Donat Agosti & Norman F. Johnson - Copyright: the new taxonomic impediment
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1. Taxonomic publications are considered "legal documents" as they establish nomenclatural decisions under taxonomic codes. As such, everyone should have access to these legally binding documents. 2. Taxonomic descriptions are factual knowledge based on direct observations, so the descriptive parts of publications cannot be copyrighted and should be open access. 3. Publications can be broken down into the basic data elements of individual taxon descriptions, which contain details like descriptions, specimens examined, and characters. These descriptions are the building blocks of taxonomic knowledge.
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Donat Agosti & Norman F. Johnson - Copyright: the new taxonomic impediment
- 1. Copyright: the new taxonomic impediment Donat Agosti* & Norman F. Johnson** *AMNH / **OSU ZOOBANK-Symposium, ESA, Dec. 18, 2005
- 3. Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by government for a limited time to regulate the use of a particular form, way or manner in which an idea or information is expressed. In law, an exclusive right is the power or right to perform an action in relation to an object or other thing which others cannot perform. The law may require that a person seek such rights through application, or it may automatically grant such rights. Exclusive rights may be granted in intellectual property law. Most governments recognize a bundle of exclusive rights in relation to creative and scientific works and property under the umbrella term "intellectual property". An example is copyright.. (Source: Wikipedia)
- 4. Access to ant taxonomic publications through antbase.org /Smithsonian Institution, including currently the entire body of non-copyrighted publications since 1758 (>4,000 publications or 85,000 pages. Source: (Agosti 2005 and antbase.org) Directly through enforcement of copyright
- 5. Approved by 148 against 2 votes (4 abstentions) by the General Conference of UNESCO in Paris, October 20
- 6. Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity ARTICLE 6 Towards access for all to cultural diversity While ensuring the free flow of ideas by word and image, care should be exercised that all cultures can express themselves and make themselves known. Freedom of expression, media pluralism, multilingualism, equal access to art and to scientific and technological knowledge, including in digital form, and the possibility for all cultures to have access to the means of expression and dissemination are the guarantees of cultural diversity.
- 7. “The Real Death of Print” A. von Bubnoff, Nature 438:550-552, 01 Dec. 2005
- 9. Index 1 Index n DocsIndex .. RDBMS Retrieval Engine - Analyze queries - Use indices for SE and result improvement - Retrieve documents - Functionality in Query Executor & Plugins Query Pipeline Retrieval Plugin1 Retrieval Plugin... Measure Plugin1 Measure Plugin... Retrieval Pluginn Query Exe- cutor Document Analyzer - Analyze documents (NLP) - Store documents - Create indices from analysis results - Functionality in GATE & Plugins NLP Analysis Pipeline Pre- Plugin1 Pre- Plugin... Analyzer Plugin... Analyzer Pluginn Analyzer Plugin1 GATE Doc Doc Doc Result Doc Doc Doc Result Doc Doc Doc Result User User User User User User ??? Query ??? Query ??? Query Doc Doc Doc Questions / Feedback Legend Document / Query Meta Data Information Retrieval for Biodiversity Information Guido Sautter
- 10. • Taxonomic publications are “legal documents”, they must conform to the Codes to make the presented nomenclatorial decisions valid. Thus everybody should have access to these legally binding documents.
- 11. • Taxonomic publications are “legal documents”, they must conform to the Codes to make the presented nomenclatorial decisions valid. Thus everybody should have access to these binding documents. • Taxonomic descriptions are factual knowledge, that is knowledge based on direct observations. Thus, taxonomic publications, at least the descriptive part, cannot be copyrighted, and can be open access.
- 12. Title Author Abstract Introduction Taxon descriptions Suppl. Materials Acknowledgments References Genus Diagnosis Notes Biology Distribution Key to sp. Species descriptions Species descriptions Species descriptions Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species .. Species n The structure of a systematics publication Species descriptions
- 13. Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species .. Species n Species descriptions Nomenclature Diagnosis Distribution Material Examined Comments Description Graphic art Species 1 The structure of a systematics publication, continued Species (or taxa in case of higher level revisions) descriptions can be considered the building blocks or basic data elements of taxonomic publications. They are very rich in detail. All the other elements of a publications, are inferred from the analysis and synthesis of taxon descriptions. The descriptions are also the ‚legal‘ element of the publication in compliance with the ICZN.
- 14. Nomenclature Diagnosis Distribution Material Examined Comments Description Graphic art Species Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen … Specimen n Material exam. Description Character 1 Character 2 Character … Character n The structure of a systematics publication, continued Species descriptions can be further resolved into the basic units, characters in the description sensu str., and the specimen records, which are a species at a given time at a given locality (collecting event). They could be enhanced by shared ontologies and gazetteers
- 15. From text document to XML-document, or the deconstruction of documents Taxon-xschema
- 16. Data Domains and Standards • Taxonomic names and concepts • Taxonomic Concept Schema (approved 2005) • Specimen occurrence records • ABCD (approved 2005) • DarwinCore (under development) • Characters and character states • Structure of Descriptive Data (approved 2005) • Literature • TaxonX (under development) • TaXMLit (under development) • Digital objects • Analytical results
- 17. ms submission Edited ms Revised ms Publication: pdf Publication: hard copy Ontology Bibliography analysis & ms preparation Name Server Character DB Specimen DB Description DB Distribution DB Char. Matrix DB Phyl. Tree DB Char-state img Specimen img Habitat Image Legacy Pub. TaxonDB New Data Accepted ms The old - new taxonomy
- 18. ms submission („Taxon-x-version“) new ms alertPosting for review Edited ms Revised msPublication: pdf „Version control“ Publication: hard copy Publication database („taxon-x-version“) Ontology Bibliography analysis & ms preparation ZooBank / NS Character DB Specimen DB Description DB Distribution DB Char. Matrix DB Phyl. Tree DB Char-state img Specimen img Habitat image Legacy Pub. TaxonDB New Data feedback Accepted ms New taxon alert … and the Future of Publication