Enviar pesquisa
Carregar
Numerical modeling of reinforced soil segmental wall under surcharge loading
•
1 gostou
•
773 visualizações
IAEME Publication
Seguir
Denunciar
Compartilhar
Denunciar
Compartilhar
1 de 15
Baixar agora
Baixar para ler offline
Recomendados
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow
eSAT Publishing House
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. Structures
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. Structures
IRJET Journal
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interaction
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interaction
eSAT Publishing House
Seismic Vulnerability of Plan Irregular RC Buildings with Soil-Structure Inte...
Seismic Vulnerability of Plan Irregular RC Buildings with Soil-Structure Inte...
IRJET Journal
Ijscer jinu mary2013
Ijscer jinu mary2013
Dr Cinitha.A
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF IN FILLED RC FRAMES WITH OPENING
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF IN FILLED RC FRAMES WITH OPENING
IAEME Publication
Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction Mechanisms on Integral Abutment Bridge
Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction Mechanisms on Integral Abutment Bridge
IRJET Journal
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under Earthquakes
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under Earthquakes
IJMREMJournal
Recomendados
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow
eSAT Publishing House
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. Structures
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. Structures
IRJET Journal
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interaction
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interaction
eSAT Publishing House
Seismic Vulnerability of Plan Irregular RC Buildings with Soil-Structure Inte...
Seismic Vulnerability of Plan Irregular RC Buildings with Soil-Structure Inte...
IRJET Journal
Ijscer jinu mary2013
Ijscer jinu mary2013
Dr Cinitha.A
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF IN FILLED RC FRAMES WITH OPENING
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF IN FILLED RC FRAMES WITH OPENING
IAEME Publication
Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction Mechanisms on Integral Abutment Bridge
Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction Mechanisms on Integral Abutment Bridge
IRJET Journal
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under Earthquakes
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under Earthquakes
IJMREMJournal
infilled frame
infilled frame
Vito Gerardi
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...
eSAT Publishing House
Elasto plastic behavior of 3 dimensional reinforced concrete abutments consid...
Elasto plastic behavior of 3 dimensional reinforced concrete abutments consid...
IAEME Publication
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...
eSAT Journals
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...
eSAT Journals
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to
eSAT Publishing House
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
IJERD Editor
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolation
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolation
eSAT Journals
A study of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings
A study of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings
eSAT Publishing House
DNV - GL 01-04-2014
DNV - GL 01-04-2014
ConsT AntinoS
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...
IDES Editor
O01254108122
O01254108122
IOSR Journals
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite Plates
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite Plates
IOSR Journals
Journal analysis the behaviour of building with different soft story
Journal analysis the behaviour of building with different soft story
Vaibhav Goyal
"Challenges Faced in 3-D Finite Element Modelling of Stone Column Construction"
"Challenges Faced in 3-D Finite Element Modelling of Stone Column Construction"
Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...
eSAT Publishing House
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...
IJERA Editor
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill walls
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill walls
eSAT Journals
Seismic behavior of steel rigid frame with imperfect brace members
Seismic behavior of steel rigid frame with imperfect brace members
IAEME Publication
Dropping based contention resolution for service differentiation to provide qo s
Dropping based contention resolution for service differentiation to provide qo s
IAEME Publication
A survey on various architectures, models and methodologies for information r...
A survey on various architectures, models and methodologies for information r...
IAEME Publication
Seismic evaluation & retrofit assessment of jlnm hospital, rainawari srinaga
Seismic evaluation & retrofit assessment of jlnm hospital, rainawari srinaga
IAEME Publication
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Mais procurados
infilled frame
infilled frame
Vito Gerardi
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...
eSAT Publishing House
Elasto plastic behavior of 3 dimensional reinforced concrete abutments consid...
Elasto plastic behavior of 3 dimensional reinforced concrete abutments consid...
IAEME Publication
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...
eSAT Journals
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...
eSAT Journals
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to
eSAT Publishing House
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
IJERD Editor
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolation
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolation
eSAT Journals
A study of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings
A study of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings
eSAT Publishing House
DNV - GL 01-04-2014
DNV - GL 01-04-2014
ConsT AntinoS
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...
IDES Editor
O01254108122
O01254108122
IOSR Journals
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite Plates
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite Plates
IOSR Journals
Journal analysis the behaviour of building with different soft story
Journal analysis the behaviour of building with different soft story
Vaibhav Goyal
"Challenges Faced in 3-D Finite Element Modelling of Stone Column Construction"
"Challenges Faced in 3-D Finite Element Modelling of Stone Column Construction"
Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...
eSAT Publishing House
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...
IJERA Editor
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill walls
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill walls
eSAT Journals
Seismic behavior of steel rigid frame with imperfect brace members
Seismic behavior of steel rigid frame with imperfect brace members
IAEME Publication
Mais procurados
(19)
infilled frame
infilled frame
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...
Elasto plastic behavior of 3 dimensional reinforced concrete abutments consid...
Elasto plastic behavior of 3 dimensional reinforced concrete abutments consid...
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolation
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolation
A study of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings
A study of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings
DNV - GL 01-04-2014
DNV - GL 01-04-2014
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...
O01254108122
O01254108122
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite Plates
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite Plates
Journal analysis the behaviour of building with different soft story
Journal analysis the behaviour of building with different soft story
"Challenges Faced in 3-D Finite Element Modelling of Stone Column Construction"
"Challenges Faced in 3-D Finite Element Modelling of Stone Column Construction"
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill walls
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill walls
Seismic behavior of steel rigid frame with imperfect brace members
Seismic behavior of steel rigid frame with imperfect brace members
Destaque
Dropping based contention resolution for service differentiation to provide qo s
Dropping based contention resolution for service differentiation to provide qo s
IAEME Publication
A survey on various architectures, models and methodologies for information r...
A survey on various architectures, models and methodologies for information r...
IAEME Publication
Seismic evaluation & retrofit assessment of jlnm hospital, rainawari srinaga
Seismic evaluation & retrofit assessment of jlnm hospital, rainawari srinaga
IAEME Publication
Solving np hard problem using artificial bee colony algorithm
Solving np hard problem using artificial bee colony algorithm
IAEME Publication
Working capital management profitability empirical
Working capital management profitability empirical
IAEME Publication
An empirical study on customer engagement practices in tourism industry
An empirical study on customer engagement practices in tourism industry
IAEME Publication
Regenerative loading system 2
Regenerative loading system 2
IAEME Publication
A review on video inpainting techniques
A review on video inpainting techniques
IAEME Publication
Durability studies on high strength high performance concrete 2
Durability studies on high strength high performance concrete 2
IAEME Publication
Destaque
(9)
Dropping based contention resolution for service differentiation to provide qo s
Dropping based contention resolution for service differentiation to provide qo s
A survey on various architectures, models and methodologies for information r...
A survey on various architectures, models and methodologies for information r...
Seismic evaluation & retrofit assessment of jlnm hospital, rainawari srinaga
Seismic evaluation & retrofit assessment of jlnm hospital, rainawari srinaga
Solving np hard problem using artificial bee colony algorithm
Solving np hard problem using artificial bee colony algorithm
Working capital management profitability empirical
Working capital management profitability empirical
An empirical study on customer engagement practices in tourism industry
An empirical study on customer engagement practices in tourism industry
Regenerative loading system 2
Regenerative loading system 2
A review on video inpainting techniques
A review on video inpainting techniques
Durability studies on high strength high performance concrete 2
Durability studies on high strength high performance concrete 2
Semelhante a Numerical modeling of reinforced soil segmental wall under surcharge loading
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT CONSIDERING SOIL ...
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT CONSIDERING SOIL ...
IRJET Journal
IMPACT OF REDUCTION IN STIFFNESS OF SLAB ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF RCC STRUCTURE
IMPACT OF REDUCTION IN STIFFNESS OF SLAB ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF RCC STRUCTURE
IRJET Journal
Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on Seismic Response of Multistorey Building
Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on Seismic Response of Multistorey Building
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Effect of Different Soil Conditions on Seismic Response of Multi-Store...
IRJET- Effect of Different Soil Conditions on Seismic Response of Multi-Store...
IRJET Journal
Seismic Performance of Flat Slab Structures Under Static and Dynamic Loads
Seismic Performance of Flat Slab Structures Under Static and Dynamic Loads
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Experimental and Analytical Study on Masonry Panels Strengthened with ...
IRJET- Experimental and Analytical Study on Masonry Panels Strengthened with ...
IRJET Journal
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE BY CONSIDERING SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (SSI)
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE BY CONSIDERING SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (SSI)
IRJET Journal
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil Condition
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil Condition
IJMERJOURNAL
Analysis And Stabilization Of Slopes Using Geo5 Software
Analysis And Stabilization Of Slopes Using Geo5 Software
Maria Perkins
IRJET- Impact of Shear Wall to Reduce Torsional Effect for Unsymmetrical R.C....
IRJET- Impact of Shear Wall to Reduce Torsional Effect for Unsymmetrical R.C....
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Earthquake Resistant Design of Multistorey Building
IRJET- Earthquake Resistant Design of Multistorey Building
IRJET Journal
20320140505010
20320140505010
IAEME Publication
FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF MAT FOUNDATION
FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF MAT FOUNDATION
IAEME Publication
Finite element computation of the behavioral model of mat foundation
Finite element computation of the behavioral model of mat foundation
IAEME Publication
Dg33646652
Dg33646652
IJERA Editor
Dg33646652
Dg33646652
IJERA Editor
Effect of Positioning and Configuration of Shear Walls on Seismic Performance...
Effect of Positioning and Configuration of Shear Walls on Seismic Performance...
IRJET Journal
G1303042935
G1303042935
IOSR Journals
IRJET- Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Structure Interaction
IRJET- Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Structure Interaction
IRJET Journal
Seismic Performance of RCC Irregular Building with Shape and Stiffness
Seismic Performance of RCC Irregular Building with Shape and Stiffness
IRJET Journal
Semelhante a Numerical modeling of reinforced soil segmental wall under surcharge loading
(20)
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT CONSIDERING SOIL ...
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT CONSIDERING SOIL ...
IMPACT OF REDUCTION IN STIFFNESS OF SLAB ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF RCC STRUCTURE
IMPACT OF REDUCTION IN STIFFNESS OF SLAB ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF RCC STRUCTURE
Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on Seismic Response of Multistorey Building
Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on Seismic Response of Multistorey Building
IRJET- Effect of Different Soil Conditions on Seismic Response of Multi-Store...
IRJET- Effect of Different Soil Conditions on Seismic Response of Multi-Store...
Seismic Performance of Flat Slab Structures Under Static and Dynamic Loads
Seismic Performance of Flat Slab Structures Under Static and Dynamic Loads
IRJET- Experimental and Analytical Study on Masonry Panels Strengthened with ...
IRJET- Experimental and Analytical Study on Masonry Panels Strengthened with ...
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE BY CONSIDERING SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (SSI)
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE BY CONSIDERING SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (SSI)
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil Condition
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil Condition
Analysis And Stabilization Of Slopes Using Geo5 Software
Analysis And Stabilization Of Slopes Using Geo5 Software
IRJET- Impact of Shear Wall to Reduce Torsional Effect for Unsymmetrical R.C....
IRJET- Impact of Shear Wall to Reduce Torsional Effect for Unsymmetrical R.C....
IRJET- Earthquake Resistant Design of Multistorey Building
IRJET- Earthquake Resistant Design of Multistorey Building
20320140505010
20320140505010
FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF MAT FOUNDATION
FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF MAT FOUNDATION
Finite element computation of the behavioral model of mat foundation
Finite element computation of the behavioral model of mat foundation
Dg33646652
Dg33646652
Dg33646652
Dg33646652
Effect of Positioning and Configuration of Shear Walls on Seismic Performance...
Effect of Positioning and Configuration of Shear Walls on Seismic Performance...
G1303042935
G1303042935
IRJET- Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Structure Interaction
IRJET- Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Structure Interaction
Seismic Performance of RCC Irregular Building with Shape and Stiffness
Seismic Performance of RCC Irregular Building with Shape and Stiffness
Mais de IAEME Publication
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME Publication
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
IAEME Publication
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
IAEME Publication
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
IAEME Publication
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
IAEME Publication
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
IAEME Publication
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
IAEME Publication
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IAEME Publication
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
IAEME Publication
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
IAEME Publication
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
IAEME Publication
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
IAEME Publication
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
IAEME Publication
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
IAEME Publication
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
IAEME Publication
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
IAEME Publication
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
IAEME Publication
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
IAEME Publication
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
IAEME Publication
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
IAEME Publication
Mais de IAEME Publication
(20)
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
Numerical modeling of reinforced soil segmental wall under surcharge loading
1.
International Journal of
Civil JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING(Print), INTERNATIONAL Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 AND ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 01-15 IJCIET © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.1861 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com © IAEME NUMERICAL MODELING OF REINFORCED SOIL SEGMENTAL WALL UNDER SURCHARGE LOADING Machhindra S.Purkar1, Sunil Y. Kute2 K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering and Research Center, Nashik, Maharashtra, India. 1 Research Scholar 2 Professor and Head of Research Center. Correspondence to: M. S. Purkar, India. E-mail: purkarms@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT This paper outlines the finite element procedure for simulating the performance of a reinforced soil segmental (modular blocks) wall. Analyses were performed using a software code which is developed in FORTRAN and validated for reported case histories in the literature. The material properties of the wall like backfill, foundation, modular concrete fascia blocks and reinforcement were expressed using linear elastic models. A series of parametric studies was conducted to identify effects of reinforcement, stiffness and Poison’s ratio of backfill and foundation strata on the performance of the wall. Increased stiffness of backfill and foundation improves the performance of the wall by restraining the front face deformation. The design charts for deflections at top and bottom and also, height of rotation are developed in the current work by varying the stiffness of backfill and foundation. These charts are useful to the designer to choose appropriate backfill and also, to ascertain the suitability of available foundation for the construction of wall, considering codal provisions regarding deformation limits at the front face of the wall. Key words: reinforced earth wall; finite element analysis; yielding foundation; serviceability criteria; uniform surcharge; segmental wall. 1. INTRODUCTION The reinforced soil structure has gained increasing popularity for replacing the conventional retaining wall. As a result, various procedures have been proposed for designing the said structures [1]. However, the currently used design procedures could only be regarded as semi-empirical. They are mostly based on the limit equilibrium method (LEM) which 1
2.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME evaluates the internal and external stabilities of the structures at their ultimate strength condition. Due to its inability to consider the operational conditions of the structures, such as the construction sequence, soil structure interaction and load-displacement relationship. LEM-based design has to be encompassed with high factor of safety. The study by Claybourn and Wu [2], which evaluated the most commonly used LEM-based design procedures, clearly demonstrated this fact and it directly reflects our general lack of understanding of the performance of reinforced soil structures. When compared with LEM, the finite element method (FEM) more powerful analytical tool for solving the boundary value problems. It renders informations such as the deformation and stress-strain distribution in the structure subject to complex geometries, boundary and loading conditions. These informations are highly required in designing the important civil engineering structures. Also, the design of any structure needs to consider two limit states, the serviceability and ultimate limit state. In case of reinforced soil the serviceability is checked at working conditions to ensure that, it will retain the characteristics necessary for it to fulfill its function throughout its life without the need for abnormal maintenance. The ultimate limit state relates to all potential collapse mechanisms that can be identified, to major damage or deformations in excess of acceptable limits. Also, the behaviour of a reinforced soil retaining structures constructed on a rigid foundation has been extensively investigated both experimentally and theoretically in past and many current design criteria’s are based partly on this research [3-19]. However, the behaviour of these reinforced soil walls constructed on soft or yielding foundations has received limited attention [20-30] and many questions still remain as to the performance and response of these structures. The overall behaviour of a reinforced earth wall constructed on yielding foundation, including a review of the vertical stress and displacement at the base of the wall, the horizontal stress behind the wall facing and strain pattern in the reinforcement, has not been examined. Hence, the current investigation deals with a short-term analysis of a reinforced soil wall constructed on a yielding foundation and analyses the key factors influencing the wall behaviour. 2. PARAMETRIC DETAILS The analysis of reinforced earth wall is carried out by considering the different parameters which are discussed below. 2.1 Typical cross section The typical cross section of the earth wall along with the underlying foundation strata is shown in Fig. 1, in which ‘b’ denotes the roadway width, and ‘H’ denotes the wall height. The underlying foundation strata are assumed to be a semi-infinite granular formation. The modular concrete blocks with reinforcement attached to the blocks are assumed in the investigation. A concrete footing protection block was cast at the toe of the wall at the early stages of construction to prevent the base of the wall from significantly pushing out. 2
3.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME Fig. 1 Typical cross-section of reinforced earth wall resting upon the semi infinite foundation strata 2.2 Soil in earth wall Three types of granular (c- φ ) soils are considered for the construction of the earth wall. The engineering properties of these three types of embankment (backfill) material are presented in Table 1. [31]. Table 1. The engineering properties of the backfill material. Sr. Soil Soil modulus, Poison’s ratio Unit weight, No. designation E (kPa) (m) γ ( KN/m3) 1 E1 1.00E+05 0.300 18.5 2 E2 5.00E+04 0.275 18.0 3 E3 1.00E+04 0.250 17.5 2.3 Soil in the Foundation Strata Six types of soil are considered in the foundation strata. The engineering properties of these six types of soil are presented in Table 2. [31]. Table 2. The engineering properties of the soils constituting foundation strata. Sr. No. Soil Soil modulus, Soil density, γ Poison’s ratio (m) designation E (kPa) 3 ( KN/m ) 1 2 3 4 5 1 F1 1.00E+02 16.5 For each value of ‘E’ 2 F2 1.00E+03 17.0 shown in column-03, three 3 F3 1.00E+04 17.5 values of Poison’s ratio of 4 F4 1.00E+05 18.0 foundation strata namely 5 F5 1.00E+06 18.5 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 are 6 F6 1.00E+07 19.0 considered. 3
4.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 2.4 Steel reinforcement The reinforcement considered in the analysis is galvanized iron strips of 4 cm wide and sectional area of 1.0 cm2 placed at 50 cm vertical spacing. The elastic properties of reinforcement assumed in the analysis are: modulus of elasticity (E) 200 GPa, and poison’s ratio (m) 0.30. [32-33]. 2.5 Fascia modular concrete blocks A vertical column of the modular concrete blocks as a fascia element is provided to support the reinforced system. The fascia element is 20.0cm thick with a concrete of the grade M25, hence its material properties are: E=2.5x107 kPa, γ =25 Kn/m3 and µ=0.15 [16]. 2.5 Surcharge loading (q) A uniform surcharge of magnitude 40 kPa for the considerations to the additional traffic road, extending over the full width of roadway is considered in the analysis [34]. 3. FINITE ELEMENT IDEALIZATION The software developed in FORTRAN for the analysis of reinforced earth retaining wall and tested for reported case histories in the literature is used to conduct the numerical analysis. The reinforced earth wall with modular fascia concrete blocks was idealized as two- dimensional and a plain-strain FE analysis was performed. From Fig. 1, it is easy to recognize that the system under consideration has a vertical axis of symmetry; hence, it is adequate to analyze only half section as shown in Fig. 2. The boundaries of the section being investigated are based on the following assumptions. i) The boundary defined by the vertical axis of symmetry represents a boundary with horizontal displacement being restrained. ii) The infinite domain of the foundation strata is curtailed vertically at a depth ‘D’, and the boundary so formed is assumed to be restrained horizontally as well as vertically. iii) The infinite lateral boundary of the foundation strata on the left is curtailed at a distance ‘L’, and resulting boundary is assumed to be restrained in horizontal direction. The zone so developed is idealized through square elements of size 0.5m by 0.5m. The backfill of earth wall and foundation soil have been discretized using 2D four nodded isoparametric plane strain quadrilateral element. The geometry nodal point locations, loading and the coordinate system for this element are shown in Fig. 3. Every element is defined by four nodal points having two degrees of freedom at each node, i.e. translation in X and Y directions. A unit thickness is assumed for the element. The material properties as a input for this element, for isotropic elastic case, are soil modulus ‘E’, Poison’s ratio ‘m’ and soil density ‘ γ ’. The reinforcing elements have been modeled as two-dimensional line element. It is uniaxial tension/compression element with two degrees of freedom at each node (Translation in nodal X and Y directions). No bending of element is considered. The element is defined by two nodal points. The cross sectional area, and material properties (E, m) are the input for this element. The displacement direction for the line element is assumed to be linear. The fascia element have the behavior of that of an articulated column, hence it is represented through two nodded elements with only axial mode of deformation. In addition for in depth investigation between the line elements representing the fascia elements and the adjoining wall surface, the interface elements are incorporated. As the fascia elements are line elements, 4
5.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME the poisons ratio (µ) does not appear in the formation of the element characteristics. Pilot run of the problems indicate that for a wide range of the interface moduli (Ks, Kn); the response is more or less unaffected. Hence the following typical values for them are assumed in the current investigations for the formulations of interface element i.e. Ks=90 kPa and Kn=60 kPa. It was found that, the common approach of providing equally spaced truncated reinforcement with reinforcement length (L) to wall height (H) ratio, L/H equal to 0.7, provides a relatively efficient distribution of reinforcement force. In contrast, the approach of varying reinforcement spacing in an attempt to mimic the horizontal stress distribution provided to be less efficient and is not recommended. Varying reinforcement length, i.e. reinforcement extended to the zero force line, did not provide any significant improvement in force distribution relative to the truncated reinforcement of L/H=0.7. Hence, in the current investigation, the minimum ratio L/H=0.7 is maintained [35-36]. Fig. 2 The details of symmetrical section considered in the analysis Fig. 3 Finite element idealization for reinforced wall system with modular concrete fascia blocks 5
6.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 3.1 Details of Idealization Scheme Full information of the idealized system, considered in analysis is presented in Table 3. The details of the four material types presented in Table 3 are, backfill material used for the construction of earth wall, foundation material assumed below the earth wall, the steel reinforcement used as reinforcement in the earth wall and the modular concrete blocks used to support the fascia of the wall. Table 3. Details of finite element idealization scheme Sr. H( b(m) Number of elements Total Tota Total N m) Backfi Foundati Reinfo Fascia wall no. of l no. no. of o. ll on r- Line Interfa eleme of bound cemen eleme ce nts node ary t nt eleme s nodes nt 1 7. 12.0 180 855 156 15 15 1221 1123 103 5 4. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS The reinforced earth wall is discretized as discussed in section 3. The parametric investigations are carried out by varying the properties (vide Table 1 and Table 2) of embankment and foundation strata. The response derived for deflected front face profile of wall for wall height 7.5m and roadway width 12.0m, considering self-weight of wall are presented in Figs. 4a-i. The modulus of elasticity of reinforcement equal to 200 GPa and sectional area of 1.0cm2 is kept constant for all investigations. The stiffness values of backfill and foundation are expressed in ‘kPa’ as shown in Figs. 4a-i. Each figure shows the variation of front face deflections for a particular value of stiffness (kPa) and Poison’s ratio of embankment and by varying the stiffness of foundation strata to seven types and keeping Poison’s ratio of foundation constant as shown in legend. The outward deflections from the vertical line of the wall at the base are plotted as negative values and inward deflections at the top are plotted as positive values. 8 Embankment 8 Embankment E=1.00E+05 E=1.00E+05 m=0.30 m=0.30 6 Foundation 6 Foundation Height of wall, m. Height of wall, m. m=0.30 m=0.35 E=1.00E+02 E=1.00E+02 4 4 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+04 E=1.00E+04 2 E=1.00E+05 2 E=1.00E+05 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+07 E=1.00E+07 0 0 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 Deflection, mm Deflection, mm (a) (b) 6
7.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 8 Embankment 8 Embankment E=1.00E+05 E=5.00E+04 m=0.30 m=0.275 6 Foundation 6 Foundation Height of wall, m. Height of wall, m. m=0.40 m=0.30 E=1.00E+02 E=1.00E+02 4 4 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+04 E=1.00E+04 2 E=1.00E+05 2 E=1.00E+05 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+07 E=1.00E+07 0 0 -5 0 5 -8 -4 0 4 8 Deflection, mm Deflection, mm (c) (d) 8 Embankment 8 Embankment E=5.00E+04 E=5.00E+04 m=0.275 m=0.275 6 Foundation 6 Foundation Height of wall, m. m=0.40 Height of wall, m. m=0.35 E=1.00E+02 E=1.00E+02 4 4 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+04 E=1.00E+04 2 E=1.00E+05 2 E=1.00E+05 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+07 E=1.00E+07 0 0 -8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8 Deflection, mm Deflection, mm (e) (f) 8 Embankment 8 Embankment E=1.00E+04 E=1.00E+04 m=0.25 m=0.25 Foundation Foundation 6 6 Height of wall, m. Height of wall, m. m=0.30 m=0.35 E=1.00E+02 E=1.00E+02 4 4 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+04 E=1.00E+04 2 E=1.00E+05 2 E=1.00E+05 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+06 E=1.00E+07 E=1.00E+07 0 0 -30 -15 0 15 30 -30 -15 0 15 30 Deflection, mm Deflection, mm (g) (h) Fig. 4 (a-i) Response details of front face deflected profile of earth wall for H=7.5m, b=12m 7
8.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 4.1 Wall resting on weak foundation The results presented in Figs. 4a-i, show that, so long as the foundation stiffness represented by the value of ‘E’ is less than that of backfill (i.e. wall resting on weak foundation), the vertical face of the wall deflects in a manner which is shown schematically in Fig. 5a. The deflected profile as shown in Fig. 5a. is characterized by inward deflection at the top of the wall and outward deflection at the base; thereby, it has point of rotation over the wall height. The profile shape is approximately parabolic and if, its theoretical details are required, then over the data, the parabolic expression could be fitted by considering the point of rotation and its location and the amount of deflection at the top and the base of the wall. Hence to define the complete behavior of deflected profile, it needs to define the maximum deflection at top and base and also the height of rotation. 8 Embankment 8 Embankment E=5.00E+04 E=5.00E+04 Height of wall, m m=0.275 m=0.275 Height of wall, m 6 6 Foundation Foundation m=0.40 m=0.40 4 4 2 2 E=1.00E+03 E=1.00E+07 0 0 -10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10 Deflection, mm Deflection, mm (a) (b) Fig. 5. Response of wall. (a) resting on weak foundation and (b) resting on strong foundation 4.2 Wall resting on strong foundation In case of the foundation soil having value of stiffness ‘E’ equal to or more than that of the reinforced backfill (i.e. wall resting on strong foundation), it is observed that, the deflection at the top is in the inward direction and significant and the deflection at the base is almost zero. Thereby, it has point of rotation over the wall height. The profile shape is approximately parabolic. The apex of the parabola defines the maximum outward deflection suffered by the wall (Fig. 5b). Hence for strong foundation to check the codal serviceability requirement, the deflections at top, deflection at bulge and its location is necessary. The maximum deflections at bulge and its location for various wall heights will be reported in the next paper (part-II). As reported in section 4, the analysis of reinforced earth wall is carried out for self-weight, is also carried out for a uniform surcharge of 40 kPa extending over a full width of the wall. The front face deflections at top and base and the height of rotation from base in percentage height are plotted in Figs. 6a-i, for the entire range of three types of embankment and seven types of foundations. In each Figure the stiffness and Poison’s ratio of embankment is kept constant. Front face deflections are plotted by varying the stiffness of foundation to six types. First three series shows the variation of front face deflections by varying Poison’s ratio of foundation to 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 for self-weight of the wall. Next three series shows the variation of front face deflections by varying the Poison’s ratio of foundation to 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 for a constant surcharge of 40 kPa extended over full width of the wall. 8
9.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 4 Embankment E=1.0E+05, m=0.30 3 m=0.30,q=0.00 Deflection, mm. m=0.35,q=0.00 2 m=0.40,q=0.00 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa 1 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa 0 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Foundation stiffness, kPa) (a) 8 Embankment E=5.0E+04, m=0.275 6 m=0.30,q=0.00 Deflection, mm. m=0.35,q=0.00 4 m=0.40,q=0.00 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa 2 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa 0 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Foundation stiffness, kPa (b) 40 Embankment E=1.0E+04, m=0.25 30 m=0.30,q=0.00 Deflection, mm. m=0.35,q=0.00 20 m=0.40,q=0.00 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa 10 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa 0 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Foundation stiffness, kPa (c) 9
10.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Embankment 0 E=1.0E+05, m=0.30 m=0.30,q=0.00 Deflection, mm. -2 m=0.35,q=0.00 m=0.40,q=0.00 -4 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa -6 Foundation stiffness, kPa (d) 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Embankment 0 E=5.0E+04, m=0.275 m=0.30,q=0.00 Deflection, mm. -2 m=0.35,q=0.00 -4 m=0.40,q=0.00 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa -6 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa -8 Foundation stiffness, kPa (e) 20 Embankment E=1.0E+04, m=0.25 10 m=0.30,q=0.00 Deflection, mm. m=0.35,q=0.00 0 m=0.40,q=0.00 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa -10 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa -20 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Foundation stiffness, kPa (f) 10
11.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 1 Embankment E=1.0E+05, m=0.30 0.8 m=0.30,q=0.00 Height, (%) 0.6 m=0.35,q=0.00 m=0.40,q=0.00 0.4 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa 0.2 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa 0 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Foundation stiffness, kPa (g) 1 Embankment E=5.0E+04, m=0.275 0.8 m=0.30,q=0.00 Height, (%) 0.6 m=0.35,q=0.00 m=0.40,q=0.00 0.4 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa 0.2 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa 0 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Foundation stiffness, kPa (h) 1 Embankment E=1.0E+04, m=0.25 0.8 m=0.30,q=0.00 Height, (%) 0.6 m=0.35,q=0.00 m=0.40,q=0.00 0.4 m=0.30,q=40.0 Kpa 0.2 m=0.35,q=40.0 Kpa m=0.40,q=40.0 Kpa 0 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Foundation stiffness, kPa (i) Fig. 6 Response details, (a, b, c) front face deflections at the top, (d, e, f) deflections the base, and (g, h, i) the height of rotation, for H=7.5m and b=12.0m. 11
12.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME The observations noted from Figs. 6a-i, show that, the response derived for the 7.50m wall height and 12.0m road width, for above parametric investigation, with self-weight as well as with a surcharge of 40.0 kPa remains same. But the magnitudes of inward front face deflections at top, in case of weak foundation increase by 30% to 40% due to surcharge and for strong foundation the front face deflections at top are also, inward and they increase 50% to 60%.due to surcharge. The outward front face deflections at base for weak foundation increase by 30% to 40%.due to surcharge and for strong foundation they tend to zero. For weak foundation, the front face deflections are sensitive to Poison’s ratio, but for strong foundation, they are insensitive to Poison’s ratio. The height of rotation which is expressed in terms of percentage wall height is observed to be almost constant for weak and strong foundation and it varies from 70% to 75% for self- weight of wall and 75% to 85% for a surcharge of 40kPa. 11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The physical data presented in this paper and the lessons learnt after investigating the response of a reinforced soil with segmental wall are of value to researchers engaged in developing better understanding of reinforced soil wall behavior. Specific important conclusions in this regard are summarized below. 1. When the wall resting on strong foundation, the rotation of reinforced earth wall is observed at a particular height, imparting inward deflection at the top of wall and outward deflection at the base of wall. 2. In case of wall resting on strong foundation also, the rotation of reinforced earth wall is observed at a particular height. But, inward deflection at the top of wall is significant and the deflection at the base of wall tends to zero. 3. In case of weak foundation, the response of the wall is sensitive to Poison’s ratio. The front face deflections are changing as the Poison’s ratio increases. But for strong foundation, the response is insensitive to Poison’s ratio. 4. Design correlations have been plotted using finite element method for three types of embankments and seven types of foundation strata for different parameters like, deflections at top, deflections at base, height of rotation.. This will help the designer to choose appropriate backfill and also, to ascertain the suitability of foundation for the construction of wall considering codal provisions regarding deformation limits at the front face of the wall. REFERENCES 1. B R Christopher and D Leshchinsky. ‘Design of geosynthetically reinforced slopes’. Proceedings of ASCE Geotechnical Engineering Congress, Boulder, 1991, pp. 988-1005. 2. A F Claybourn and J T H Wu. ‘Case history comparison of geoynthetic-reinforced soil walls’. Proceedings of Geosynthetic, 91 Conference, 1991, pp. 549-559. 3. R J Bathurst, W F Wawrychuk, P M Jarret. ‘Laboratory investigation of two large-scale geogrid reinforced soil walls’. In: Jarret, P. M., McGown, A. (Eds), The application of polymetric reinforcement in soil retaining structures. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1988, pp. 71-125. 12
13.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 4. R J Bathurst, D J Benjamin, P M Jarrett ‘.An instrumented geogrid reinforced soil wall’. Twelfth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, August 1989, Balkema, Rotterdam/ Brookfield, 1989, pp. 1223-1226. 5. R J Bathurst and D J Benjamin. ‘Failure of geogrid-reinforced soil wall’. Transportation Research Record 1288, pp. 109-116. 6. K Karpurapu and R J Bathurst. ‘Analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil wall by the finite element method’. Fourth International Conference on Numerical Models in Geomechanics: NUMOG 4, Swansea, U.K., 24-27 August 1992. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 1992, pp. 861-870. 7. J T H Wu. ‘Measured behaviour of the Denver walls’. International Symposium on Geosynthetic-Reinforced soil walls, Denver, Colrado, USA, 8-9 August 1991. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 1992a, pp. 31-42 8. J T H Wu. ‘Predicting performance of the Denver walls: General Report. International Symposium on Geosynthetic-Reinforced soil walls, Denver, Colorado, USA, 8-9 August 1991. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 1992b, pp. 3-20. 9. S K P Ho. ‘A numerical investigation in to the behaviour of reinforced soil walls’. Ph. D. Thesis, The University of Western Ontario, Londan, Ontario, Canada, 1993. 10. R K Rowe and S K P Ho. ‘A review of the behaviour of reinforced soil walls’. In: Ochiai, H., Hayashi, S., Otani, J. (Eds), Earth Reinforcement. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 1993, pp. 801-830. 11. R K Rowe and S K P Ho. ‘Some insights into reinforced wall behaviour on finite element analysis’. In: Ochiai, H., Yasufuku, N., Omine, K. (Eds), Earth Reinforcement. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, 1996, pp. 485-490. 12. R J Bathurst and M R Simac. ‘Geosynthetic reinforced segmental retaining wall structures in North America’. Fifth International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and related products, Singapore, 5-9 September 1994. Southeast Asia Chapter of the International Geotextiles Society, 1994, pp. 1275-1298. 13. R L Michalowski. ‘Limit analysis in stability calculations of reinforced soil structures’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 311-331. 14. S M B Helwany, G Reardon, J T H Wu. ‘Effects of backfill on the performance of GRS retaining walls’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 17, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1-6. 15. A Porbaha, A Zhao, M Kabayashi, T Tishida. ‘Upper bound estimate of scaled reinforced retaining walls’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 18, no. 6, 2000, pp. 403-413. 16. C S Desai and Khaled E. EI-Hoseiny. ‘Prediction of field behaviour of reinforced soil wall using advanced constitutive model’. J. of Geotech. and Geoenvironmential Engg., vol. 131, no. 6, 2005, pp. 729-739. 17. .K Hatami and R J Bathurst. ‘Numerical model to reinforced soil segmental walls under surcharge loading’. J. of Geotech. and Geoenvironmental Engg., vol. 132, no. 6, 2006, pp. 673-684. 18. G Q Yang, B Zhang, P Lv, Q Y Zhou. ‘Behaviour of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall with concrete-rigid facing’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 27, 2009, pp. 350- 356. 19. J Han and D Leshchinsky. ‘Analysis of back to back mechanically stabilized earth walls’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 28, 2010, pp. 262-267. 20. J R Bell, R K Barrett, A C Ruckman. ‘Geotextile earth-reinforced retaining wall tests: Glenwood Canyon, Colorado’. Transportation Research Record, PP. 59-69. 13
14.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 21. G R Schmertmann, S H Chew, J K Mitchell. ‘Finite element modeling of reinforced soil wall behaviour’. Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkely, Geotechnical Engineering Report No. UCB/GT/ 89-01, 1989. 22. D T Bergado, R Shivashankar, C L Sampaco, M C Alfaro, L R Anderson. ‘Behaviour of a welded wire wall with poor quality, cohesive-friction backfill on soft Bangkok clay: a case study’. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 28, pp. 860-880. 23. D T Bergado, N T L Menil, R Rimoldi, R S Douglas. ‘Performance of full scale embankment on soft Bangkok clay with geogrid reinforcement’. Fifth International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and related products, Singapore, 5-9 September 1994. Southeast Asia chapter of the International Geotextiles Society, 1994, pp. 1-4. 24. N N S Chau. ‘Performance of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls’. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., 1992. 25. E M Palmeria and L M Monte. ‘The behaviour of model reinforced walls on soft soils. Geosynthetics, 97, Long Beach California, USA, 11-13 March 1997’. Industrial Fabrics Association International, 1997, pp. 73-84. 26. J Otani, T Hirai, H Ochiai, S Shinowaki. ‘Evaluation of foundation support for geosynthetic reinforced soil wall on sloping ground’. Sixth International Conference on Geosynthetics, Atlanta, USA, 25-29 March 1998. Industrial Fabrics Association International, 1998, pp. 601-603. 27. R K Rowe and G D Skinner. ‘Numerical analysis of geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall constructed on a layered soil foundation’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 19, 2001, pp. 387-412. 28. D T Bergado, S Youwai, C Teerawattanasuk, P Visudmedanukul. ‘The interaction mechanism and behaviour of hexagonal wire mesh reinforced embankment with silty sand backfill on soft clay’. Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 30, 2003, pp. 517-534. 29. R K Rowe and G D Skinner. ‘Design and behaviour of a geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall and bridge abutment on a yielding foundation’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2005, vol. 23, 2005, pp. 234-260. 30. D T Bergado, C Teerawattanasuk. ‘2D and 3D numerical simulations of reinforced embankment on soft ground’. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 26, 2008, pp. 39-55. 31. T W Lambe and R V Whitman. ‘Soil Mechanics’. John Wiley, 1969, pp. 353-373. 32. R J Bathurst, T M Allen, D L Walters. ‘Reinforcement loads in geosynthetic walls and the case for a new working stress design method (Mercer Lecture)’. Geotextile Geomembrane, vol. 23, no. 4, 2005, pp. 287-322. 33. A Bayoumi, A Bobet, J Lee. ‘Pullout capacity of a reinforced soil in drained and undrained condition’. Finite Element in Analysis and Design, vol. 44, 2008, pp. 525-536. 34. IRC: 6- (1966). ‘Standard specifications and code of practice for roads and bridges, section II, loads and stresses, Reprint’. 1994, pp. 1-37. 35. Swami Saran, K G Gerg, R J Bathurst. ‘Retaining wall with reinforced cohesionless backfill’. J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, vol. 118, no. 12, 1992, pp. 1869-1889. 36. S K Ho and R K Row.’Effect of wall geometry on the behavior of reinforced soil walls’. Geotextile Geomembrane, vol. 14, no. 10, 1996, pp. 521-541. 37. V.K.Chakravarth, K.Ramu and M.R.Madhav, “Slope Stability Analysis of Basal Reinforced Embankment under Oblique Pull” International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume1, Issue1, 2010, pp. 1 - 14, Published by IAEME 14
15.
International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 38. S.R.Debbarma and S.Saha, “An Experimental Study on Growth of Time-Dependent Strain in Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slabs” International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume3, Issue2, 2012, pp. 108 - 122, Published by IAEME 39. Misam.A and Mangulkar Madhuri.N., “Structural Response of Soft Story-High Rise Buildings under Different Shear Wall Location” International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume3, Issue2, 2012, pp. 169 - 180, Published by IAEME 40. Wani Ahmad and Javed Ahmad Bhat, “Pre-Tensioned Precast Elements as A Replacement to Wooden Bracings in the Armature Cross Wall System: An Abstract Attempt to Revive the Forgotten Heritage” International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume3, Issue2, 2012, pp. 181 - 187, Published by IAEME 15
Baixar agora