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Implementation of maximal length sequences for
1.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ELECTRONICS AND International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), © IAEME COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET) ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Special Issue (November, 2013), pp. 286-292 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJECET ©IAEME IMPLEMENTATION OF MAXIMAL LENGTH SEQUENCES FOR IMT MULTI-CARRIER Gaurav Purohit1, Divya Vyas2, Kota Solomon Raju2, V.K Chaubey2 1PhD Scholar/Department of EEE, BITS- Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India 2Faculty/Computer Science, BKBIET, Pilani, Rajasthan, India 1er.gauravpurohit@gmail.com, 2er.divyapurohit@gmail.com ABSTRACT: This paper presents the implementation of Pseudorandom Binary Sequence (PRBS) i.e. Maximum Length Sequences (MLS) for International Mobile Telecommunications MULTI CARRIER (IMT-MC) i.e. CDMA2000 using MATLAB Simulink. The autocorrelation and cross correlation properties are studied and verified with simulation results and are found in close agreement. The MLS is mainly used as spreading code for 2G and 3G standard such as IS-95, CDMA2000 viz. EVDO, EVDV. KEYWORDS: CDMA, EVDO, EVDV, IMT-MC, LFSR, MLS I. INTRODUCTION The CDMA system is a 3GPP2 standard born out of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) International Mobile Telecommunications "IMT-2000" initiative, covering high speed, broadband, and Internet Protocol (IP) -based mobile systems. The concept of a "Partnership Project" was pioneered by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) early in 1998 with the proposal to create a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) focusing on Global System for Mobile (GSM) technology whereas 3GPP2 is the standardization group for CDMA2000 , the set of 3G standards based on the earlier 2G CDMA technology. CDMA systems employ several types of codes, each with a specific characteristic, to allow multiple users to communicate simultaneously. The code uniquely identifies users so that they are able to transmit information while limiting interference to each other. CDMA systems use codes, such as maximal length sequences and Walsh codes, both in the forward and reverse links to have more users and to provide a higher Quality of Service (QoS). Maximum length Sequences (MLS) are used to multiplex and spread the data to be transmitted, depending on the different usage approach for each link direction i.e. forward and reverse. Mobile stations also use these sequences to identify Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) within the network. [1] They are known by Maximum length or N Sequence because they are the longest sequences that can be generated by a certain arrangement of shift registers or delay elements. MLS are also called pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) where the word ‘pseudo’ because International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 286
2.
International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), © IAEME it is deterministic and after N elements it starts to repeat itself unlike real random sequences e.g. white noise and ‘random’ in a sense that the value of an element is independent of the values of any of the other elements of its set. The sequence is not truly random in that it is completely determined by a relatively small set of initial values, called the PRNG's state, which includes a truly random seed. A random seed (or seed state, or just seed) is a number or a vector used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator. The choice of a good random seed is crucial for security and if the same random seed is deliberately shared, it becomes a secret key which can be used to synchronize remote systems, such as transmitters and receivers. II. LFSR AND ITS VARIANTS A linear feedback shift register (LFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a linear function of its previous state. Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the exclusive-or (XOR) a commonly used linear function of some bits of the overall shift register value. The initial value of the LFSR is called the seed (anything except all 0s, which would cause the LFSR to produce all 0 patterns) and because the operation of the register is deterministic, the stream of values produced by the register is completely determined by previous/current state. When the outputs of the flip-flops are loaded with a seed value and LFSR is clocked, it will generate a pseudorandom pattern of 1s and 0s. However, an LFSR with a well-chosen feedback function can produce a sequence of bits which appears random and which has a very long cycle. So LFSR are extremely good pseudorandom pattern generators.[2], [3] Fig.1: TheLinear feedback shift register [2] III. Fig.2: The variants of the LFSR THE GALOIS LFSR REPRESENTATION An LFSR in Galois configuration as shown in Fig. 3, which is also known as modular, internal XORs as well as one-to-many LFSR, is an alternate structure that can generate the same output stream as a conventional LFSR but offset in time. Galois LFSRs do not concatenate every tap to produce the new input thus it is possible for each tap to be computed in parallel, increasing the speed of execution. In a software implementation of an LFSR, the Galois form is more efficient as the XOR operations can be implemented a word at a time only the output bit must be examined individually. International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 287
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International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), © IAEME Fig.3 : The Galois LFSR with e.g. Polynomial x16+ x 14 + x13 + x11 +1 IV. Fig. 4: The Fibonacci LFSR with e.g. Polynomial x16+ x 14 + x13 + x11 +1 FIBONACCI LFSR REPRESENTATION This LFSR configuration is also known as standard many-to-one or external XOR gates. As an alternative to the XOR based feedback in an LFSR, one can also use XNOR. As shown in Fig. 4. A state with all ones is illegal when using an XNOR feedback, in the same way as a state with all zeros is illegal when using XOR. The LFSR will only be maximum-length if the number of taps is even just 2 or 4 taps can suffice even for extremely long sequences. V. THE MLS AND CDMA 2000 A maximal-length LFSR produces the maximum number of PRPG patterns possible and has a pattern count equal to 2n-1, where n is the number of register elements in the LFSR. It produces patterns that have an approximately equal number of 1’s and 0’s and have an equal number of runs of 1’s and 0’s.As shown in Fig. 5 information bits from CDMA channels are spreaded using spreading code at rate 1.2288 Mcps. The polynomial used in CDMA2000 is 42 bits long as shown in equation 1. [1] The long code is a 4398046511103chips long MLS (2421 chips) generated by a 42-stage shift-register circuit described by the polynomial in equation 1. The transmission rate of this sequence is 1.2288 Mcps, resulting in one repetition of the sequence every 42 days, 10 hours, 12 minutes and 19.4 seconds approximately. The starting point of the sequence is the first ‘1’ after all 41 consecutive ‘0s’. All mobile stations and BTS channel elements have a long code generator. After the MS initialization state, the MS and its best server BTS have their long codes synchronized. A unique PNLC is used within the entire network however; masks of bits are applied to the sequence to reflect user-specific characteristics, as in Figs. 5, 6 illustrates the MLS generator and the offset mask application. The masks vary according to the function of the long code.[4][5] p(x) = x42 + x35 + x33+ x31+ x27+ x26+ x25+ x21+ x19 + x18 + x17+ x16 + x10+ x7+ x5+ x3+ x2+ x1+ 1 (1). Long code sequences can be used, for example, for privacy (message scrambling) on forward and reverse links and for identification of mobiles and access channels on the reverse link. There are two types of Long Code (LC) masks defined by CDMA standards, Public Long Code Offset Mask Private Long Code Offset Mask International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 288
4.
International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), © IAEME Fig. 5: The MLS generator with polynomial as shown in equation1 for CDMA IS-95 and cdma2000-(1x rate) [1] Fig. 6: The MLS generator for CDMA IS-95 and cdma2000-(1x rate) using MATLAB SIMULINK VI. M-SEQUENCE PROPERTIES An m-bit register produces an m-sequence of period 2m-1. An m-sequence contains exactly 2 (m-1) ones and 2(m-1)-1 zeros. [4] The modulo-2 sum of an m-sequence and another phase (i.e. Time-delayed version) of the same sequence yields yet a third phase of the sequence. Define a run of length are to be a sequence of r consecutive identical numbers, bracketed by non-equal numbers. Then in any m-sequence there are, 1 run of ones of length m. 1 run of zeros of length m-1. 1 run of ones and 1 run of zeros, each of length m-2. 2 runs of ones and 2 run of zeros, each of length m-3. 4 runs of ones and 4 run of zeros, each of length m-4. 2m-3 runs of ones and 2m-3 run of zeros, each of length 1. International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 289
5.
International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), © IAEME A sliding window of length m, passed along an m-sequence for 2m-1 position, will span every possible m-bit number, except all zeros, once and only once. That is, every state of an m-bit state register will be encountered, with the exception of all zeros. Other interesting facts regarding m-sequences and feedback sets that produce them include the following: If the order of the feedback taps (as defined in Figs. 3 and 4) is reversed, the resulting sequence will be the time reversal of the original sequence, and will also be an msequence. The feedback set for any given m-sequence consists of an even number of taps, never odd. VII. Correlation Characteristics And Results The similarity between a function F(t) and itself at a different time (phase offset) is known as auto-correlation and is quantified by the Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) as shown in equation 2. ACF for a PN sequence can be understood as the chip-by-chip comparison of a sequence (length L) with shifted versions of itself (offsets from 1 to L), as in equation 3. (2) ACF = CC – NCC (3) Where: CC = number of Coinciding Chips between sequence.NCC = number of Non-Coinciding Chips between sequence. Table 1: Auto-correlation function for an MLS of length L =7 and N = 3 Table -1 shows ACF results when comparing an MLS of length L = 7 and itself with different phase offsets. For non-zero offset, the number of non-coinciding chips always exceeds the number of coinciding chips by one, regardless of the offset. The maximum value (autocorrelation spikes) of the ACF is obtained only when both sequences being compared have the same phase. International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 290
6.
International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), © IAEME Fig.7: MATLAB Script generated ACF Fig.8: CCF (Cross Correlation Function) Fig.9: The starting point of the sequence is the first ‘1’ after all 41 consecutive ‘0s’ (Property: 1 runs of ones of length m.) Fig. 10: The PRBS Sequence VIII. Conclusion In this paper, the Long code generator has been implemented using MATLAB SIMULINK with rate 1 for CDMA2000 3G services. The purpose of this paper was to study the properties viz. ACF and CCF for spreading code i.e. MLS. The MLS is mainly used as spreading code for 2G and 3G standard such as IS -95, CDMA2000 viz. EVDO, EVDV. International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 291
7.
International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), © IAEME IX. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Mrs. Anu Gupta, HOD, Department of EEE, BITS-Pilani. This work is published with the support of CSIR (MHRD, DELHI) SRF Fellowship. REFERENCES [1] Physical layer Specification for CDMA2000 spread spectrum system.Available (online) https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3gpp2.org%2Fpublic_html%2Fs pecs%2FC.S0002-D_v1.0_021704.pdf [2] A linear feedback shift registers. Available online www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Linear_feedback_shift_register.htm. [3] L. Korowajczuk, B.D.S.A. Xavier, A.M.F. Filho, L.Z. Ribeiro, C. Korowajczuk& L.A. DaSilva “Designing cdma2000 systems”, (John Wiley & sons, 2004). [4] Linear Feedback Shift Registers (Implementation, M-Sequence,Properties,Feedback,Tables) Available (online) http://www.newwaveinstruments.com/resources/articles/m_sequence_linear_feedback_shift_ register_lfsr.htm. [5] MATLAB users’ guide, Available (online) http://www.mathworks.in/help/index.html BIOGRAPHY Gaurav Purohit was born in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India in 1986. He received the B.E degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering in 2006. He received his M.E. in communication system and is currently pursuing PhD with SRF scholarship and his research interests focus on VLSI, DSP and digital design. Divya Vyas was born in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India in 1986. She received the B.E degree in Information and technology from Rajasthan University in 2007. She is currently working as faculty in CS/IT department, BKBIET, Pilani, Rajasthan, and her research interests focus on Verilog and C language with digital design International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 292
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