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22nd Annual San Diego International Conference on
Child and Family Maltreatment, 2008
Intentional exposure to pornography and the perpetration
of sexually aggressive behavior among adolescents: A
new area of child maltreatment research
Michele Ybarra MPH PhD
Internet Solutions for Kids, Inc.
Marie Diener-West PhD
Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
Merle Hamburger PhD
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Philip J Leaf PhD
Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
* Thank you for your interest in this presentation. Please note that analyses included
herein are preliminary. More recent, finalized analyses can be found in: Ybarra
M, Diener-West M, Markow D, Leaf P, Hamburger M, & Boxer P. Linkages between
internet and other media violence with seriously violent behavior by youth. Pediatrics.
2008;122(5):929-937, or by contacting CiPHR for further information.
Acknowledgements
This survey was supported by Cooperative Agreement
number U49/CE000206 from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this
presentation are solely the responsibility of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the official
views of the CDC.
I’d also like to thank Dr. Kimberly Mitchell for her
contributions to the manuscript which informed this
presentation.
Background
 The relationship between
pornography to deviant sexual
behavior has been studied in adults
(Malamuth et al., 2000; Fukui & Westmore, 1994; Kutchinsky, 1991; Linz et al., 1984; Donnerstein &
Linz, 1986; Demare et al., 1988) and hotly debated (Malamuth, 1989;
Linz et al., 1987) for decades.
 Results are equivocal. Some studies
report clear and consistent effects
(Malamuth et al., 2000) while others describe null or
inconclusive findings (Fukui & Westmore, 1994;
Kutchinsky, 1991).
Background
Inconsistencies may in part be
explained by the effects of violent
pornography (Linz et al., 1984; Donnerstein & Linz, 1986; Demare et al., 1988;
Malamuth, Addison, and Koss, 2000).
Associations between frequent
pornography use and sexually
aggressive behavior appear
pronounced for men who consume
violent pornography as well as men
who are prone to sexual aggression
(Malamuth, Addison, and Koss, 2000).
Background
 Little data exist for adolescents
 Ethical / legal considerations of purposeful
exposure
 Sexual aggression in adolescence
 5-10% males; 1% females (Borowsky et al., 1997;
Maxwell et al., 2003)
 Unclear how / if findings for adults
can be applied to youth
The Internet and X-Rated Material
 Estimates indicate that 95% of
adolescents are online
 Concern that the Internet will
become primary method for viewing
x-rated material
 In the YISS, 7% of youth reported (any)
intentional online exposure, 8% reported
offline exposure exclusively (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2004)
 In YISS2, 13% reported intentional online
exposure (Ybarra, Mitchell, Wolak, Finkelhor, 2007)
Research Questions
 What is the 1-year prevalence of
intentional exposure to x-rated
material?
 Overall exposure and violent exposure
 Across a variety of media
 How does exposure to x-rated material
(nonviolent & violent) relate to
expression of sexual aggression via
technology? Face-to-face?
GuwM Methodology
 1,588 households (one
caregiver, one child) were surveyed
online
 Conducted between August 24 to
September 14, 2006
 Participants recruited from Harris Poll
On Line. Data are comparable with
RDD telephone surveys when
weighting and propensity scores are
applied.
Youth Demographic Characteristics
 48% Female
 Mean age: 12.6 years (Range: 10-15)
 72% White, 13% Black, 9% Mixed, 7%
Other
 18% Hispanic
 Median household income: $50,000-
$74,999
 Median time spent online on a typical
day: 31 minutes – 1 hour
Defining Exposure to any X-Rated
Material
In the last 12 months have you:
 Watched an X-rated movie at a friend’s
house, your house, or in the theatre
where the main topic was sex?
 Looked at an X-rated magazine, like
Playboy, on purpose where you knew
that the main topic was sex?”
 Gone to or seen an X-rated or “adult”
website where the main topic is sex?”
Defining Exposure to Violent X-
Rated Material
 In the last 12 months have you seen a
movie that showed…
 In the last 12 months have you ever looked
at a magazine that showed…
 When you have gone to or seen an X-rated
or adult website, have you ever seen…
…a person being physically hurt by
another person while they were doing
something sexual?
Defining Technology-based Sexual
Aggression
In the last 12 months, how many times did you:
 Ask someone online to talk about sex
 Ask someone online to share personal sexual
information
 Ask someone online to do something sexual
OR
 Send a text message that was sexual in any
way
 Send a picture text message that was sexual
in any way
When you knew the other person didn’t want you to.
Defining Face-to-face Sexual
Aggression
In the last 12 months, how many
times have you ever
kissed, touched, or done anything
sexual with another person when
that person did not want to?
Self-reported exposure to x-rated
material
79%
16%
5%
No exposure
Only non-violent
Any violent
(n=1,588)
Frequency of Intentional Exposure to X-
Rated Material
2.4
3.1
1.5
10.7
7.3
8.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Magazines Movies Internet
Medium of x-rated exposure
%ofyouthreportingexposure
Non-violent exposure
Violent exposure
(n=1,588)
Perpetration of Technology-based Sexual
aggression
3.7% of youth report sexually
soliciting or harassing someone else
using technology at least once in
the last year:
 3.1% report Internet-based aggression
 1.5% report text messaging-based
aggression
Perpetration of Face-to-face Sexual
aggression
2.4% of youth report sexually
aggressive behavior towards
someone else in a face-to-face
environment in the past 12 months.
50% of these youth (1.2% of all
respondents) report BOTH face-to-
face and technology-based sexual
aggression
Characteristics of Perpetrators of Sexual
Aggression
 Poor emotional bond with caregiver
 Witnessing spousal abuse
 Use of alcohol and other drugs
 Propensity to respond to stimuli with anger
 Relational/physical bullying of others and starting
fights
 Target of unwanted sexual harassment themselves
 Having blocking software is protective, knowing how
to get around increases risk
 General Internet and text messaging use
Cross-tabulation of exposure to x-rated material
and concurrent reports of sexual aggression
98.3%
88.6%
62.7%
24.8%
9.9%
0.4%
12.5%
1.3% 1.6%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
No intentional exposure Only non-violent exposure Any violent exposure
Self-reported sexually aggressive behavior
%ofyouthreportingexpsoure
Face-to-face sexual aggression (any)
Online sexual aggression (only)
No sexual agression
Unadjusted Associations between X-Rated
Exposure Sexual Aggression
***
***
UnadjustedOddsRatio
***
Technology-based Face-to-face
***
***
***
***
***
***
1.0 1.0
24.2
1.4
47.8
27.3
1
10
100
Technology Face-to-face
Odds of sexual aggression given self-reported exposure to x-rated matieral
Logodds
No exposure (Reference Group)
Non-violent
Violent
***
***
***
Adjusted Associations between X-Rated
Exposure and Sexual Aggression
***
***
AdjustedOddsRatio
***
**
*
*
1.0 1.0
7.0
0.3
12.9
3.6
0
1
10
100
Technology Face-to-face
Adjusted odds of sexual aggression given self-reported exposure to x-
rated matieral
Logodds
No exposure (Reference Group)
Non-violent
Violent
*
*
**
Odds are adjusted for demographic characteristics, substance use, caregiver-child
relationships, spousal abuse, propensity to respond to stimuli with anger, exposure
to peer aggression, Internet usage characteristics
Summary: Exposure
 About one in five youth report
intentional exposure to x-rated material
 About one in twenty report intentional
exposure to violent x-rated material
 Rates of intentional exposure are similar
across movies, magazines, and the
Internet
Summary: Non-violent x-rated material
Associations between sexual aggression and non-
violent x-rated material are mixed:
 Non-violent x-rated material is not associated with
an increase in the odds of face-to-face sexual
assault.
 While inconclusive, the findings actually suggest a
protective trend against in-person sexual assault
for consumers of non-violent x-rated material once
other influential factors are taken into account.
 On the other hand, non-violent x-rated material
online is associated with increased odds of
technology-based sexual harassment /
solicitation.
Summary: Violent x-rated material
Consumption of violent x-rated material by adolescents
appears to be associated with significantly elevated
odds of sexually aggressive behavior.
 Consumption of violent x-rated material is associated
with a greater likelihood of also reporting
technology-based sexual aggression.
 Elevated odds of in-person sexual assault also are
noted for youth who consume violent x-rated
material.
Summary: Violent x-rated material
It is possible that exposure to x-rated material
contributes to respondents’ sexually
aggressive behavior.
It is equally possible that consumption of x-
rated material is part of a more general
manifestation of externalizing
behaviors, inclusive of substance use and
non-sexually aggressive behaviors.
Limitations of GuwM Data
 Data are cross-sectional. No way to
determine directionality of
associations
 Frequencies of sexually aggressive
behaviors are low, making estimates
potentially unstable. Findings point
to trends, not population estimates.
Limitations (cont)
 The data do not account for
frequency of x-rated material
consumption
 Respondents were not directly
observed. It is possible that:
 Children were monitored by their
parents
 Parents completed the youth survey.
Implications
More research is needed (of course..)
These data suggest that intentional
exposure to violent material may
increase the likelihood of peer-to-peer
sexual victimization.
Implications
 Violent x-rated material appears to
be a potentially concerning marker
for youth functioning.
 Child health professionals should be
aware of the possibility that youth
are sexual aggressors online, not
just targets.

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Intentional exposure to pornography and the perpetration of sexually aggressive behavior among adolescents

  • 1. 22nd Annual San Diego International Conference on Child and Family Maltreatment, 2008 Intentional exposure to pornography and the perpetration of sexually aggressive behavior among adolescents: A new area of child maltreatment research Michele Ybarra MPH PhD Internet Solutions for Kids, Inc. Marie Diener-West PhD Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Merle Hamburger PhD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Philip J Leaf PhD Johns Hopkins School of Public Health * Thank you for your interest in this presentation. Please note that analyses included herein are preliminary. More recent, finalized analyses can be found in: Ybarra M, Diener-West M, Markow D, Leaf P, Hamburger M, & Boxer P. Linkages between internet and other media violence with seriously violent behavior by youth. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):929-937, or by contacting CiPHR for further information.
  • 2. Acknowledgements This survey was supported by Cooperative Agreement number U49/CE000206 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this presentation are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC. I’d also like to thank Dr. Kimberly Mitchell for her contributions to the manuscript which informed this presentation.
  • 3. Background  The relationship between pornography to deviant sexual behavior has been studied in adults (Malamuth et al., 2000; Fukui & Westmore, 1994; Kutchinsky, 1991; Linz et al., 1984; Donnerstein & Linz, 1986; Demare et al., 1988) and hotly debated (Malamuth, 1989; Linz et al., 1987) for decades.  Results are equivocal. Some studies report clear and consistent effects (Malamuth et al., 2000) while others describe null or inconclusive findings (Fukui & Westmore, 1994; Kutchinsky, 1991).
  • 4. Background Inconsistencies may in part be explained by the effects of violent pornography (Linz et al., 1984; Donnerstein & Linz, 1986; Demare et al., 1988; Malamuth, Addison, and Koss, 2000). Associations between frequent pornography use and sexually aggressive behavior appear pronounced for men who consume violent pornography as well as men who are prone to sexual aggression (Malamuth, Addison, and Koss, 2000).
  • 5. Background  Little data exist for adolescents  Ethical / legal considerations of purposeful exposure  Sexual aggression in adolescence  5-10% males; 1% females (Borowsky et al., 1997; Maxwell et al., 2003)  Unclear how / if findings for adults can be applied to youth
  • 6. The Internet and X-Rated Material  Estimates indicate that 95% of adolescents are online  Concern that the Internet will become primary method for viewing x-rated material  In the YISS, 7% of youth reported (any) intentional online exposure, 8% reported offline exposure exclusively (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2004)  In YISS2, 13% reported intentional online exposure (Ybarra, Mitchell, Wolak, Finkelhor, 2007)
  • 7. Research Questions  What is the 1-year prevalence of intentional exposure to x-rated material?  Overall exposure and violent exposure  Across a variety of media  How does exposure to x-rated material (nonviolent & violent) relate to expression of sexual aggression via technology? Face-to-face?
  • 8. GuwM Methodology  1,588 households (one caregiver, one child) were surveyed online  Conducted between August 24 to September 14, 2006  Participants recruited from Harris Poll On Line. Data are comparable with RDD telephone surveys when weighting and propensity scores are applied.
  • 9. Youth Demographic Characteristics  48% Female  Mean age: 12.6 years (Range: 10-15)  72% White, 13% Black, 9% Mixed, 7% Other  18% Hispanic  Median household income: $50,000- $74,999  Median time spent online on a typical day: 31 minutes – 1 hour
  • 10. Defining Exposure to any X-Rated Material In the last 12 months have you:  Watched an X-rated movie at a friend’s house, your house, or in the theatre where the main topic was sex?  Looked at an X-rated magazine, like Playboy, on purpose where you knew that the main topic was sex?”  Gone to or seen an X-rated or “adult” website where the main topic is sex?”
  • 11. Defining Exposure to Violent X- Rated Material  In the last 12 months have you seen a movie that showed…  In the last 12 months have you ever looked at a magazine that showed…  When you have gone to or seen an X-rated or adult website, have you ever seen… …a person being physically hurt by another person while they were doing something sexual?
  • 12. Defining Technology-based Sexual Aggression In the last 12 months, how many times did you:  Ask someone online to talk about sex  Ask someone online to share personal sexual information  Ask someone online to do something sexual OR  Send a text message that was sexual in any way  Send a picture text message that was sexual in any way When you knew the other person didn’t want you to.
  • 13. Defining Face-to-face Sexual Aggression In the last 12 months, how many times have you ever kissed, touched, or done anything sexual with another person when that person did not want to?
  • 14. Self-reported exposure to x-rated material 79% 16% 5% No exposure Only non-violent Any violent (n=1,588)
  • 15. Frequency of Intentional Exposure to X- Rated Material 2.4 3.1 1.5 10.7 7.3 8.7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Magazines Movies Internet Medium of x-rated exposure %ofyouthreportingexposure Non-violent exposure Violent exposure (n=1,588)
  • 16. Perpetration of Technology-based Sexual aggression 3.7% of youth report sexually soliciting or harassing someone else using technology at least once in the last year:  3.1% report Internet-based aggression  1.5% report text messaging-based aggression
  • 17. Perpetration of Face-to-face Sexual aggression 2.4% of youth report sexually aggressive behavior towards someone else in a face-to-face environment in the past 12 months. 50% of these youth (1.2% of all respondents) report BOTH face-to- face and technology-based sexual aggression
  • 18. Characteristics of Perpetrators of Sexual Aggression  Poor emotional bond with caregiver  Witnessing spousal abuse  Use of alcohol and other drugs  Propensity to respond to stimuli with anger  Relational/physical bullying of others and starting fights  Target of unwanted sexual harassment themselves  Having blocking software is protective, knowing how to get around increases risk  General Internet and text messaging use
  • 19. Cross-tabulation of exposure to x-rated material and concurrent reports of sexual aggression 98.3% 88.6% 62.7% 24.8% 9.9% 0.4% 12.5% 1.3% 1.6% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% No intentional exposure Only non-violent exposure Any violent exposure Self-reported sexually aggressive behavior %ofyouthreportingexpsoure Face-to-face sexual aggression (any) Online sexual aggression (only) No sexual agression
  • 20. Unadjusted Associations between X-Rated Exposure Sexual Aggression *** *** UnadjustedOddsRatio *** Technology-based Face-to-face *** *** *** *** *** *** 1.0 1.0 24.2 1.4 47.8 27.3 1 10 100 Technology Face-to-face Odds of sexual aggression given self-reported exposure to x-rated matieral Logodds No exposure (Reference Group) Non-violent Violent *** *** ***
  • 21. Adjusted Associations between X-Rated Exposure and Sexual Aggression *** *** AdjustedOddsRatio *** ** * * 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.3 12.9 3.6 0 1 10 100 Technology Face-to-face Adjusted odds of sexual aggression given self-reported exposure to x- rated matieral Logodds No exposure (Reference Group) Non-violent Violent * * ** Odds are adjusted for demographic characteristics, substance use, caregiver-child relationships, spousal abuse, propensity to respond to stimuli with anger, exposure to peer aggression, Internet usage characteristics
  • 22. Summary: Exposure  About one in five youth report intentional exposure to x-rated material  About one in twenty report intentional exposure to violent x-rated material  Rates of intentional exposure are similar across movies, magazines, and the Internet
  • 23. Summary: Non-violent x-rated material Associations between sexual aggression and non- violent x-rated material are mixed:  Non-violent x-rated material is not associated with an increase in the odds of face-to-face sexual assault.  While inconclusive, the findings actually suggest a protective trend against in-person sexual assault for consumers of non-violent x-rated material once other influential factors are taken into account.  On the other hand, non-violent x-rated material online is associated with increased odds of technology-based sexual harassment / solicitation.
  • 24. Summary: Violent x-rated material Consumption of violent x-rated material by adolescents appears to be associated with significantly elevated odds of sexually aggressive behavior.  Consumption of violent x-rated material is associated with a greater likelihood of also reporting technology-based sexual aggression.  Elevated odds of in-person sexual assault also are noted for youth who consume violent x-rated material.
  • 25. Summary: Violent x-rated material It is possible that exposure to x-rated material contributes to respondents’ sexually aggressive behavior. It is equally possible that consumption of x- rated material is part of a more general manifestation of externalizing behaviors, inclusive of substance use and non-sexually aggressive behaviors.
  • 26. Limitations of GuwM Data  Data are cross-sectional. No way to determine directionality of associations  Frequencies of sexually aggressive behaviors are low, making estimates potentially unstable. Findings point to trends, not population estimates.
  • 27. Limitations (cont)  The data do not account for frequency of x-rated material consumption  Respondents were not directly observed. It is possible that:  Children were monitored by their parents  Parents completed the youth survey.
  • 28. Implications More research is needed (of course..) These data suggest that intentional exposure to violent material may increase the likelihood of peer-to-peer sexual victimization.
  • 29. Implications  Violent x-rated material appears to be a potentially concerning marker for youth functioning.  Child health professionals should be aware of the possibility that youth are sexual aggressors online, not just targets.