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Cell transportation combined
 the life function that involves
  the absorption (taking in)
  and circulation (moving around) of materials
  throughout an organism.
•   the process where digested (broken down)
    nutrients as well as other dissolved
    materials enter the cells of an organism

•   the key organelle that is involved with this life
    function is the PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE
Polar heads Fluid Mosaic
             love water   Model of the
             & dissolve. cell membrane


              Non-polar
                               Membrane move
              tails hide
              from water.
           Carbohydrate cell
           markers




Proteins
 Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it

     a.Selectively permeable: Allows some
        molecules in and keeps other molecules
        out
     b. The structure helps it be selective!
   Size (macro or micro), charge (+ or -) and solubility (lipid-
    soluble or not) affect a molecule’s ability to cross the cell
    membrane.

   In general, small noncharged, lipid-soluble molecules
    easily cross the cell membranes
Remember. it is a
         double lipid layer with
         floating proteins...




          We also can call the plasma
  membrane the fluid mosaic model.
       Fluid because the double layer
moves around, it never is motionless.
      A mosaic because that is how it
   appears--a mosaic is a piece of art
that is made up of lots of little pieces
                        put together.
a. Phosphate head is polar
   (hydrophilic or water loving)
b. Fatty acid tails non-polar
   (hydrophobic or water
   fearing)
c. Proteins embedded in
   membrane
•   the transport of materials within one cell and/or the
    transport of materials throughout a multicellular
    organism
•   for unicellular organisms, intracellular (inside the
    cell) circulation is accomplished by
    the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex,
    and CYCLOSIS (cytoplasmic streaming).

•    for multicellular organisms, intercellular (between
    cells) circulation is accomplished by the diffusion or
    transport through vascular tissues (like xylem,
Cell transportation combined
Cell transportation combined
(HighLow)


 * it is called passive transport because NO
 ENERGY or ATP IS REQUIRED!!!              Weeee!!!


1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated
   Diffusion                      high
3. Osmosis
  Tonicity
                                               low
  Water Potential
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion – diffusion with the
   help of transport proteins
3. Osmosis – diffusion of water
•   *diffusion is where very small
    particles move from a region of high concentration (a large
    amount) to a region of lower concentration (a smaller
    amount).
•   * molecules move in straight lines in a random direction

•   * diffusion usually happens until the concentration is the 
    same throughout; this is called EQUILIBRIUM (a balanced
    state-- HOMEOSTASIS!)

•   Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.
  Occurs in liquid or gas medium
Diffusion of a solute within a solvent is affected
   by several factors:
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Density of the solvent
 Concentration Gradient
 Solubility of the solute


                                        http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
Cell transportation combined
Cell transportation combined
* larger molecules such
as polysaccharides,
proteins, and lipids
cannot fit, because they
are too big
Passive Transport:
2. Facilitated Diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific particles through
  membrane transport proteins to help them move through the
  cell membrane
   a. Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain
       molecules to cross the membrane
   b. Transports larger or charged molecules
   c. Concentration gradient required – can’t transport from low to
       high concentration
   d. Energy not needed
   e. Rate of transport reaches a maximum when all membrane
       transport proteins are used up (saturated)
   f. Membrane transport proteins are sensitive to inhibitors that
       can cause them not to function
Passive Transport:
2. Facilitated Diffusion                   A                     B

 There are 2 types of membrane
   transport proteins involved:
  Channel proteins – contain
   tunnels/openings that serve as     Facilitated
   passageways of molecules                               Diffusion
                                       diffusion         (Lipid Bilayer)
                                       (Channel
  Carrier proteins – undergo
                                        Protein)
   temporary binding to the
   molecule it carries resulting in
   conformational change that
   moves the molecule through
   the membrane                        Carrier Protein
   the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable
    membrane
•Water moves freely
through pores.
•Solute (green) to large
to move across.
Water Potential – term for movement of water
    molecules as it undergoes osmosis
 - The measure of the difference between the “force”
    that pushes water molecules and the “force” exerted
    by the membrane
Water solution with less solute (more diluted solution because of more water) =
  higher water potential
Water solution with more solute (more concentrated solution) = lower water
  potential
Water Potential Gradient - when 2 solutions of different water potentials are
  separated by a semipermeable membrane, thus allowing osmosis to occur
Osmotic Pressure – “force” that moves water molecules through a semi-
  permeable membrane
Cell transportation combined
If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the water will
move back in forth but it won't have any result on the overall amount of
water on either side.

"ISO" means the same
Cell transportation combined
"HYPO" means less
                                           In this case there are less solute
                                           (salt) molecules outside the cell,
                                           since salt sucks, water will move
                                           into the cell, causing it to swell.
                                           The cell will gain water and grow
                                           larger. As osmosis continues,
                                           osmotic pressure builds up inside
                                           the cell causing cell lysis.




In plant cells, the vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid.
The pressure exerted by the water molecule is called TURGOR
PRESSURE, and the phenomenon TURGIDITY. The turgor pressure in
plants will not result in cell lysis as the cell wall keeps the plant from
bursting.
TURGIDITY is important in maintaining the firm and erect position of a
plant.
•    Osmosis
                                                Animations for
                                             isotonic, hypertonic,
                                                and hypotonic
                                                   solutions

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of
solutes and a higher concentration of water than
inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)




Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the
cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
Cell transportation combined
"HYPER" means more




In this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which
causes the water to be sucked in that direction.
Causes cells to shrink and lose shape because of water loss.
In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the cells shrink, causing
wilting (plasmolysis). In animal cells, the cells also shrink.
In both cases, the cell may die.
•    Osmosis
                                                Animations for
                                             isotonic, hypertonic,
                                                and hypotonic
                                                   solutions

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration
of solutes and a lower concentration of water than
inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)




                                                  shrinks

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the
solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
Cell transportation combined
Passive Transport:
3. Osmosis
Tonicity – strength
of a solution in
relation to osmosis

3 Types:
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

  Remember: Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside
    the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you
    get thirsty after eating something salty.
Cell transportation combined
What type of solution are these cells in ?




             A         B           C




        Hypertonic      Isotonic       Hypotonic
•Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them
from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on
the cell wall is called tugor pressure.

•A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that
collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them
from over-expanding.

•Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so
they do not dehydrate.

•Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the
blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.
 * a process where a cell USES ENERGY or
  ATP to move molecules from a region of 
  low concentration to a region of high 
  concentration

 * special proteins called carrier proteins
                                                     This is
  often called pumps are used to move                 gonna
                                                     be hard
  molecules from one side of the membrane             work!!
                                  high
  to the other

                                               low
Example: Sodium
-Potassium Pumps
are important in nerve
responses. They
transfer Na and K
ions in and out of the
nerve and muscle
cells.

                 Protein changes shape to move molecules:
                                      this requires energy!
Cell transportation combined
Cell transportation combined
Cell transportation combined
1. Endocytosis
   Phagocystosis
   Pinocytosis
   Receptor-mediated
2. Exocytosis
Cell transportation combined
 EXOCYTOSIS – going out of the cell
 ENDOCYTOSIS     - going inside the cell
 Pinocytosis:
 * a process where very large (too big to go
 through the plasma membrane) particles are
 "sucked in" to a cell, forming a vacuole.
 * "cell drinking"--uses energy (active transport)
1. Endocytosis:  taking bulky material
    that can’t use transport proteins
    (like macromolecules) into a cell
   • Uses energy
   • Cell membrane in-folds around
        the macromolecule to be
        transported
   • 3 Types:
       Phagocytosis
       Pinocytosis
       Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Cell transportation combined
 ENDOCYTOSIS     - going inside the cell
 Phagocytosis:
 * a process where a cell engulfs large
 undissolved particles, forming a vacuole
 * "cell eating"--uses energy (active transport)
Cell transportation combined
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis – “cell drinking”
-   Compared to pinocytosis, is very specific. The plasma membrane
    becomes indented and forms a pit. The pit lined with receptor
    proteins picks specific molecules from its surroundings. The pit will
    close and pinch off to form a vesicle which will carry the molecules
    inside the cytoplasm.
2. Exocytosis: Forces material
  out of cell in bulk
  • membrane surrounding the
    material fuses with cell
    membrane
  • Cell changes shape –
    requires energy
  • EX: Hormones or wastes
    released from cell
Cell transportation combined

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Cell transportation combined

  • 2.  the life function that involves the absorption (taking in) and circulation (moving around) of materials throughout an organism.
  • 3. the process where digested (broken down) nutrients as well as other dissolved materials enter the cells of an organism • the key organelle that is involved with this life function is the PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE
  • 4. Polar heads Fluid Mosaic love water Model of the & dissolve. cell membrane Non-polar Membrane move tails hide from water. Carbohydrate cell markers Proteins
  • 5.  Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it a.Selectively permeable: Allows some molecules in and keeps other molecules out b. The structure helps it be selective!  Size (macro or micro), charge (+ or -) and solubility (lipid- soluble or not) affect a molecule’s ability to cross the cell membrane.  In general, small noncharged, lipid-soluble molecules easily cross the cell membranes
  • 6. Remember. it is a double lipid layer with floating proteins... We also can call the plasma membrane the fluid mosaic model. Fluid because the double layer moves around, it never is motionless. A mosaic because that is how it appears--a mosaic is a piece of art that is made up of lots of little pieces put together.
  • 7. a. Phosphate head is polar (hydrophilic or water loving) b. Fatty acid tails non-polar (hydrophobic or water fearing) c. Proteins embedded in membrane
  • 8. the transport of materials within one cell and/or the transport of materials throughout a multicellular organism • for unicellular organisms, intracellular (inside the cell) circulation is accomplished by the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and CYCLOSIS (cytoplasmic streaming). • for multicellular organisms, intercellular (between cells) circulation is accomplished by the diffusion or transport through vascular tissues (like xylem,
  • 11. (HighLow)  * it is called passive transport because NO ENERGY or ATP IS REQUIRED!!! Weeee!!! 1. Diffusion 2. Facilitated Diffusion high 3. Osmosis Tonicity low Water Potential
  • 12. 1. Diffusion 2. Facilitated Diffusion – diffusion with the help of transport proteins 3. Osmosis – diffusion of water
  • 13. *diffusion is where very small particles move from a region of high concentration (a large amount) to a region of lower concentration (a smaller amount). • * molecules move in straight lines in a random direction • * diffusion usually happens until the concentration is the  same throughout; this is called EQUILIBRIUM (a balanced state-- HOMEOSTASIS!) • Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.
  • 14.  Occurs in liquid or gas medium Diffusion of a solute within a solvent is affected by several factors:  Temperature  Pressure  Density of the solvent  Concentration Gradient  Solubility of the solute http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
  • 17. * larger molecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids cannot fit, because they are too big
  • 18. Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific particles through membrane transport proteins to help them move through the cell membrane a. Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane b. Transports larger or charged molecules c. Concentration gradient required – can’t transport from low to high concentration d. Energy not needed e. Rate of transport reaches a maximum when all membrane transport proteins are used up (saturated) f. Membrane transport proteins are sensitive to inhibitors that can cause them not to function
  • 19. Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion A B There are 2 types of membrane transport proteins involved:  Channel proteins – contain tunnels/openings that serve as Facilitated passageways of molecules Diffusion diffusion (Lipid Bilayer) (Channel  Carrier proteins – undergo Protein) temporary binding to the molecule it carries resulting in conformational change that moves the molecule through the membrane Carrier Protein
  • 20. the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
  • 21. •Water moves freely through pores. •Solute (green) to large to move across.
  • 22. Water Potential – term for movement of water molecules as it undergoes osmosis - The measure of the difference between the “force” that pushes water molecules and the “force” exerted by the membrane Water solution with less solute (more diluted solution because of more water) = higher water potential Water solution with more solute (more concentrated solution) = lower water potential Water Potential Gradient - when 2 solutions of different water potentials are separated by a semipermeable membrane, thus allowing osmosis to occur Osmotic Pressure – “force” that moves water molecules through a semi- permeable membrane
  • 24. If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the water will move back in forth but it won't have any result on the overall amount of water on either side. "ISO" means the same
  • 26. "HYPO" means less In this case there are less solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt sucks, water will move into the cell, causing it to swell. The cell will gain water and grow larger. As osmosis continues, osmotic pressure builds up inside the cell causing cell lysis. In plant cells, the vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid. The pressure exerted by the water molecule is called TURGOR PRESSURE, and the phenomenon TURGIDITY. The turgor pressure in plants will not result in cell lysis as the cell wall keeps the plant from bursting. TURGIDITY is important in maintaining the firm and erect position of a plant.
  • 27. Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water) Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
  • 29. "HYPER" means more In this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which causes the water to be sucked in that direction. Causes cells to shrink and lose shape because of water loss. In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the cells shrink, causing wilting (plasmolysis). In animal cells, the cells also shrink. In both cases, the cell may die.
  • 30. Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water) shrinks Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
  • 32. Passive Transport: 3. Osmosis Tonicity – strength of a solution in relation to osmosis 3 Types: Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic Remember: Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.
  • 34. What type of solution are these cells in ? A B C Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
  • 35. •Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called tugor pressure. •A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-expanding. •Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they do not dehydrate. •Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.
  • 36.  * a process where a cell USES ENERGY or ATP to move molecules from a region of  low concentration to a region of high  concentration  * special proteins called carrier proteins This is often called pumps are used to move gonna be hard molecules from one side of the membrane work!! high to the other low
  • 37. Example: Sodium -Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses. They transfer Na and K ions in and out of the nerve and muscle cells. Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!
  • 41. 1. Endocytosis Phagocystosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated 2. Exocytosis
  • 43.  EXOCYTOSIS – going out of the cell  ENDOCYTOSIS - going inside the cell Pinocytosis: * a process where very large (too big to go through the plasma membrane) particles are "sucked in" to a cell, forming a vacuole. * "cell drinking"--uses energy (active transport)
  • 44. 1. Endocytosis:  taking bulky material that can’t use transport proteins (like macromolecules) into a cell • Uses energy • Cell membrane in-folds around the macromolecule to be transported • 3 Types:  Phagocytosis  Pinocytosis  Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
  • 46.  ENDOCYTOSIS - going inside the cell Phagocytosis: * a process where a cell engulfs large undissolved particles, forming a vacuole * "cell eating"--uses energy (active transport)
  • 48. Receptor-mediated Endocytosis – “cell drinking” - Compared to pinocytosis, is very specific. The plasma membrane becomes indented and forms a pit. The pit lined with receptor proteins picks specific molecules from its surroundings. The pit will close and pinch off to form a vesicle which will carry the molecules inside the cytoplasm.
  • 49. 2. Exocytosis: Forces material out of cell in bulk • membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane • Cell changes shape – requires energy • EX: Hormones or wastes released from cell