Culture refers to the whole way of life of a group of people, including their beliefs, values, norms, and material goods. Raymond Williams argued that culture includes both the high arts as well as everyday meanings and practices. British Cultural Studies emerged from thinkers like Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams who studied culture as the ordinary lived experiences of people, not just the works of an educated elite. Cultural studies explores culture through institutions, modes of production, cultural forms and traditions, and how culture is reproduced and organized within society.

1. Culture and Cultural Studies
(Intro)
Sabilul Maarifah

2. CULTURE AND CULTURAL STUDIES
Williams (1983)
• Culture: a tool to be used by people who can
see its usefulness
• It caused change in its usage and meaning as
thinkers wish to do with it.
Hoggart, William and Hall
• British Cultural Studies is the crucial moment
of cultural studies. They deploy and we
explore the changing concern of it.

3. CULTURE (C)
• Williams (1981,1983) Culture berhubungan
dengan cultivation (growing crops). Lalu
cakupannya diperluas kepada human mind.
Sehingga muncul gagasan cultivated and cultured
person.
• Anthropological definition: a whole and
distinctive way of life
• (Arnold, 1960: 6) Culture is the best that has been
thought and said in the world. Counterpoise to
the anarchy of raw and uncultivated masses.

4. LEAVISISM
• Icon ‘C’ of F.R and Q.D Leavis.
• Leavisism shares with Arnold: culture is the high point
of civilization and concern of educated minority.
• England has organic community with lived culture of
folk songs and folk dance which argued had been lost
to ‘standardization and levelling down’ of industrialized
mass culture.
• Leavisism tasks:
- Define and defend culture represented by canon of
good work
- Criticize the worst mass culture represented by
advertising, films and pop fiction.

5. CULTURE IS ORDINARY
• Raymond Williams:
Culture is the arts and its values. Culture is
concerned with tradition and social reproduction
and also a matter of creativity and change.
His concepts: values, norms and material.
Culture relates to meaning people shares.
Anthropological definition of culture criticized the
banality of culture that being applied to
industrialized culture.

6. CULTURALISM
• Williams and Thompson:
Men make their own history but not by their
own please. It’s under circumstances given
and transmitted from the past (dengan
penyederhanaan)
• Richard Hoggart (1957); The Uses of Literacy
-An “Older” Order
-Yielding Place To The New

7. • Edward Thompson:
Culture as lived and ordinary and not socio-
economic.
• Raymond William:
Culture as everyday meanings is part of
expressive totality of social relation. The
theory of culture is defined as the study of
relationship between elements in a whole way
of life.

8. • 3 levels of culture:
-the lived culture of particular time and place
-recorded culture
-culture of the selective tradition
Explore culture in terms:
-Institutions of artistic and cultural production
-formations or school
-modes of production
-identifications and forms of culture
-the reproduction
-the organization of ‘selective tradition’

9. • Culture is:
-meaning generated by ordinary men and
women
-lived experiences of its participants
-text and practices engaged in by people