J. W.. Esch-Bussemakers. M. P.. & Neerincx. M. A. (2006). Designing personal attentive user interfaces in the mobile public safety domain. Computers in Human Behavior, 22, 749-770. [12] Vetere. F., Howard. S.. Pedell. S.. & Balbo. S. (2003). Walking through mobile use: novel heuristics and their application. Proceedings of OzCHI, 24-32. [13] Zhang. D. & Adipat. B. (2005). Challenges. Methodologies, and Issues in the Usability Testing of Mobile Applications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN- COMPUTER INTERACTION, 18, 293-308. 13 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
Baixar agora