2. Table of Contents
General description
Sponge canal system
Unique characteristics
Systems
(integument, skeletal, muscle, digestive)
• Systems (respiratory, circulatory, nervous)
• Systems (endocrine and reproductive)
• Taxonomy
•
•
•
•
– Calcispongiae
– Hyalospongiae
– Demospongiae

3. Ciri-ciri filum porifera
• Tubuh umumnya asimetri (tidak beraturan)
, beberapa simetri radial
• Bentuk seperti vas bunga, mangkuk atau tabung
• Tubuhnya berpori/ memiliki lubang-lubang
kecil
• Belum memiliki jaringan dan organ shg disebut
parazoa
• Hidup secara heterotrof (makan bakteri dan
plankton)
• Habitat umumnya di laut beberapa spesies
hidup di air tawar.
• Reproduksi secara sexual maupun asexsual

4. CIRI UMUM :
• Berasal dar kata Porus ( Lubang kecil ) dan faro ( membawa atau
mengandung ). Hewan yang tubuhnya mengandung lubang-lubang
kecil atau hewan berpori-pori.
• Memiliki sistim kanal atau saluran air untuk mensirkulasikan air di
dalam tubuhnya.
• Mengalami dua bentuk kehidupan
yaitu
Polip
( hidup
berenang
bebas terjadi pada fase larva ) dan Sesil ( hidup menetap
terjadi
pada fase dewasa )
• Belum
memiliki
organ
pencernaan, Sistem saraf, dan
sistem
Peredaran darah.
 Hidup di laut,kecuali satu famili hidup di air tawar.
 Golongan binatang multisel primitif
 Jaringan terdiri dari epidermis dan sel-sel berleher (koanosit)

5. Multicellular
• Composed of 3 layers
Body with pores (ostia)
– outer layer of flattened contractile
cells (pinacocytes)
No organs or true tissues.
– inner non-living mesoglea
No nervous system
containing a variety of specialized
Adults sessile & attached to
cells
substratum.
– collar cells (choanocytes) which
• Skeleton of calcareous
capture food, etc. from water
spicules, siliceous
flowing through channels.
spicules, spongin or a
• Exhibit asymmetry or radial symmetry.
combination.
• All aquatic, mostly marine. • Reproduction - asexual by buds &
gemmules. Sexual by eggs & sperm.
• Grouped as Parazoans multicellular animals with no welldefined tissue.
• They are sessile, and
asymmetrical (sometimes with
radial symmetry). Body organized
•
•
•
•
•

6. Characteristics of Phylum
Porifera
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Has cellular organization
Filter feeder
Sessile- attached; doesn’t move around much
Reproduce- Asexual; fragmentation, budding;
sexually
Collar cells line cavity, have flagella to push
water out
Contain 2 germ layers-endoderm and ectoderm
Spicule- gives spongy body
Osculum- name of opening
Made up of glass/silicia, or protein/spongin, or
calcuim carbonate
Symmetary of sponge- radial or asymmetrical

7. Some unique characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
Spicules
Choanocytes (collar cells)
No true tissue
Pores
Body plans
(asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid)

8. Sponge Canal Systems
• The body plans or structures are based
on complexity of water-canal and
skeletal system
• Asconoid
– Choanocytes line the spongocoel
• Syconoid
– Choanocytes are in radial canals off
spongocoel
• Leuconoid
– Choanocytes are in chambers off of the
radial canals.

9. Sistem Sirkulasi Air
• Dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 tipe :
1. Tipe Ascon.
Air masuk Ostium – Spongosol- Osculum
Contoh ; Leucosolenia
2. Tipe Sycon / Scypa.
Air masuk Ostium – Saluran bercabang cabangSpongosol - Osculum.
Contoh : Scypa.
3. Tipe Leucon / Rhagon.
Air masuk Ostium – Saluran bercabang cabang –
Rongga -Osculum.
Contoh : Spongila.

14. Fig. 12.5
14

15. Struktur morfologi & anatomi
• Berbentuk seperti jambangan ,Piala, Terompet, dan ada yang
bercabang-cabang seperti tumbuhan.
• Pada bagian tengah tubuh ada ruang yang disebut Spongosol.
Yang meupakan saluran air.
• Pada bagian ujung atas ada lubang besar yang disebut Osculum.

19. Asconoid Sponge
Osculum
Spongocoel
Ostium
Porocyte
19

20. Syconoid Sponge
Osculum
Incurrent Canal
Spongocoel
Radial Canal
Ostium
Choanocytes
20

22. Syconoid Sponge
Scypha (Grantia) xs
Spongocoel
Radial Canal
Choanocytes
Incurrent Canal
Ostium
22

23. Leuconoid Sponge
Osculum
Excurrent canal
Incurrent pore
Incurrent canal
Choanocyte
chamber
23

24. STRUKTUR ANATOMI

26. Internal Structure of the
Sponge

30. LAPISAN PENYUSUN DINDING TUBUH
1.Lapisan terluar (Efidermis).
- Tersusun oleh sel-sel Efitelium pipih yang disebut Pinakosit
- Beberapa sel Pinakosit membentuk lubang kecil disebut Ostium
- Saluran lubang-lubang kecil dilapisi oleh Porosit. Yang berfungsi sebagai
pengendali membuka dan menutupnya Ostium.
2. Lapisan Mesoglea ( berupa gelatin)
Merupakan lapisan pembatas antara lapisan dalam dan luar yang
mengandung :
a. Sel Amoebosit berfungsi untuk mengangkut zat makanan dan zat sisa
metabolisma dari sel satu ke sel lainnya.
b. Sel Skleroblas yang berfungsi untuk membentuk Spikula ( duri ) sebagai
penguat dinding yang lunak. Yang tersusun dari Zat Kapur, Zat Kersik dan
Spongin ( Protei )
3. Lapisan Dalam ( Endodermis )
Lapisan ini terdiri dari Sel Leher ( Koanosit ) berflagel yang berfungsi untuk
mencerna makanan.

31. 31

32. Spicule
• Skeleton of sponge
– Calcium carbonate
– Silicon
– Collagen
32

35. Archeocyte
• Amoeboid cells
• Receive food from
choanocytes
• Differentiate into
other cell types
35

36. Sclerocyte
• Produce spicules
36

37. Mesenchyme
(Mesoglea or Mesohyl)
• Gelantinous matrix
37

38. Pinococyte
• Outer surface of
sponge
• Contractile
38

39. Choanocyte
• Flagellated cells
• One end in
mesnchyme
• Flagella creates
water currents
• Collar traps food
• Passes food to
archeocyte
39

43. Porocyte
• Forms a pore
43

44. Pinococyte
• Outer surface of
sponge
• Contractile
44

45. Physiology
•
•
•
•
Large sponges filter 1500 liters/day
Choanocytes phagocytize
Archeocytes digest
No respiratory, excretory or nervous systems

46. Porifera Systems
• Integumentary
– Pinacocytes - thin flat layer of T-shaped
cells
• Skeletal
– Spicules and spongin (forms of collagen)
• Muscle
– Movement cellular by flagella and
pseudopodia
• Digestive
– Intracellular; use choanocytes to trap

47. Porifera Systems
• Excretory
– Marine are isotonic, freshwater
forms use contractile vacuoles.
• Respiratory
– diffusion by individual cells
• Circulatory
– Choanocytes create current, ameboid
cells transport food
• Nervous
– Cell irritability shown by individual
cells

48. Porifera Systems
• Endocrine
– endocrine like chemical present within
individual cells
• Reproductive
– External fertilization, or sperm brought in
choanocytes and fertilization occurs in
chambers.
– Asexual: regenerate whole sponge from a few
spicules, choanocytes and amoeboid cells.
– Gemmules in freshwater sponge (a few
marine ones)

49. Nutrition/Digestive System
Sponges DO NOT have organs because of their lack of tissues. Instead
they use a specialized cells that take the job of tissues. Digestion is also
intracellular
•The main diet of sponges are bacteria and small food particles
that are carried by water when it enters the sponge
•Water enters the Porifera through its pores (called ostium, or
ostia, which is plural)
•Flagella lined up in the center cavity (called the Spongocoel)
beat to create a current in the water that enters to move it up
and down the cavity
•Water and nutrients are absorbed by the collar cells, which are
also lined up in the cavity
•The collar cells give the nutrients to the choanocytes
(choanocytes are attached to the collar cells)
•The nutrients are transported by the choanocytes to the
archaeocytes, which are attached to the choanocytes
•The archaeocytes transport the nutrients around the sponge

50. Excretory System
Sponges only produce carbon dioxide as waste.
Waste exits through the Osculum (opening
above center cavity)
Carbon dioxide is dispelled through water that passes
through the cells.

51. Respiration
Oxygen from water enters through the ostia (pores) and is
absorbed by the collar cells, Which are then given to the
choanocytes.
The choanocytes transport the nutrients to the
archaeocytes, where they transport oxygen to
other body parts.

52. Nervous System
A sponge does NOT have any true
nervous system
Some sponges react in response to
touch or change in pH level, but only
slightly

53. Locomotion
Sponges BARELY move through body contractions.
Sponge larvae can swim,
however adults are attached to rocks and can move
an average of 4 mm a day.

54. Reproduction
Sponges have two methods of reproduction, sexual and asexual.
In sexual reproduction the
Asexual reproduction in sponges
male sponge releases a gamete
usually involve budding.
that travels through the water
A bud forms at the side of the
until it arrives to a female
parents sponge and develops until
sponge of the same species.
it separates to form a daughter
The female sponge then takes
sponge.
the gamete into its body where
it fertilizes an egg.
Sponges can also be hermaphrodites
which mean that they have both genitals
of the male and female.

55. Sistem Repruduksi Porifera
• Repruduksi Porifera berlangaung secara :
1. Secara Asexual.
a. Pembentukan Kuncup.
b. Pembentukan butir benih ( Gemule ) terjadi
apabila keadaan lingkungan tidak menguntungkan.
2. Secara Sexual.
a. Terjadi melalui persatuan Sperma dan Ovum.
b. Bersifat Hermaprodit yaitu Ovum dan Sperma
diproduksi olehsatu induk yang sama. Akan tetapi
tidak bisa langsung membuahi

56. REPRODUKSI VEGETATIF :
1. Budding
2. Fragmentation Micropyle
3. Gemmule formationSpicule
-survive freezing
56

59. REPRODUKSI SEXUAL

60. 1. Monoecious. Both male and female
2. Sperm and egg derived fromchoanocytes
3. Ciliated larvaSwim to new location

61. Habitat
All sponges live in aquatic habitats under water.
Most live in salt water environments, but there are some
sponges that live in fresh water environments.
A real sponge in its natural salt water
environment
A fake sponge in his underwater environment

62. Atas dasar susunan rangkanya porifera
dapat di bagi menjadi 3 kelas yaitu:
1. Calcarea
Mempunyai spikula dari kapur. Contoh:

Leucosolenia.

Grantia.

Scypha.

Sycon dan Clathrina
2. Hexactinellida.
Mempunyai spikula dari silikat/Kresik Contoh:

Euplectella. Pheronema
3. Demospongiae.
Mempunyai spikula silikatdan serabut spongin,atau hanya
spongin saja. Contoh:

Euspongia.

Spongilla. Callyspongia dan Phyllospongia.

63. Porifera Taxonomy
• Class:
Calcispongiae /calcarea
– Scypha (Grantia or Sycon)
– Leucosolenia
Hyalospongiae
/hexaktinellida
• Class:
– Euplectella
• Class:
Demospongiae (dem-o-spon-ge-a)
– Euspongia (Spongia)
– Spongilla
• Class:
Sclerospongiae (skler-o--spon-ge-

64. There are three types of Porifera based on their interior structure –
Hexactinellids – Known as Glass sponges, these are considered the
earliest form of sponges
Calceria – Sponges that adapt to warm and
tropical climates
Desmospongia – These are the most
common sponges found. You may find them
almost anywhere

65. Taxonomy
Class Calcispongiae
• Spicules of calcium carbonate (all three canal systems present
in class)
Leucosolenia (stained)
Grantia (Scypha)
Spicules

66. Class Hyalospongiae
• Six-rayed silicon spicules
Euplectella
(Venus’ flower basket)

67. • Glass sponges; characterized
by siliceous spicules consisting
of six rays intersecting at right
angles
• Widely viewed as an early
branch within the Porifera

68. Class Demospongiae
•
Presence of spongin, or silicon spicules (that are not six-rayed) or
both
.
Euspongia
(Spongia)
Spongilla

69. Contoh-contoh Porifera
Euplectella
Niphates digitalis
Spons
Clathrina
Leucettusa lancifer

70. You will never find a porifera with the name of Spongebob Squarepants.
However, These are some examples of REAL sponges.
Demospon
giae
Hexactinelli
da
Calcarea
Xestosponia
Asbestoplum