1. Paper ID 160
Ref No 1368
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DUAL
FUEL ENGINE USING LPG AND PROCESSED
WASTE ENGINE OIL AS FUEL
By
A.ZAHIR HUSSAIN
RAILWAYS
Ph.D/NITT
Guide
Dr. R ANAND
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
NIT Trichy
Transaction ID 94020

2. OVERVIEW
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Literature review
Objective
Experimental methodology
Experimental setup
Results and conclusions
Scope for future work
Reference
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3. INTRODUCTION
• The limited availability of fossil fuels and their ever
increasing cost have always encouraged researchers
to give more significance for finding new sources of
energy.
• Many research works have addressed the utilisation
of waste oils originated from crude oil [1] and
biomass origin waste oil [2] for the case of diesel
engine application as sources of energy.
• Generation of waste oil is closely linked with the
increase in the number of automobiles and industry.
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4. • Lubricating oil or engine oil is used in engines to
provide lubrication to the moving parts.
• Once they are used for a particular period of time the
lube loses many of its properties due to oxidation of
base oil and the addition of many foreign particles[3].
• The engine oil has to be replaced once it loses its
properties. This used engine oil is called waste engine
oil (WEO).
• If the WEO is not disposed properly, they pose
serious threat to environment [3]. These oils contain
degraded additives which along with other
contaminants render them hazardous.
INTRODUCTION CONTD.......
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5. • Apart from the base oil and other additives which are
there in pure engine oil, WEO contains soot, iron,
chromium, ash etc.[6].
• WEO can be re-refined to obtain the base oil which
can be again treated and used as lubricant.
• If it is possible to find use for WEO in other areas,
there will be a greater incentive to collect WEO
which will reduce its effect on environment, as only
45% of waste oil was collected in 1995 [7].
• Purified WEO has already been used as a source of
fuel for diesel engine [3,9].
INTRODUCTION CONTD.......
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6. • Fuels like natural gas and LPG are cleaner fuels, and
recent research works have studied the feasibility of
using them as alternate fuels in diesel engines.
• But such fuels can be used only in dual fuel mode
operation due to their high auto ignition temperature.
To enable dual fuel operation in diesel engine some
modifications should be made to the engine.
• During dual fuel operation the liquid pilot injected
fuel burns first and the resulting increase in
temperature causes the inducted gaseous fuel to burn.
• Hydrogen, LPG, CNG, biogas etc. are the different
types of inducted fuels normally used.
INTRODUCTION CONTD.......
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7. • In this project the characteristics of a dual fuel engine
was studied. Processed WEO was used as the pilot
injected fuel and LPG was used as the inducted fuel.
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8. LITERATURE REVIEW
Various methods used to purify waste engine oil
Serial
No
Description
1
The paper uses analytic
hierarchy process to select,
analyze and compare the
regenerative technologies.
2
Waste mineral insulating
oil was re-refined using
extraction with NMP. The
extraction process
parameters were
investigated to obtain best
results.
Parameters
Author &
year
Selection of
regenerative process
should be selected
based on cost,
environmental
impact and
technology threshold
Amount of
water as cosolvent,
extraction
temperature
& solvent oil
ratio.
Result
Yu Lung
Hsu et al
&
2010
Moderate extraction
temperature, 1%
water in NMP and
low solvent oil ratio
were determined ass
the optimal value.
Jelena
Lukic et al
& 2005
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9. LITERATURE REVIEW
Various methods used to purify waste engine oil
Seria
l No
Description
3
The use of micro emulsion
modified diatomite and
activated carbon as solid
extractants for removing
inorganic and organic
pollutants from waste
lubricating oil was studied.
4
The use of liquid and
supercritical ethane as a
solvent for recycling used
lubricating oil was studied.
The operating parameters
were varied to obtain the
optimum operating point.
Parameters
Result
Author &
year
The raw and
Mohammad A
modified adsorbents Al-Ghouti
were effective
et al & 2011
towards all
pollutants especially
for the inorganic
pollutants with high
removal percentages.
Temperature
and pressure
Extraction yield
increased with
temperature. For
supercritical ethane
with increasing
pressure extraction
yield decreased.
Jesusa Rincon
et-al & 2007
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10. LITERATURE REVIEW
Processed WEO as a source of fuel in diesel engine
Serial Description
No
1
Filtered WEO was made to
undergo pyrolytic
distillation to obtain diesel
like fuel (DLF). Effects of
diesel-like fuel on engine
performance and exhaust
emission were investigated
experimentally.
2
WEO was processed using
clay treatment and the
processed oil was blended
with diesel and the
properties of the blend was
studied.
Parameters
Result
Author &
year
It was observed that the Orhan
produced DLF can be
Arpa et al
used in diesel engines
& 2009
without any problem in
terms of engine
performance. An
improvement in the
performance
characteristics was
observed
WEO from
different
sources and
the amount
of blending
needed.
Pre-treated WEO from
ships with 35%
blending with diesel
gave properties similar
to diesel.
R.A Beg
et-al &
2010
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11. LITERATURE REVIEW
Dual fuel mode operation
Serial Description
No
Parameters
Result
Author
& year
Load and the
type of gaseous
fuel used as the
inducted fuel.
NOx and PM emissions
decreased in dual fuel mode
operation. UHC and CO
emissions increased in dual
fuel mode operation.
Nirendra
N
Mustafi
et al &
2013
Diesel and biodiesel gave
similar combustion
characteristics in single fuel
mode operation. In dual fuel
mode operation there was
significant reduction in NOx
and soot emissions. There
was a decrease in ignition
delay in dual fuel mode
operation.
Seung
Hyun
Yoon et
al &
2011
1
The paper studies the
combustion and emission
characteristics of a dual fuel
engine operated on alternate
gaseous fuels (natural gas
and biogas)
2
This paper studies the
.
combustion and emission
characteristics of biogasbiodiesel dual fuel operation
in a CI engine.
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12. LITERATURE REVIEW
Dual fuel mode operation
Serial Description
No
Parameters
Result
3
The paper investigates the
effect of variation in LPG
composition on emission
and performance
characterisation in a dual
fuel engine run on diesel
and LPG.
The
composition of
propane and
butane in LPG
was varied.
Higher butane content led to H.E.
lower NOx and higher
Saleh &
propane content led to lower 2008
CO emissions. LPG fuel
with 70% propane and 30%
butane with mass fraction
40% substitution was the
best LPG composition.
4
Experimental work was
Diesel fuel
done to examine the effects supplementary
of total air fuel ratio on the
ratio.
performance of a high speed
CI engine, where liquid
diesel fuel is partially
substituted by natural gas in
various proportions.
With decrease in diesel fuel
supplementary ratio thermal
efficiency decreases, NO
and particulate emission
decreases, but CO and HC
emission increases.
Author
& year
R.G.
Papagian
nakis et
al &
2009
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13. OBJECTIVE
• Study the performance, emission and combustion
characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine
operated on duel fuel mode with LPG as inducted
fuel and processed waste engine oil as pilot injected
fuel.
• Compare the characteristics obtained in dual fuel
mode with that obtained using diesel.
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14. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
• Experiments conducted can be classified into two
categories, fuel characterisation experiments and
engine side experimentation.
• Fuel characterisation tests were done to understand
the suitability of using the fuel obtained from WEO
as pilot injected fuel.
• Engine side experimentation was done to study the
characteristics of the dual fuel engine.
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15. Engine Side Experimentation
• In total 5 sets of experiments were conducted for both
diesel and WEO fuel.
• In each set, the load on the engine was varied as 0%,
20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% and 110% of the engine
output.
• For each set the following parameters were measured
or calculated; CO, CO2, NO, UHC, smoke opacity,
BSFC, BSEC, BTE, cylinder pressure, heat release rate
and exhaust gas temperature.
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16. Engine Side Experimentation
• With diesel fuel one set of reading was taken to get
the base line readings.
• With processed WEO fuel one set of reading was
taken.
• Three different sets of readings were taken in the dual
fuel mode operation. For each set the amount of input
energy supplied by LPG was varied.
Table 1. Variation of input energy source for different duel fuel mode operation
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
LPG
20 %
30 %
40 %
Processed WEO
80 %
70 %
60 %
Energy source
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17. Fuel Characterisation Tests
The tests were done to find out the suitability of using
the fuel obtained from WEO.
The following properties of the fuels were determined
1. Flash point and fire point
2. Cloud point and pour point
3. Corrosion resistance
4. Calorific value
5. Carbon residue
6. Kinematic viscosity
7. Density
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18. Fuel Characterisation Test Results
Table 2. Fuel characterisation test results
S No.
Property
WEO Fuel
Diesel
ASTM
Standards
1
Density (kg/m3)at 35° C
870
838
ASTM 1298
2
Kinematic viscosity (cSt)
at 38° C
14.3
2.45
ASTM D445
3
Flash point (°C)
133
58
ASTM D93
4
Fire point (°C)
145
70
ASTM D93
5
Carbon residue (g)
0.06
0
ASTM D524
6
Copper strip corrosion
1b
1b
ASTM D130
7
Calorific value (kJ/kg)
38790
42150
ASTM D240
8
Pour point (°C)
-18
-27
ASTM D97
9
Cloud point (°C)
-9
-6
ASTM D2500
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19. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup
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20. Diesel Engine
A single cylinder four stroke water cooled DI diesel
engine was used. Engine has a peak power of 3.7 kW
and runs at constant speed of 1500 rpm.
The injection timing and pressure set by the
manufacturer are 23° bTDC and 200 bar respectively.
Eddy Current Dynamometer
The engine is directly coupled to an eddy current
dynamometer for loading the engine. A strain gauge
attached to the dynamometer is used for measuring the
load acting on the engine.
Smoke Meter
Smoke was measured in terms of percentage smoke
opacity using an AVL 437 smoke meter.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP CONTD.....
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21. Fuel Flow Measurement
A standard burette, which was duly calibrated. Two
grooved type photoelectric sensors are used to sense
when the burette is full and when it is empty. System
timer is used to measure the time.
Exhaust Gas Analyser
AVL digas 444 five gas analyser was used to measure
the concentration of CO, CO2, NO, O2 and UHC present
in the exhaust gas.
Data Acquisition System
This system was used to measure crank angle, ignition
delay and cylinder pressure. The system consists of
pressure sensor, TDC encoder etc.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP CONTD.....
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22. LPG Kit
LPG kit is used to control the flow of LPG into the
engine. It consists of a pressure regulator, flow sensor
and solenoid valve.
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23. Fig.2 Photographic view of experimental setup
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24. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The results of the experiments on the engine can be
classified into three categories
•Performance characteristics
•Emission characteristics
•Combustion characteristics
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25. Performance Characteristics - BSFC
Fig. 3 Variation of BSFC with BMEP
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26. Performance Characteristics - BSEC
Fig. 4 Variation of BSEC with BMEP
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27. Performance Characteristics - BTE
Fig. 5 Variation of BTE with BMEP
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28. Emission Characteristics - CO
Fig. 6 Variation of CO with BMEP
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29. Emission Characteristics - CO2
Fig. 7 Variation of CO2 with BMEP
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30. Emission Characteristics - NO
Fig. 8 Variation of NO with BMEP
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31. Emission Characteristics - UHC
Fig. 9 Variation of UHC with BMEP
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32. Emission Characteristics – Smoke Opacity
Fig. 10 Variation of Smoke opacity with BMEP
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33. Combustion Characteristics – Cylinder Pressure
Fig. 11 Variation of Cylinder pressure with crank angle at rated load point
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34. Combustion Characteristics – Peak Pressure
Fig. 12 Variation of peak pressure with BMEP
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35. Combustion Characteristics – Heat Release Rate
Fig. 13 Variation of heat release rate with crank angle at rated load point
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36. Combustion Characteristics – Exhaust Gas Temperature
Fig. 14 Variation of exhaust gas temperature with BMEP
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37. CONCLUSIONS
• The performance characteristics of the engine with
WEO fuel is comparable to that with diesel fuel.
• NO emissions decreased with WEO fuel, while CO
and UHC emissions increased. Smoke readings were
also higher for WEO fuel.
• For dual fuel operation there was a slight decrease in
efficiency. CO and UHC emission increased. NO and
smoke opacity decreased. There was a reduction in
peak pressure and maximum heat release rate.
• The huge increase in UHC emissions and the decrease
in efficiency can be corrected by retuning the LPG kit.
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38. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
• Further work is needed to identify better processes to
yield fuel from WEO, which will be similar to diesel
in its properties.
• Work can be done to understand the dual fuel
characteristic of the engine with processed WEO and
other gaseous fuels like natural gas, hydrogen and
biogas.
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39. REFERENCE
[1] Salah B, Al-Omari, “Used engine lubrication oil as a renewable supplementary fuel
for furnaces”, Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008), 3648-3653
[2] Rakopoulos CD, Antonopoulos KA, Rakopoulos DC, “Multi-zone modelling of
diesel engine fuel spray development with vegetable oil, bio-diesel or diesel fuel”,
Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006), 1550-1573
[3] Orhan Arpa, Recep Yumurutas, Ayhan Demirbas, “Production of diesel like fuel
from waste engine oil by pyrolitic distillation”, Applied Energy 87 (2010), 122-127
[4] Basel Convention, “Technical guidelines on used oil re-refining of other re-uses of
previously used oil”, 2001, series/SBC No. 02/05, ISBN: 92-1-158605-4
[5] Denton Joan E (December 2004), “Used oil in bunker fuel: A review of potential
human health implications”
[6] Jelena Lukic et al, “Re-refining of waste mineral oil by extraction with N-methyl2-pyrrolidone”, Separation and Purification Technology 51 (2006), 150-156
[7] M El-Fadel, R Khoury, “Strategies for vehicle waste-oil management: a case
study”, Conservation & Recycling 33 (2001), 75-91
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40. REFERENCE
[8] Yu-Lung Hsu, Chun-Chu Liu, “Evaluation and selection of regeneration of waste
lubricating oil technology”, Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 176 (2011),
197-212
[9] R A Beg, M R I Sarker, Md Riaz Pervez, “Production of diesel fuel from used
engine oil”, IJMME-IJENS Vol: 10 No:2
[10] Nirendra N Mustafi, Robert R Raine, Sebastian Verhelst (2013) Combustion and
emission characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated on alternative gaseous
fuels. Fuel
[11] Seung Hyun Yoon, Chang Sik Lee (2011) Experimental investigation on the
combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of biogas–biodiesel dual-fuel
combustion in a CI engine. Fuel Processing Technology, 92, 992–1000
[12] Mohamed Y E Selima, M S Radwanb, H E Saleh (2008) Improving the
performance of dual fuel engines running on natural gas/LPG by using pilot fuel
derived from jojoba seeds. Renewable Energy, 33, 1173–1185
[13] R G Papagiannakis, C D Rakopoulos, D T Hountalas, D C Rakopoulos (2010)
Emission characteristics of high speed, dual fuel, compression ignition engine
operating in a wide range of natural gas/diesel fuel proportions, Fuel, 89, 1397–
1406
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41. THANK YOU
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