This document discusses the simulation of a photovoltaic power system in Matlab/Simulink. It analyzes the system with and without maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The simulation shows that the power output is more stable when using MPPT control compared to without MPPT control. It also analyzes how varying solar intensity and temperature affect the power output. The power output increases with higher solar intensity but decreases with higher temperature. The MPPT control helps maintain power output closer to the maximum power point despite changing conditions.

1. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 91-97 © IAEME
91
ENERGY AMELIORATION AND SIMULATION IN A MATLAB/SIMULINK”
ENVIRONMENT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR
Abraham Kanmognea*
, Oumarou Hamandjodaa
, Boaz Wadawaa
, Jean Nganhoua
.
a
Laboratoire d’Energétique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique, BP 8390 Yaoundé,
Cameroun
ABSTRACT
The study of the influence of solar parameters in the improvement of what about photovoltaic
energy is the subject of this article. Solar intensity is highest at latitude of 18.88 °. This leads to a
high value of illumination hence maximizing the electric power of a photovoltaic system. The
simulation of a photovoltaic system providing energy to a Telecentre in Ngaoundéré and modeled by
a resistive load in Matlab/Simulink for two different configurations: One with a Maximum Power
Point Tracking adapter (MPPT) and the other without MPPT showed the stability of the power
delivered by a photovoltaic system with MPPT control.
Keywords: Photovoltaic Generator, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Meteorological
Parameters, Electrical Power.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, people in developing countries are increasingly becoming aware of the
important role that renewable energy can play in overcoming energy shortage and in their socio
economic development. The use of solar energy is very popular due to its potential which is about
1000 W/m2
[1], not leaving out the fact that it’s free anda non-pollutant. Its exploitation from
photovoltaic cells provides electricity to isolated locations and for different applications such as
Health needs, irrigation, lighting, telecommunications, etc. The exploitation of solar energy plays an
important role in information and communication technologies which is a key factor in the
promotion of education and socio-economic development of a country. However, with six billion
people on the planet and only about 800 million existing telephone lines, it is likely that more than
half the world's population has not yet made a telephone call, has no access to the Internet [2] etc. In
an effort to bring information and communication technologies closer to the local populations,
commonly known as telecentre, the optimization of photovoltaic solar energy as their energy source
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is a determining factor. In that light, our work focuses on finding the optimum orientation of solar
panels during the year and the simulation of a Photovoltaic Generator with an analogue MPPT
control in the "MATLAB/SIMULINK" environment, with the goal of increasing and stabilising the
power output of photovoltaic systems for a better use of solar energy. Thus, this model allows us to
have the point of maximum power and its stabilization. We hypothesize that the maximum
photovoltaic solar power transmitted depends on solar parameters like illumination and temperature,
as well as the orientation of the solar panels. The daily illumination curve is approximated by a sine
function.
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1. Material
The material used in the context of our work consists of a photovoltaic module, a Cuk
converter, an inverter, a resistive load which symbolizes the telecentre, a computer, MATLAB
Version 7.5. The Photovoltaic module used for the simulation has as reference MSX-60 [3] with
characteristics as shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Characteristic parameters of the photovoltaic module MSX-60
Imp Vmp Pmax ISC VOC KV KI NS A Rp RS
3.5 A 17.1 V 60 W 3.8 V 21.1 V -0.12 V/K 0.0032 A/K 36 1.3 415.4 0.22
2.2. Method
The determination of the sun's altitude and azimuth will permit us to calculate the solar
declination so as to choose the optimum orientation of solar panels. Irrespective of the inclination,
the solar panel is always facing south to allow maximum reception of radiation [4]. While varying
the angle of inclination, we calculate the monthly solar energy captured by the solar panel, then we
determine the average annual luminous intensity for each angle in the region of Ngaoundéré located
at latitude 7.15° in the northern hemisphere. The orientation of the panels is defined by three angles:
Inclination i, which depends on the latitude of the place and declination δ and azimuth Y measured
from the South. For the simulation of a photovoltaic generator, the model takes into account the
meteorological parameters of the location, the characteristics of the module and the load which
modelled with a resistor representing the Ngaoundéré community telecentre.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Monthly illuminance as a function of the inclination of the photovoltaic panel
The values of the monthly illumination calculated are shown in Table 2 [4].
Table 2: Monthly illumination as a function of the angle i in Ngaoundéré.
i (°C) Illumination ( KWh/m2
)
Jan Feb Marc Apri May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Novem Decem
1.3 7.47 7.31 7.04 6.71 6.45 6.27 6.23 6.34 6.56 6.87 7.19 7.42
4.58 7.66 7.47 7.13 6.72 6.52 6.34 6.31 6.40 6.56 6.91 7.30 7.59
7.15 7.79 7.55 7.17 6.71 6.47 6.36 6.34 6.39 6.54 6.93 7.38 8
10.44 7.94 7.65 7.21 6.68 6.47 6.40 6.36 6.42 6.50 6.93 7.19 7.84
13.01 8.04 7.72 7.23 6.65 6.44 6.41 6.40 6.42 6.46 6.92 7.5 7.93
18.88 8.22 7.83 7.24 6.54 6.36 6.40 6.40 6.38 6.33 6.87 7.57 8.1
24.7 8.28 7.87 7.18 6.37 6.22 6.33 6.35 6.28 6.14 6.75 6.56 7.90
The graph in figure 1, obtained from values in Table 2, shows that the illumination is
maximum for i = 18.88; where i is the angle of inclination.

3. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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5 10 15 20
6.8
6.85
6.9
6.95
7
7.05
X: 4.58
Y: 6.9
X: 7.15
Y: 6.97
X: 10.45
Y: 6.96
X: 13.02
Y: 7.01
X: 18.88
Y: 7.02
X: 24.75
Y: 6.93
X: 1.3
Y: 6.83
Figure 1: Average annual illumination for inclination i
3.2. Modelling of the photovoltaic generator (PVG)
Ngaoundéré, where the PVG is installed has a room temperature between 22 and 28°C, and
an annual average temperature of 25°C [5, 6]. The temperature of the photovoltaic module is given
by:
(1)
Where:
Ta is the average ambient temperature of the medium in the year;
Tm is the average module temperature (°C);
the average illuminance corresponding to i=18.88°;
ambient reference temperature which is 20°C under standard conditions;
Garef: ambient reference illumination which is 800 W/m2
under standard conditions;
NOCT: The operating temperature of the cell which is the temperature reached by an encapsulated
module subjected to an illumination of 800 W/m². It is about 45 °C. The value of Tm is 25.2 °C and
corresponds to a module in mono-crystalline silicon.
The model of the photovoltaic generator is a function of its equivalent electrical circuit. Several
models of the photovoltaic generator are found in literature which differs in the number of
parameters involved in the calculation of the voltage and current of the photovoltaic generator. Thus,
there is a model with a single diode and a model with two diodes. We used the single diode model in
this study because it is the most widely used. The photovoltaic module is characterized by its
equivalent circuit diagram (Figure 2) which consists of a current source which models the conversion
of luminous flux into electrical energy, a shunt resistance RP representing the leakage current of the
junction, a series resistor RS representing the various resistors and contacts, and a diode in parallel
which models the PN junction [3].
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit diagram of the Model [3]
Inclination i
G(KWh/m²)

4. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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The current generated by the module is given by:
(2)
Where: IPV is the photovoltaic current and I0 the saturation current.
is the thermodynamic potential with: NS, the number of cells connected in series, K is
Boltzmann's constant (1.380 × 10 -23 JK ⁻¹), q is the electron charge (1.602 × 10 -19
C), T the
junction temperature, a is the idealistic constant of the diode, Rp ( ) is the resistance of the shunt
characterising the junction leakage current.
The photovoltaic current is given by:
(3)
where IPV is the photovoltaic current under standard conditions (25 °C and 1000 W/m²), ∆T=T-Tn, T
and Tn are respectively the actual and the standard temperatures ( in Kelvin ), G ( W/m²) is the
illuminance at the surface of the module and G n, the standard illuminance. The saturation current is
given by:
(4)
Where Eg is the energy gap of the semiconductor (Eg = 1.12 eV for crystalline silicon at 25 °C) and
I0,n, the standard saturation current:
(5)
ISC ,n is the nominal short-circuit current and VOC ,n, the nominal open circuit voltage.
I0 can be expressed including in I0, n, the current coefficients (KI) and voltage (kV)
(6)
3.3. Photovoltaic module adapted by an analog MPPT control
For a photovoltaic generator to operate under optimal conditions, it must have a matching
quadruple which is a DC- DC converter (chopper) booster or reducing transformer depending on the
application. When the system supplies a resistive load and the external conditions change (light and
temperature), the adaptation of the PV generator to the load is through this converter. The problem is
to see the influence of Maximum Power Point Tracking adapter (MPPT) on the output quantities
(power, voltage, current) of a photovoltaic generator when it supplies a load. The objective here is to
simulate with the SIMULINK / MATLAB software, a photovoltaic system whose operation is
controlled by an analog MPPT control. MPPT control used in our study is from the work of
Abdelhak AZIZ [7].
3.3.1. Influence of resistive load on the Photovoltaic system without MPPT control
Figure 3 shows the simulated output power of the PV generator without MPPT control for the
conditions (G = 1000 W/m2
, T = 25 ° C and R = 50 ) .

5. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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Figure 3: Features of the simulated output power of the PV generator without MPPT
3.3.2. Influence of resistive load on the Photovoltaic system with MPPT control
Figure 4 shows the simulated power with MPPT order and with the same settings as before
(G = 1000 W/m2
, T = 25 °C and R = 50 )
Figure 4: Simulated power curve across the load for system with MPPT
For a period of 20 ms, the MPPT control oscillates operating point around the maximum
power point (MPPT) which is 19.06 W. We note an output power of the PV generator with MPPT
control to be less than that of the PV generator control without MPPT control. This is normal because
the adapter dissipates energy.
3.3.3. Influence of meteorological parameters (illuminance, temperature) on the output power
of the PV system
The variation of the solar power received by the photovoltaic generator yielded the simulated
electrical values shown in Table 3. The simulated electrical Output quantities of the generator
increase with the solar power received.
Table 3: Electrical quantities simulated as a function of the illuminance
Illuminance G
(W/m2
)
Current (A) Voltage (V) Power (W)
800 0.5072 25.36 12.86
600 0.3804 19.02 7.36
400 0.2536 12.68 3.216
On the other hand, the higher the temperature of the panels, the lower the simulated output
power of the photovoltaic generator. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show respectively the simulated curve of
the power terminals of the load with MPPT control and without the MPPT control for 1000 W/m2
of
illuminance, a temperature of 30 °C and a load of 50 .
P(W)
t(s)
P(W)
t(s)

6. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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Figure 5: Characteristics of the simulated power for the system without MPPT at T = 30°C
Figure 6: Characteristics of the simulated power for the system with MPPT at T = 30 ° C
The values of the simulated power across the load for the temperatures 25 °C and 30 °C of
the photovoltaic generator are contained in Table 4.
Table 4: Simulated electrical power as a function of temperature
Temperature (°C) System configuration Simulated power (W)
25
Without MPPT 21
With MPPT 19.06
30
Without MPPT 19.38
With MPPT 18.36
The set of simulation results are those of a control system or system regulation. The expected
qualities of these results are generally stability, precision and rapidity. In a simplified approach, a
system is considered stable if, for a finite amplitude variation of the ordered value or a perturbation,
the measure of the quantity to be mastered stabilizes to a finite value. By observing Figures 4 and 6,
signals are dampened after a 20 ms response time and stabilize at power of 19.06 W and 18.36 W
respectively. It can be deduced that the photovoltaic generator with MPPT control is very stable. The
curves without MPPT power system (Figs. 3 and 5) and with MPPT (Figs. 4 and 6) have a gap
between them of approximately 5 %, the losses are attributed to the components of the adjustment
device of the load. This insignificant gap enables us to say that the system with MPPT control is
accurate. This is in agreement with the theoretical prediction shown [8,9]. The response time of the
figures presented above is in the order of milliseconds, while the one shown in [8,9] for fast digital
systems is in the order of a few seconds [10]. A system with MPPT control is faster.
t(s)
P(W)
t(s)
P(W)

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4. CONCLUSION
A study of the influence of the illuminance and temperature on the electrical output variables
of a photovoltaic generator was carried out. A simulation of the photovoltaic generator with and
without MPPT control was made. The results obtained show that the electric power supplied by a
photovoltaic generator is a function of the temperature of the solar panels and the sunlight received.
The electrical power supplied by the photovoltaic generator is optimal for an angle of inclination of
the panels of 18.88 °C, which corresponds to the maximum reception level of the solar radiation on
the panel. The photovoltaic generator with MPPT control is more stable and faster.
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