The rural-urban socioecological transformation of Mediterranean mountain areas under global change. Local studies in Olzinelles and Matadepera (Barcelona Metropolitan Region)

1. The rural-urban socioecological transformation of Mediterranean mountain areas under global change Local studies in Olzinelles and Matadepera (Barcelona Metropolitan Region) Iago Otero Armengol Supervisor: Dr. Martí Boada Juncà Doctoral Thesis in Environmental Sciences

3. Introduction Natural protected areas in Catalonia www.gencat.cat (accessed 15/3/2010)

6. Introduction Global change IPCC (2007)

7. Introduction Global change Foley et al. (2005) Science

8. Sala et al. (2000) Science Introduction Global change in the Mediterranean

12. Study areas: Matadepera and Olzinelles (BMR) Matadepera Catalonia

13. Study areas: Matadepera and Olzinelles (BMR) Courtesy of G. Estany Scrubland Dry land Cork oak forest Holm oak forest Mixed forest Riverside forest Urban Roads Unproductive

14. Courtesy of J.L. Hernández Study areas: Matadepera 2007 1940?

15. Study areas: Olzinelles ~ 1980 2007 Can Pota, abandoned farmhouse

16. Case study 1 Loss of water availability and stream biodiversity under land abandonment and climate change in a Mediterranean catchment (Olzinelles valley) Under review in Land Use Policy I. Otero, M. Boada, A. Badia, E. Pla, J. Vayreda, S. Sabaté, C.A. Gracia, J. Peñuelas

17. Case study 1 Introduction Piñol et al. (1998) Clim. Change

18. Case study 1 Introduction Gallart & Llorens (2003) Water Int.

21. Case study 1 Results: depopulation

22. Case study 1 Results: afforestation (1956-2002) 0.0 0.0 100.0 827.6 100.0 827.6 Total area 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.1 Bare soil 0.3 2.4 0.5 3.9 0.2 1.6 Houses ( masos ) -0.1 -1.2 0.3 2.3 0.4 3.5 Shrubland 1.8 15.3 2.9 24.0 1.0 8.7 Plantation of plane trees and poplars -4.4 -36.1 3.1 25.3 7.4 61.5 Fields 2.4 19.5 93.1 770.8 90.8 751.3 Forest % ha % ha % ha Δ 56-02 2002 1956 Land-cover

23. Case study 1 Results: farmland transformation (1956-2002)

24. Case study 1 Results: decrease in firewood felling Otero et al. (2008) ICHN

25. Case study 1 Results: afforestation reforestation + tree density 2002 1956

26. Case study 1 Results: warming  increased aridity

27. Case study 1 Results: validation of simulation Bernal & Sabater (2008) Hydrol. Process. Acuña et al. (2007) J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. Bernal et al. (2006) Biogeochemistry Sabater et al. (2008) Sci. Total Environ. 79 96 3 675.7 15.1 125-558 8.3 Olzinelles 98 Forest cover (%) 136 Average discharge 1/2001-7/2002 (ls -1 ) 2 Agrarian cover (%) 709.6 Mean annual R 1997-2003 (mm) 13.8 Mean annual T 1997-2003 (ºC) 95-773 Altitudinal gradient (m) 10.5 Catchment area (km 2 ) Fuirosos

28. Case study 1 Results: simulated runoff

29. Case study 1 Results: simulated runoff-rainfall ratio

30. Case study 1 Results: loss of fauna species ( 1980s ) Vulnerable Austropotamobius pallipes White-clawed crayfish Least concern Squalius cephalus Chub Vulnerable Arvicola sapidus Water vole Near threatened Barbus meridionalis Mediterranean barbel Critically endangered Anguilla anguilla European eel IUCN Red List status Scientific name Common name

32. Case study 2 Socioecological heritage in Mediterranean landscapes. The case of the old municipality of Olzinelles To be submitted to Ecology and Society I. Otero, M. Boada, J.D. Tàbara

33. Case study 2 Introduction: global biocultural diversity Maffi (2005) Annu. Rev. Anthropol.

34. Case study 2 Introduction “ The morning when we put his body in the cemetery of Olzinelles, all those landscapes became smaller; lost size, contrast and depth” Perejaume Josep Travesa (1930-2006)

35. Courtesy of S. Piqueras Case study 2 Introduction: Can Pau Foguera

38. Case study 2 Results: uneven access to land (1853) 9.8 231.1 77.3 187 <3 3.5 82. 5 9.5 23 3-5 3.1 72. 8 4.1 10 5-10 16.2 380.6 5.8 14 10-100 61.8 1452.0 3.3 8 > 100 % study area ha % No. owners estate size ( ha )

39. Case study 2 Results: changing land-uses with estate size (1853) 74.1 6.4 18.6 Agrarian 25.9 93.6 81.4 Forest 20.4 36.4 31.3 Uncultivated 0.7 0.2 0.6 Chestnut 0.5 0.4 0.4 Poplar groves 2.8 40.6 35.2 Firewood forest 0.1 5.9 5.1 Timber forest 1.4 10.1 8.9 Cork oak forest 57.1 3.3 12.1 Vineyard 17.0 2.8 6.2 Dry land 0.0 0.3 0.3 Irrigated land % < 3 ha % > 100 ha % tax. area Land-use

40. Case study 2 Results: forest management (example) Cork oak stands ( Quercus suber ) Coppice selection every 7-10 y with cycles of 21-30 y. Sprout selection. Slashing of understorey. Uprooting stumps. Charcoal making. Grazing by pig herds and sheep flocks. Debarking every 14-17 y. Coppice selection. Felling competitor species. Selective slashing of understorey every 20 y. Charcoal making. (Acorn) grazing by pig herds and sheep flocks. Cultivating fodders, cereals, and vegetables. Holm oak stands ( Quercus ilex )

41. Case study 2 Results: dry land farming (vineyards) Medicinal and aromatic plants; fruit trees; fodders. Secondary crops Planting new vines, hoeing, fertilizing and pruning. Ploughing and grafting vines older than 3 y. Pruning buds, leafs, shoots. Fumigating with S and copper sulphate. Harvesting. Treading and pressing the grapes, boiling, fermentation. Vine farming, production of wine. Cultivation in steep slopes, vines laid out in zigzag, no terracing. Controlling soil erosion and collecting water by zigzag draining ditches. Conserving soil fertility: animal and green manure.

42. Case study 2 Results: integration and adaptation of productive activities

43. Photographic Archives of Sant Celoni Case study 2 Results: transmission of knowledge

45. Case study 2 Results: “cultivation” of space M. Boada Perejaume oil on wood 11 x 17.5 cm

46. Case study 2 Results: sociodemographic changes

47. × Case study 2 Results: transformation of SES × × × × × × × ×

48. Case study 2 Results: land-cover changes (1850s-2008)

49. Case study 2 Results: declining species Species Area Group n.e. n.e. n.e. n.e. n.e. n.p. n.p. n.p. n.p. n.p. Maniola jurtina Polyommatus icarus Lycaena phlaeas Leptotes pirithous Colias crocea Olzinelles Butterflies CR VU VU LC LC LC LC LC n.p. n.p. n.p. n.p. n.p. n.p. n.p. n.p. Geranium lanuginosum Orobanche artemisiae-campestris picrides Spergularia purpurea Erica cinerea Helianthemum tuberaria Isoetes durieui Orobanche teucrii Stachys alpina Montnegre Mountains Plants Cat. IUCN

50. Case study 2 Results: declining species Mammals Birds Reptiles Group n.e. n.e. LC LC Talpa europaea Lepus europaeus Olzinelles VU DD NT NT LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Alectoris rufa Coturnix coturnix Jynx torquilla Lanius senator Miliaria calandra Galerida cristata Alauda arvensis Upupa epops Emberiza cirlus Olzinelles n.e. n.e. n.e. n.e. n.e. n.e. NT LC LC LC LC n.p. Timon lepidus Psammodromus jeanneae Rhinechis scalaris Malpolon monspessulanus Coronella girondica Anguis fragilis Olzinelles Cat. IUCN Species Area

52. Case study 2 Conclusions “ When you were in Can Pau Foguera, it was not at all nostalgic, it was rather the other way around. It was more like a revolutionary vision, as far as you could realize that there was another possibility in the world: a parallel world” Perejaume

53. Case study 3 Water scarcity, social power and the production of an elite suburb. The political ecology of water in Matadepera In press in Ecological Economics ( doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.011 ) I. Otero, G. Kallis, R. Aguilar, V. Ruiz

54. Case study 3 Introduction 31/3/2008

59. MATADEPERA CATALONIA & SPAIN Case study 3 Results One family controls town-hall, urbanizations and water. Conflict landlord-peasants for sharecropping contracts. Republican alternative: water and land reform. 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1902 Josep Arnau mayor 1914 Foundation of Aguas 1919 Dissolution of Aguas 1922 Foundation of Unió de Rabassaires 1923 Primo de Rivera Dictatorship 1924 Infrastructure of Aguas back to Francisco Arnau 1931 Republican mayor 1932 Municipalization of water supply 1931 2 nd Spanish Republic 1934 Catalan agrarian reform declared unconstitutional and democratic town councils dismissed 1936 Franco military rebellion and start of Civil War

60. Case study 3 Results Civil War: alternatives to be “decided”. Franco wins, revenge, repression. Land control consolidated, water privatized. MATADEPERA CATALONIA & SPAIN 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1936 Murders in La Barata 1936 Franco military rebellion and start of Civil War 1940 Execution of Republicans 1949 Connection to Llobregat system and refoundation of Aguas 1955-56 Population 730 Urban area 38 ha 1939 End of Civil War and start of Franco Dictatorship Council report, without date. City Archives of Matadepera, box 1075.

61. “ Matadepera… given its geographical conditions… calls for the assignment of a signal-function: a place for resting and summer vacations” Plan de Ordenación de Tarrasa y Matadepera (1951) City Archives of Matadepera, box 540 Case study 3 Results: planned urbanization

62. “ We did nothing and they kicked us out from our home… The owner [town’s Mayor] told to my father ‘it does not matter whether you have a contract, it is useless, the houses are the houses’, exactly this way” Case study 3 Results: dispossession of sharecroppers Mingo Comasòlivas (1930), 26/11/2007

63. Case study 3 Results: enrolling water in the transformation of the territory Comisión traída de aguas a Matadepera, December 1947. City Archives of Matadepera, box 854.

64. “ Not only the current needs of the population will be fulfilled, but also those that in the future may arise … as Matadepera strives to realize its potential as a real holiday-making place” Case study 3 Results: enrolling water in the transformation of the territory President of Aguas to Council, 2 January 1951. City Archives of Matadepera, box 854.

65. MATADEPERA CATALONIA & SPAIN Case study 3 Results: land-cover changes 1966 Agreement Barata & Serra 1976 Town council enters Board of Aguas 1979 Democratic mayor 1984-86 Population 3493 Urban area 180 ha 1992 Mina majority shareholder of Aguas 2008 Population 8701 Urban area 358 ha 1975 Death of Franco 1978 Democratic constitution 2008 Drought metropolitan region of Barcelona 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 Courtesy of G. Estany Barata to Mayor, 29 April 1971. City Archives of Matadepera, box 385.

66. Case study 2 Results: privatizing profits, socializing costs 1956 2004