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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 97-105 © IAEME
97
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF POROUS
ASPHALT MIXTURE WITH FIBER STABILISATION
Muh. Nashir T1
, Herman Parung2
, Nur Ali3
, Tri Harianto4
1
Doctoral Student Graduate School of Civil Engineering Department Hasanuddin University
2,3, 4
Lecturer of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University
ABSTRACT
The road surface layer with open graded mixture (porous asphalt mixture) has been
developed in order to allow water to pass through the pores in the pavement to drain into the sewer.
The porous asphalt mixture provides more pores capable of storing more asphalt which will provide
more pliability for asphalt concrete. The study aims to investigate the performance of pavement of
porous asphalt mixture using petroleum asphalt (pen.60/70) and polymer modified binder stabilised
with polypropylene. The use of both types of asphalt mixed with polypropylene is to make it more
viscous as to thicken the laminating cover of the surface which will serve as hinges that would secure
better layer pliability. The analysis of the performance of porous asphalt mixture was carried out
with Marshall Method andparameter tests such stability, cantabro loss, porosity, permeability, and
binder drain down and (new to the study) penetration index. The study reveals that the value of
stability of the polymer asphalt mixture is 833.78 kg, higher than that of the petroleum asphalt which
is 685.85 kg and the cantabro loss (CL)value is 11.62%, lower than that of the petroleum asphalt
which is 13.15%. The study concludes that the performance of porous asphalt mixed with polymer
experience a significant increase compared to that of petroleum asphalt (pen 60/70) and the
polypropylene fiber addition to both mixtures shows an increase in asphalt penetration index with
positive value of IP causing the asphalt possessing good stiffness modulus index and resistant to
plastic deformation.
Keywords: Porous Asphalt Mixture, Polymer, Polypropylene.
1. INTRODUCTION
The construction of the pavement of porous asphalt mixture is one of the alternatives of
flexible pavement allowing water to penetrate vertically and horizontally the surface layer then
channels them through the pavement drainage. Open gradation provides tolerance in each amount
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 97-105
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98
and size of stone so as to result in pores and better pliability (Suhartono, 2010). Porous asphalt
mixture is a specifically planned mixture for road pavement when applied in the field sooner after the
spreading and hardening may contain pores between 15 to 25%. Larger percentage of pores
constitutes the drainage network in the pavement layer to drain water to the side channels.Such
mixture has been developed in several countries to provide safety and convenience when driving.
National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) in 2003 had promoted Open Graded Friction
Course (OGFC) as a new generation of flexible pavement. The study indicates a good result with
pore content of 18%. Porous asphalt mixture has a lot of advantages for the road users and the
environment such as drainage function and safety road travel (Sugeng B., 2003). According to
Setiawan (2005) asphalt porous mixture of pavement layer is open graded spread on water proof
asphalt layer. This porous asphalt layer can provide safety effectively particularly during the rainy
season to prevent aquaplaning. Besides, porous asphalt layer better surface roughness which will
reduce noise. Porous asphalt mixture has an excellent absorptive function supported by its porosity
nature therefore there should be a specific study on its absorption capacity. (Nur Ali, 2012). Kuijpers
A. and Bolkland V.(2000) carried out a study of optimum modelling of porous asphalt pavement
which was capable of reducing noise 1 to 2 dB(A).The porous asphalt pavement in the road section
of Ezeiza – Canuelas, Argentina in 2001 used open graded maximum size of aggregate 19mm
resulting in pores between 22% – 25%, while the hydraulic conductivity was far better reducing
surface noise and a high friction properties (Pablo. E.B, 2001). The same study has been carried out
by Raaberg J, et al (2002). The problem with porous asphalt pavement lies in structural value of the
pavement such as low stability value as compared to solid pavement. The efforts to increase the
strength ofporous asphalt pavement completeness to made one of them is by fiber stabilisation of the
porous asphalt pavement. The type and size of fiber have to be modifiable to increase the
performance of the stability of the mixture and to hinder the speed of crackingpavement. The fiber
materials in the road pavement are believed by some researchers to be able to increase the
pavement’s performance. Jiang et al conducting a study in 1993 stated that polypropylene was
capable of reducing reflective crack in asphalt pavement. The study in general used fiber in the
pavement with tight gradation therefore it is possible to use fiber in porous asphalt mixture.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Open Graded Porous Asphalt
Pavement with open graded porous asphalt mixture has been introduced in several countries,
most of all in the United States of America. Iowa Stormwater Management(2009) and UNHC (2007)
recommended gradation of OGFC (open graded fraction course) as seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Gradation of Porous Asphalt Mixture
Source : Iowa Stormwater Management (2009)
Sieve Size Gradation (%pass)
¾ - 19,0 mm 100
½ - 12,7 mm 85-100
3/8 - 9,5 mm 55-75
No.4 / 4,75 mm 10-25
No.8 / 2,36 mm 5-10
No.200/0,075 mm 2-4

99
2.2. The Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture
The performance of porous asphalt mixture is obtained though Marshall Test covering the
performance of stability, Marshall Quotient, and Marshall Immersion as seen in Table 2:
Table 2. Marshall Performance Standard of Porous Asphalt Mixture
Performance Standard
Stability > 500
Flow 2-6 mm
Void in Mix 10% - 25%
Marshal Quotient >200 kg/mm
Source : Specification for porous asphalt, Australian road standard, 2002
The standard required is related to the standard functional performance of porous asphalt
mixture as seen in Table 3:
Table 3. Specification Standardof Porous Asphalt
Criteria Standard
Permeability > 0,01 cm/second
Porosity 10-30%
Cantabro Loss <15%
Binder Drain Down <0,3%
Source: Specification for porous asphalt, Australian road standard, 2002
III. STUDY RESULT
3.1 The Aggregate Test Result
The test result of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and stone ash fulfils the specification
standard therefore they are usable for the mixture of porous asphalt whose recapitulation can be seen
in Table 4:
Tabel 4. Recapitulation of Aggregate Characteristic Test Result
No Characteristics
Test
Standard
Requirements Result Remark
A. Coarse Aggregate
1 Water Absorption SNI 03-1969-1990 max. 3% 1,76% Sufficient
2 Specific Gravity SNI 03-1970-1990 min. 2.5gr/cc 2,612 Sufficient
3
Abrasion Los Angeles
Machine
SNI 03-2417-1991 max. 40% 21,63% Sufficient
4
Aggregate Stickiness
against Asphalt
SNI 03-2439-1991 min. 95% 98% sufficient
5 Lamellar Particles ASTM D-4791 max. 25% 18,93% Sufficient
B. Fine Aggregate
1 Water Absorption SNI 03-1969-1990 max. 3% 2,43% Sufficient
2 Specific Gravity SNI 03-1970-1990 min. 2.5 2,548 Sufficient
3 Sand Equivalent Value AASHTO T-176 min. 50% 74,51% Sufficient
C. Stone Ash
1 Specific Gravity SNI 03-970-1990 - 2,528 Sufficient

100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
%PASSING
NUMBER OF SIEVE
GRAFIC COMBINED OF AGGREGATE POROUS ASPHALT
From the result of aggregate combination comes the graph that fulfils the existing tolerant
limits. On the result of the gradation design is performed mix design and test bricket is established
with asphalt content variations of 4.5% to 6.5%.
Figure 1. Combined Gradation
3.2. The Test Result of Asphalt Physical Characteristics
The asphalt materials used in the study are petroleum-based asphalt pen.60/70 and Grade E-
55 type of polymer asphalt. The sensitivity of asphalt against the changing temperature can be easily
identifiable when the characteristics of asphalt are expressed in penetration index (PI). The PI value
of asphalt is between -3 and +7. The asphalt with high PI value will result in asphalt mixture which
has stiffness and resistance modulus against high deformation. (Shell, 1995). The complete result of
the asphalt 60/70 and polymer tests can be seen in the following Table 5 and 6:
Table 5. Physical Test Result of Asphalt 60/70 Penetration
No Test
Polypropylene
Fiber Variation (%)
Asphalt
Modification
Requirement
Remark
0% 0,50% 1%
1.
Penetration before
Weight Loss
64,6 67,4 71,7 50-80 0,1 mm
2. Softening Point 49,54 48 48,5 Min. 48 °C
3.
Dactility
(25°C, 5 cm/minute)
150 128,5 100,5 Min. 50 cm
4.
Solubility in Triclor
Ethylene(C2HCL3)
99,57 99,27 99,03 Min. 99 %heavy
5. Nayala Point(COC) 297,27 284,77 282 Min. 225 °C
6. Specific Gravity 1,033 1,0333 1,0299 Min. 1,0
7.
Weight loss 163°C, 5 jam
(TFOT)
0,31 0,07 0,09 Max. 0,8 % Original
8.
Penetration after
Weight Loss
78,79 82,01 73,91 Min. 54 % Original
9.
Ductility after
Weight Loss
82 56,09 51,74 Min. 50 %

101
Table6. The Test Result of Polymer Asphalt(grade E-55)
No Test
Polypropylene
Fiber Variation(%)
Require-
ment
0% 0,50% 1%
1. Penetration Before Weight Loss (mm) 60,7 62,1 65,7 50-80
2. Softening Point 53 52 51 Min. 50
3.
Ductility
(25°C, 5 cm/minute)
150 150 134 Min. 50
4. Solubility Triclor Ethylene(C2HCL3) 99,55 99,12 99,76 Min. 99
5. Nayala Point (COC) 320,88 312,55 287,55 Min. 225
6. Specific Gravity 1,038 1,04 1,042 Min. 1,0
7. Weight Loss163°C, 5jam (TFOT) 0,02 0,212 0,428 Max. 0,8
8. Penetration after weight loss 82,7 82,61 82,34 >54%
9. Ductility after weight loss 96% 94,66% 85,05% Min. 54
Tables 5 and 6 reveal the result of physical tests of petroleum-based asphalt 60/70 and
polymer asphalt. They indicate that the results have fulfilled the standard of the existing
specifications. Both types of asphalt can be used in the porous asphalt mixture or open graded.
3.3. Penetration Index (PI) Analysis
The penetration index in Figure 2 is -0.60 in 100% content of petroleum-based asphalt (no
added fiber) while in the fiber-added variation in Figure 3 the penetration index changes to -0.50. In
Figure 4, Polymer asphalt with 1% fiber added indicates a penetration index of +0.20. The results
prove that the penetration index is positive and that the performance of the asphalt shows stiffness
and endurance moduli against deformation.
Figure 2. PI Petroleum Asphalt Figure 3. PI Petroleum Asphalt
(fiber 0%) (fiber 1%)

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Stabilility(kg)
Permeability (cm/dt)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Stability(kg)
Porosity (%)
Figure 4. PI
3.4. Comparison of the type of asphalt
The performance of porous asphalt pavement measured from several parameters such as
stability, permeability, cantabro loss, and
required. Figure 5 to 13 show comparison of type asphalt (asphalt pe.60/70, asphal pen.60/70 + 1%
fiber and polymer asphalt + 1% fiber) on standard
Figure 5. Stability vs Permeability
Figure 7. Stability vs Porosity
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 97-105 © IAEME
102
0.35 0.40
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 5 10 15 20
Stability(kg)
Cantabro Loss (%)
25 30
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0 5 10 15 20
Permeability(cm/dt)
Porosity (%))
PI Polymer Asphalt (optimum fiber 1%)
of asphalt used on standard parameters of porous asphalt
cantabro loss, and binder drain down has to fulfil standard specification as
5 to 13 show comparison of type asphalt (asphalt pe.60/70, asphal pen.60/70 + 1%
fiber and polymer asphalt + 1% fiber) on standard parameters of porous asphalt mixture.
Stability vs Permeability Figure 6. Stability vs Cantabro loss
Stability vs Porosity Figure 8. Permeability vs Porosity
25 30
25 30
asphalt mixture
has to fulfil standard specification as
5 to 13 show comparison of type asphalt (asphalt pe.60/70, asphal pen.60/70 + 1%
mixture.
Cantabro loss
Permeability vs Porosity

103
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
BinderDrainDown(%)
Porosity (%))
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
BinderDrainDown(%)
Permeability (cm/dt)
Petroleum
Asphalt
Petroleum
Asphalt + Fiber
1%
Polymer Asphalt
+ Fiber 1%
Limit Standard
Specification
Polymer Asphalt
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
CantabroLoss(%)
Porositas (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
CantabroLoss(%)
Permeabilitas (cm/dt)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
BinderDrainDown(%)
Cantabro Loss (%)
Polymer Asphalt + fiber 1%
Petroleum Asphalt + Fiber 1%
Petroleum Asphalt
Limit Standard Specification
Polymer Asphalt
Figure 9. BDD vs Porosity Figure 10. BDD vs Permeability
Figure 11. Cantabro loss vs Porosity Figure 12. CL vs Permeability
Figure 13. Binder drain down vs Cantabro loss
In Figure 5, the relationship between stability and permeability standard parameter fulfils all
bonding materials both petroleum-based asphalt and polymer one, with a minimal stability standard
of 500 kg and minimal permeability standard of 0.1 cm/second. From such relationship it can be said
that the type of binder material of polymer asphalt added with polypropylene 1% provides a high

104
stability value compared to petroleum-based asphalt penetration 60/70. In Figure 6, the relationship
between the parameter of cantabro loss and the one of stability indicates that the type of polymer
asphalt added with 1% polypropylene fiber gives a stability value of > 500 kg and better cantabro
loss than any other asphalt type. This is because polymer asphalt has far better power of interlocking
in the aggregate. The cantabro loss value in polymer asphalt with 4.5% asphalt content is not met
because of the lack of asphalt content in the aggregate mixture. The relationship of the parameters in
Figure 7 between stability and porosity fulfils all the existing standards required by the study. This
indicates that the mixture of petroleum-based asphalt and polymer one with open graded used with
coarser aggregate providing grater space among aggregates. The objective of using porous asphalt is
therefore met. The relationship between porosity andbinder drain down in Figure 9 as well asthe
relationship between the permeability and binder drain down in Figure 10, indicate that both
petroleum-based asphalt and polymer asphalt meet the existing standard. This proves that with
sufficient pores in the mixture, water will penetrate through the pavement. The sufficient pores also
allow asphalt to cover all aggregate in the mixture with binder drain down standard value no more
than 0.3%. In Figure 11, the parameter relationship between cantabro loss and porosity shows that
the polymer asphalt type is far better than the petroleum-based asphalt of 60/70 penetration, although
asphalt content of 4.5% is not recommended due to its high cantabro loss value. This may be so
because the less the asphalt content is and the more the pores exist, the higher the cantabro loss value
will be. In Figure 12, the relationship between cantabro loss and permeability parameters as well as
cantabro-loss and binder drain down in Figure 13 in terms of polymer asphalt, they both have
sufficiently good values but not recommended for 4.5% asphalt content.
3.5. Porous Asphalt Performance in an Optimum Condition
The comparison of the performance of porous asphalt mixture of two different types of
asphalt (petroleum-based and polymer) being stabilised with optimum fiber of 1% and an optimum
asphalt content of 5.75% can be seen in Table 7:
Table 7. The comparison of the performance of porous asphalt mixture of different types of asphalt
Asphalt Polypropylene Asphalt Porous Asphalt Mixture Paramaters
Type Fiber
(%)
Content
(%)
Porosity
(%)
Permeability
(cm/sec)
BDD
(%)
Stability
(kg)
Cantabro
Loss (%)
Petroleum-
based
Asphalt
Optimum (1) 5,75 16,28 0,175 0,140 685,85 13,15
Polymer
Asphalt
Optimum (1) 5,75 16,18 0,157 0,091 833,78 11,62
Table 7 shows that the performance of porous asphalt with polymer stabilised with
polypropylene fiber is much better particularly of the stability value which significantly increases
and Similarly, the cantabro loss value which tends to decrease in the use of polymer asphalt.
IV. CONCLUSION
The parameter test of the porous pavement mixture using petroleum asphalt and modified polymer
asphalt stabilised with polypropylene fiber can be concluded as follow:
a. The polymer porous asphalt mixture experiences a significant increase in its performance
compared to petroleum-based asphalt (pen. 60/70).
b. The use of polymer asphalt stabilized polypropylene fiber will increase the value of the strength
of the mixture is characterized by the increased value of the stability of the mixture and the
decrease of the cantabro loss value.

105
c. The use of polypropylene fiber in both petroleum-based asphalt and polymer shows an increase in
the asphalt penetration index causing the asphalt have stiffness modulus and resistance to
deformation.
d. The value of penetration index is an important factor in determining the performance of the
strength on porous asphalt mixture.
V. REFERENCE
[1] AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). Standard
Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing Part I:
Specifications, 19th edition, Washington, 1998.
[2] Australian Road Standard, Specifications for Porous Asphalt, Australia, 2002.
[3] Iowa Stromwater Mangement, Manual Porous Asphalt Pavement, Iowa, 2009.
[4] Jiang, Yi., Rebecca S., Mc Daniel. Application of Cracking and Seating and Use of Fibers to
Control Reflection Cracking. Transportation Research Record, 1993, 1388 p 150-159.
[5] Kuijipers A., and Bolkland V.G. Modeling and Optimization of Two-Layer Porous Asphalt
Roads. Hertogenbosh. Netherlans, 2000.
[6] National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of
Open-Graded Asphalt Friction Courses, NAPA IS-115. Latham, M.D, 2003.
[7] Nur Ali, Experimental Study on Effects Flood Puddle to Durability of Asphaltic Concrete
Containing Refined Butonic Asphalt, Procedings of the Asia Society for Tansportation
Studies, Vol. 8., 2011.
[8] Raberg J. et all, Permeability of Double-Layer Porous Asphalt Pavement, Port AV 1525.
Revideret 4, Denmarks. 2002.
[9] Sarwono D., dan A.K. Wardhani. Measurement of Permeability Properties of Porous
Asphalt Mixture, Journal Media Teknik Sipil, UNS, Surakarta, 2007/131.
[10] Setyawan Ary, Sanusi. Various Porous Asphalt Properties Observation Gradient with Local
Materials, Journal Media Teknik Sipil. Surakarta, 2008.
[11] Shell, The Shell Bitumen Industrial Handbook, Shell Bitumen, UK, 1995.
[12] Sugeng B., et al. Laboratory Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture Using Tafpack Super,
Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, 2009.
]13] Soehartono. Asphalt Technology and Construction of Road Pavement, PT. Mediatama Sapta
karya, Jakarta, 2010.
[14] UNHSC, Design Specifications for Porous Asphalt Pavement and Infiltration Beds.
University of New Hampshire, USA, 2007.
[15] M.Satyakumar, R.Satheesh Chandran and M.S. Mahesh, “Influence of Mineral Fillers on the
Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt”, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology
(IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 99 - 110, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online:
0976 – 6316.
[16] Dr. Talal H. Fadhil, Salah S. Jasim, Dr. Kahlil E. Aziz and Ahmed S. Ahmed, “Influence of
using White Cement Kiln Dust as a Mineral Filler on Hot Asphalt Concrete Mixture
Properties”, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4,
Issue 1, 2013, pp. 87 - 96, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

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