5. GRE 2
"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge
and experience to that field of study."
David Hubel Torsten Wiesel 1959
——
——
3
Critical Period
2 http://www.ets.org/gre/general/prepare/sample_questions/analytical/issues/index.html
3 youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOHayh06LJ4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KE952yueVLA
6. 1981
Plastic
Eric Heinz Lenneberg
1967 Lenneberg
Language acquisition Critical period hypothesis
Lenneberg Hypothesis
Martin Seligman Learned Optimism
Seligman
Lenneberg Theory
0 10
——
David Hubel Torsten Wiesel
Localizationism
Hardwired
10. CI Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy CI CIMT”
Edward Taub8
Taub
Taub
——
Taub 10
Taub
Taub CI ——
——
——
Learned Nonuse
——
Rosetta Stone9
1) 2)
Self-fulfilling prophecy10
I’m sorry, my English is poor…
(I beg your) Pardon… Excuse me…
• 11 Self-fulfilling
8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Taub
9 http://www.rosettastone.com/
10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy
11 Robert K. Merton 1910-2003
12. 12
——
——
——
——
Let it be
2500 13
2500
——
—— 1000
——
1500 3500
Mission Impossible 4500
12
13
13. 6000 8000
TOEFL/IELTS 15000 GRE
——
8 20
——
TOEFL
14
Power of Geography
TOEFL
15
16
TOEFL
14 http://www.ets.org/Media/Tests/TOEFL/pdf/TOEFL_iBT_Score_Comparison_Tables.pdf
15——
16 70%
14. 17
1988 18
570 677
1993
570
——
486
2000
11
GRE 19
EDU
17How Columbus sickened the New World: Why were native Americans so vulnerable to the diseases
European settlers brought with them? 10 October 1992 by DAVID J. MELTZER, New Scientist
Magazine: http://is.gd/66Qqp
18
19
15. 2003
21 20
1994
28
GRE
—— 21 GRE
21
GRE 28 ——
21
——
20
21 2009
16. 2009 4 17 David Letterman22 Joe Wong
23
——
1970 1994
1999
22 CBS Late Night Show
23 http://www.lixiaolai.com/index.php/archives/6725.html
17. 24
1%
1%
“ ” “ ” “
” “ ” “ ”……
Paul Meier paulmeier.com
John Ales, Jonathan Brandis, A.J. Buckley,Jewel Kilcher, Jim Caviezel, Simon Baker
Denny, Peter Coyote, Stewart Finlay-McLennan, Louise Fletcher, Bill Irwin,
Gabrielle Fitzpatrick, Diana Hardcastle, Tom Hulce, Kris Kristofferson, Elizabeth
Lackey, Tobey Maguire, Stephen Mailer, Terrence Mann, Callum Keith Rennie,
Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Kim Myers, Mark Ruffalo, Skeet Ulrich, Celia Weston, David
Wenham, Valerie Wildman, Peter Wingfield, Tom Wilkinson, Jeffrey Wright…
24 (zh ) (f i) (j ) (qi n) (g u) (j e) (l i) (b ) (j
n) (j ) (j )
18. Paul Meier http://www.paulmeier.com/booklets.html
l Cockney
l Hampshire
l Irish
l Liverpool
l Northern Ireland
l Scottish
l Welsh
l Yorkshire; American Southern (Kentucky/Tennessee)
l Deep South (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi)
l Down East New England
l General New York
l South Boston…
http://alt-usage-english.org/audio_archive.shtml
19. ——
——
——
——
6700
6000 Patricia K. Kuhl 25
Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences
26
Citizens of the world 6700
6000
6 Kuhl
filter
——
25 http://ilabs.washington.edu/kuhl/
26 http://ilabs.washington.edu/news/Times_Pacific_3_6_05.pdf
20. 16 8
5 6 ——
r
l row low rake lake
11
18
-ing -ed
Kuhl
27
28
——
——
——
27
——
28 ——
21. Michael Merzenich29
——
Paul Bach-y-Rita30
Paul Bach-y-Rita ——
Paul Bach-y-Rita
——
——
29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Merzenich
30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bach-y-Rita
22. ——
——
Pablo Casals31
——
——
——
31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Casalsv
23. 18
Kuhl
——
(VOA)
Special English
1500
VOA SE ——
CNN
VOA SE VOA SE
——
——
CNN 32
MP3
MP3
audiobook 32M PDA
32 http://www.cnn.com/audio/radio/radio.html
24. HTC 33
——
——
——
34
——
Paul Bach-y-Rita
Cool Edit Audio Edit Deluxe Audacity
33 HTC S1 Touch Windows Mobile
celetask
34
26. 4.
35
1.1
v
b f n
35 93 TOEFL mp3
http://www.lixiaolai.com/misc/tpartc/toelf-part-c-all/toelf-part-c-all.rar
27. video bideo
video bideo
video video bideo
'bideo'
1.2
idiosyncratic
28. /æ/ ab ebb
/æ/ /e/ apple epple
important /ɪmpɔtəәnt/
/ɪmpɔːtəәnt/ beach”
/aɪ/
1.3
36
189,819
titin
45
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 37 ver 3.0
pneu 18
36
/l/
37 Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
29. especially
es | pecially es pe
pe cially
pe 38 un|fortunately
im|portant under|stand edu|cation par|ticular fi|nancial
absolutely
ab-fucking-solutely abso-fucking-lutely
1.4
38 pitch
30. façade façade
facade ç c /
ˈfækeɪd/—— specific /
ˈspesɪfɪk/ / spɘˈsɪfɪk/
cellist facade heir niche specific 39
1 2
3 penalty
penalize penalize /ˈpenəәˌlaɪz/
/ˈpɪnəәˌlaɪz / economy , economics , economist economics
/e/ /ɪ/
GRE
1.5
39
32. 1.
2. D.J. K.K
3. mp3
4. 7
5.
6.
7.
façade
[[fəә's ːd] ç /s/
a / ː/ /s/ f /f/
d /d/ e
resumé e
/'ei/ 96%
ichthyosaur ch /k/ yo
/ɪəә/ aur /ɔː/
ch /k/
['ɪk ɪəәsɔː] ——
debt b ——
l Flash Guide to
English Phonetc Symbols 40
l Phonetics:
The Sound of American English 41
40 http://www.oupchina.com.hk/dict/phonetic/home.html
34. 9
5
1.7
archaeopteryx
postmoernity
TOEFL 43 community
Community service is an important component of education here at our university.
We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before
they graduate. ...
community Community
/mju:/ tone pitch
community /mju:/
Community service is an important component of education here at our
university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community
activity before they graduate.
43 http://www.lixiaolai.com/misc/tpartc/toelf-part-c-all/toelf-part-c-all.rar
http://www.lixiaolai.com/index.php/downloads
36. l some: /sʌm/ /səәm, sm/ l us: /us/ /əәs/
l such: /sʌʧ/ /səәʧ/ l was: /wɔz/ /wəәz, wəә/
l than: /ðæn/ /ðəәn, ðn/ l we: /wiː/ /wi/
l that: /ðæt/ /ðəәt/ l were: /wəәː/ /wəә/
l the: /ði:/ /ði, ðəә/ l when: /wen/ /wəәn/
l them: /ðem/ /ðəәm, ðm, əәm, m/ l will: /wil/ /əәl, l/
l then: /ðen/ /ðəәn/ l would: /wud/ /wəәd, əәd, d/
l to: /tuː/ /tu, təә/ l you: /juː/ /ju/
our
/ar/
l I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance -- so that you're
prepared for our discussion today. 2 1
l One of our main jobs is to keep detailed records of the migration patterns of raptors.
90 3
1.8 /t/ /d/ /s/
/t/ /d/ /s/
/t/ [t] /d/ /s/
[t] [d] [s] /t/ /d/ /s/
[t] [d] [s] /t/ /d/ /s/
[t]
[d] [s]
IPA [t] [d] dental t/d
/t̪/ /d̪/ t/d
37. 44 /t/
/t/ [t]
[t] /d/
/s/ /t/ /d/
/s/ [s]
44 Phonetics: The sounds of
American English http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
38. student
students /ts/
/t/ /dz/ /d/
We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before
they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary
students who've fallen behind. 1 2~3
students
teacher particular
/t/ /d/ /s/ [t] [d] [s]
[t] [d] [s]
/s/
[t] [d] [s] /t/ /d/ /s/
helps_elementary...
/hel/
/p/
/s / elementary
/t/ /d/
1.9 /l/
39. /l/ [l] /l/
[l]
[l]
/l/ /l/ /n /
/l/ law value fly
/l/ [l]
/l/ lawful , valuable ,
financial , still /ˈlɔːfəәu/ /ˈvæljəәbəәu/
/faɪˈnænʃəәu/ /ˈstɪəәu/ o
/l/
/əәl/ /əәu/ /əәu/
/əәl/ /əә/
/əәl/ /əәu/
lawful , valuable , financial , still
I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service, and you'll gain valuable experience at
the same time.
1 4 45
45
40. /l/
I'm sure you'll_enjoy this community service, and you'll gain valuable_experience
at the same time.
valuable experience” valuable
/əәl/
/əәl/
/ˈpɪ/
/ˌvæ-ljəә-bəә-liks-...-ˈpɪ-rɪəәns/ /liks/
/ˈpɪ/
you'll enjoy”
/l/
You'll_enjoy valuable_experience
/l/ /l+ /
real audio” /ri-ˈlɔ:-diəәʊ/
Professor Dodge will_act as a mentor to the tutors... 1 9
/l/
/t/ /d/ /s/
1.10 /t/
41. /t/
/t/ [t] /t/
/t/ /t/ city
/t/ /t/ /t̬/ t v”
[1] meet /miːt/ ing /ˈmiːt̬ɪ /——/t/
/t̪/ /d/
/t/ /t/
You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the
opportunity to do some teaching -- that is, tutoring in math and English. 1 4
it offers” /t/ that is”
/t/ /t̬/ /d/
/t/ ——/t̪/ /d/
/t̪/
/t̪/ /d/
/t/
/t/ /t̬/ writer rider latter ladder
petal pedal opportunity t
tutoring t
/s/ /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʧ/
study /sdʌdɪ/46 school /sgu:l/47 experience
/ɪksˈbɪəәrəәns/48 strive /sʤaɪv/49
/s/
distance 50, costume 51, biscuit 52 /s/
coas t /t/
46 http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/s/study001.wav; cougar.eb.com
47 http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/s/school01.wav
48 http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/e/experi01.wav
49 http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/s/strive01.wav
50 http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/d/distan01.wav
51 http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/c/costum02.wav
52 http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/b/biscui01.wav
42. 1. html IPA
character picker 4.1
2. /t/ /d/
1.11 /t/
/t/ /t/
I hope you’ve all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance — so that you’re
prepared for our discussion today. 2 1
finished ed /sh/ /t/53
reading /t/
/t/ /d/
/t/ /d/
/t/ /d/
might be /maibi:/ /mai(-)bi:/ (-)
/bi:/
might be interested in it
53 “ed” /t/ /d/ t
d /ɪd/
43. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the
opportunity to do some teaching — that is, tutoring in math and English. 1 4
/p/ /b/ /k/ /g/ helps /p/ looks
/k/
A new community program called “One On One” helps elementary students who’ve
fallen behind. 1 3
It looks good on your resume, too… 1 3
54
1.12
/t + j/ /ʧ/ want you...
Then tonight I want you to go home and read a passage into a tape recorder and
evaluate your own voice. 16 1
/t/ /j/ 55
/t/ that /t/
/j/ /t/ /j/
I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance -- so that
you're prepared for our discussion today. 2 1
/d + j/ /d/ /j/ /ʤ/
What should you do, then, on those sleepless nights? 20 10
54
2.7
55 /j/ /j/ /j/
/j/ /j/
44. what” /t/ should” /ʃ/ /ʧ/ should”
/d/ /ju:/ /djəә/ you” do” /d +
j/ ʤ”
/s + j/ /ʃ/ /s + j/
this year” /s/
/s/
/ðɪ-ˈʃɪəә/
As the committee in charge of this year's tree-planting project, we have several items
on our agenda. 9 2
When you entered as first-year students this year, the school assigned you to a dorm
and a roommate... 40 2
/t/ /d/ /s/
/t/ /ʧ/
/t/ [t]
56
1.13 /t/
/t/
l /t/ [t] /t/
l /t/
l /t/ /d/
l /s/ /ts/ /d/ /dz/
l /d/ /p/ /sh/ /t/
l /t + j/ /ʧ/ /d + j/ /ʤ/
1.14
Community service is an important component of education here at our university.
We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before
56 /t/ /d/ ——
2/3 ——
45. they graduate. A new community program called “One On One” helps elementary
students who’ve fallen behind. 1 1~3
component program
l component com po nent
l program pro gram /æ/57
58
59
component program
y ng hu li n pi n
y ng hu li n pi n
57 /æ/ :
58
59
46. 60
wife /aɪ/
/aɪ/
l
l
l
1 2 4 0 0
1.15 /ʌ/ /æ/
/ʌ / /əә/ encourage
/inˈkʌriʤ /
/ʌ/ /əә/ /in-kəәr-ij/
61 encourage
We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before
they graduate. A new community program called “One On One” helps elementary
students who’ve fallen behind.
60
61
47. l abduct l dump l son
l above l exult l struggle
l brunt l glutton l stubborn
l brush l hull l stucco
l budget l hunt l study
l bump l hush l stump
l bunk l hut l such
l bus l love l supper
l but l lunch l trouble
l chuck l mumble l under
l club l nothing l until
l come l ruffle l up
l cover l rummage l upper
l crush l rush l us
l cut l slumber l usher
l deluxe l slush l wonder
l discuss l some
1) /əә/ /ʌ/ /ʌ/ 2) /ʌ/
/ /
/æ/
/ / /æ/ after , ask , glass ,
master , pass
/æ/ /ː/
ask after
My recommendation is that we ask the administration to keep the center open after
midnight for studying. 86 3
l absolute l ant l bat
l add l anthem l bath
l admiral l apple l castle
l after l ask l cat
l alcove l baggage l command
l ambulance l bank l dance
l ample l bashful l disaster
l annual l basket l fabric
l answer l bass l frank
48. l glass
l grass
l halfway
l hand
l handsome
l lad
l lamp
l laugh
l mad
l man
l mass
l master
l math
l passage
l pass
l path
l ram
l rank
l sad
l sandwich
l shatter
l snack
l tank
l track
l trap
l wax
49. 1.16
/aɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɛɚ/ /ɪəә/ /ɔɪ/
/aɪ/
l /a/
l /a/
/aɪ/ /a/ /ɪ/
62
/eɪ/ /ɛɚ/ /ɪəә/ /ɔɪ/—— /aɪ/
/aʊ/ /əәʊ/ /ʊəә/ /ʊ/
/aʊ/ /əәʊ/ /ʊəә/
/a:/ /i:/ /əә:/ /u:/ /ɔ:/
/æ/
Community service is an important component of education here at our university.
1 1
1.17 /θ/ /ð/ /v/ /ʒ/
/ / /ð/
62 DAVID ALAN STERN The Sound and Style of American English
51. /ʒ/ [zh]
[zh] /ʒ/
/ʒ/
vision” /v/ /ʒ/
revision” /ð/ / /
They have a wide field of vision and, like most grazing animals, they are especially good
at detecting movement. 75 5
Then you can make the necessary revisions and hand in your final outline, which is due
two weeks from today. 23 10
[zh] /ʒ/
/ʒ/
1.18 Pitch
pitch
David Allen Stern 63
Step-up-and-step-down pattern
63 The Sound and Style of American English
52. Community service is an important component of education here at our university.
We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before
they graduate. A new community program called “One On One” helps elementary
students who’ve fallen behind.
pitch Community , all , new ,
helps
n
n
n
n
n
/t/ /d/ /s/
/l/ / / /ð/ /v/ /ʒ/ /ʌ/ /æ/
1.19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. /əә/
6.
7. /t/ /k/ /p/ /d/ /g/
/b/
8. /t/
53. Community service is an important component of education here at our university.
n Community /mju:/
n service is service services
n “an important component of” important” component”
important” /pɔ:/ /t/ component” /pəәu/
/nəәnt/“ of” component” /əәf/
n “here at our university” /ˈhɪəә-æt-auəә-juniˈvəә:siti/
here” university” /vəә:/ at
/əәt/ our” /auəә/ at” /əә/
here” /əә/
at” /t/ /əә/ /auəә/ /t/
/ˈhɪəә-dauəә-juniˈvəә:siti/
We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before
they graduate.
n “encourage” /inˌkəәˌri:ʤ/ /ri:ʤ/“
n all
n to /t/
n “volunteer” /tɪəә/
n “for at least” /t/ for” /fɚ/
n one
n “community activity” /iti/
/əәdɪ/ /d/ /t/
n before
n “they” /ðɪ/ /ð/
n graduate
A new community program called “One On One” helps elementary students who’ve
fallen behind.
n new
n “program” /pəәu/ /græm/
n called
n One on One One One on
n “helps elementary students” helps elementary”
elementary” help” p”
54. /help / /hel/
/ˈselɪ-men-təәri/
help
n who ve fallen behind who ve /v/
/f/
who fallen behind
You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the
opportunity to do some teaching — that is, tutoring in math and English.
n You
n education /kei/
n might /t/
n especially
n interested in it /t/
n it offers /t/ offer
n teaching
n that is /t/
n tutoring
n and English English
You’d have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester.
n You d have to /ju-dæf-tu/
n volunteer
n two
n “for” /fɚ/
n one
You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both.
n “can” /kəәn/
n choose help child math English
n or both or both
Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a
week.
n Half /hæf/
n fine
n half each
n two
n week
55. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors
n “will act” will” /wəәl/ act” ,“ /wəә-ˈlæ(k)t/ /k/
n mentor
n tutors
– he’ll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities.
n “with lesson plans” with” /wəәð/ /l/ /ð/
n or to offer to /t/ /d/
He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon.
n hours hours
n Tuesday and Thursday afternoon and
You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week.
n “can” /kəәn/
n sign up /p/
for
n “with him” /wɪ-zɪm/ him” /h/
/h/
I’m sure you’ll enjoy this community service and you’ll gain valuable experience at
the same time.
n I m sure enjoy valuable same time
n you ll enjoy valuable experience /l + e/
It looks good on your resume, too — showing that you’ve had experience with
children and that you care about your community.
n looks good /k/
n “resume” re” /meɪ/
n too
n children program
n and
n care about
56. If you’d like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge’s office
this week.
n you d like to /d/
n “sign up” /saɪ-nʌ/ or if you have any
question”
n “Dodge” s” /dɔ-ʤɜs/
1.20
64
international accent
65
64 1-7 Cambridge IELTS 1-7
65
57. 1.21
MS Word
Word 66
67 /ˈ/ /ˌ/
MS Word CTRL+B
CTRL+U
66 Word
67 3.5
60. 1984
mp3
TDK
This is a book. That is a table.
,
61. 2.1
principle
principal quite quiet some
time sometimes everyone every one
scale
~ of the economy ~ of fish
strike home
even Steven paint the town red
birds of prey prey
67. pattern recognition
indicate intricate
[le – m – gəәu] [let him gəәu]
let + him + go
Let him go
I've lost my key! ( )
l I
l 've have I have 've
l lost lose lose lost
l my
l key
I've lost my key!
I've lost my key I've
lost my...
l I've lost my key.
l I've lost my money.
l I've lost my wallet.
l I've lost my ticket.
l I've lost my job.
l ...
I've lost my...
I've lost my... What did you lose?
l I
l 've
68. l lost
l my
l key
( )
important essential
essential very important essential
He
is an important teacher in my life. He is an essential teacher in my life.
70. 3.2
71
It was attempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had
been no previous effective treatments might be responsive to vitamin therapies.
attempting responsive therapy
condition
condition condition n.
condition
and and
and disease
every disease and condition
condition
condition
disease
condition condition
She had a condition this morning.
every disease and condition
71 ETS Child Psychiatry and Human Development 1998
3 Orthomolecular therapy: Its history and applicability to psychiatric disorders URI:
www.springerlink.com/index/U084338376776778.pdf SAT Colledge Board SAT
71. 72 Flipping burgers is not beneath your dignity. Your
grandparents had a different word for burger flipping; they called it opportunity.
flip burgers to do work that does not pay well, esp.
at a cheap restaurant. Instead of playing baseball, the boys might be flipping burgers and
earning a little cash.73
disease
condition
journeyman
Journeyman Eric Clapton
tears in heaven Journeyman
journeyman Eric Clapton
journeyman
, 20 Journeyman
(2007)74
journeyman
2008 Man from Earth (2007)75
Earth
the earth
earth Man from
Earth Cave Man
3.3
72 http://is.gd/6eL95
73 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/flip+burgers
74 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0948538
75 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0756683/
72. word
word phrase
word 76
word
words phrases
phrasal verb dictionary dictionary of
idioms phrasal verbs idioms
But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts
attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those
in trees can be attacked by birds of prey.
counteracted
roost predator vulnerable prey
birds of prey
77
Collegeboard Online Course
I would rather chance my personal vision of the truth striking home here and there
in the chaos of publication that exists than attempt to filter it through a few sets of
official, honorable, and public-spirited scrutinizers.
76
77 2.1 birds of prey
73. striking home here and there
strike home
QQ IM QQ
MSN GTALK
78
n
n AHD D.J. K.K.
n a)
b) [ ]
78 http://is.gd/6eM6S
74. purple passage
purple passage
purple passage
birds of prey
75. 3.4 Word
3.4.1. MS Word 2007 “ ”
3.4.2. MS Word 2007 “ ”
3.4.3. MS Word 2007 “ ” Thesaurus
3.4.4. MS Word 2007 “ ”
3.4.5. MS Word 2007
3.4.6. Word 2007
3.4.7. :
“ ”
……
MS Word
MS Word “ ”
3.4.1 MS Word 2007 “ ”
MS Word 2007 “ ”
“ ”
—— “ ” “ (
)”
82. “ (I)”
3.4.5 MS Word 2007
Word
Word “Alt+F11” VBA
“ (T)” “ (R)” “Microsoft Speech Object
Library”, :
83. VBA “ ” “Normal – Microsoft Word
-ThisDocument” VBA
Sub SpeakText()
On Error Resume Next
Set speech = New SpVoice
Selection.MoveLeft Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1, Extend:=wdExtend
If Len(Selection.Text) > 1 Then 'speak selection
speech.Speak Trim(Selection.Text), _
SVSFlagsAsync + SVSFPurgeBeforeSpeak
End If
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
Do
DoEvents
Loop Until speech.WaitUntilDone(10)
Set speech = Nothing
End Sub
“CTRL+S” VBA ——
“CTRL+SHIFT+S”
84. Word VBA
3.4.6 Word 2007
MS Word “ (S)”
“ (S)”
87. “ S ” ——
“SelectSimilarFormatting” “Alt+S”
“ ” “ ”
Word “ (S)” “ ”
Word
“Ctrl+Shift+D”
“ ”
“Alt+S” “Ctrl+Shift+D”
3.4.7
' Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
Sub LookUpMerriamWebsterDictionary()
'MWDictionary Macro
Selection.MoveLeft Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1, Extend:=wdExtend
Selection.Copy
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
If Tasks.Exists("Merriam-Webster") = True Then
With Tasks("Merriam-Webster")
.Activate
.WindowState = wdWindowStateNormal
End With
SendKeys "%ep{ENTER}", 1
Else
Response = MsgBox("Task Merriam-Webster doesn't exist! Run the
application before use this Macro, please.", vbExclamation,
"WARNING!")
End If
End Sub
Sub SpeakTheWord()
On Error Resume Next
Set speech = New SpVoice
Selection.MoveLeft Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1, Extend:=wdExtend
If Len(Selection.Text) > 1 Then 'speak selection
speech.Speak Trim(Selection.Text), _
SVSFlagsAsync + SVSFPurgeBeforeSpeak
End If
88. Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
Do
DoEvents
Loop Until speech.WaitUntilDone(10)
Set speech = Nothing
End Sub
'
Sub AddDoubleQuotationMarks()
Selection.InsertBefore ("“")
Selection.InsertAfter ("”")
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
End Sub
'
Sub ChangeFontNameTo()
Selection.Font.Name = "Georgia"
End Sub
'
Sub ChangeFontSizeTo()
Selection.Font.Size = 28
End Sub
'
Sub FontSizeGrow()
Selection.Font.Grow
End Sub
'
Sub FontSizeShrink()
Selection.Font.Shrink
End Sub
'
Sub FirstLetterToUppercase()
Selection.MoveLeft Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdCharacter, Count:=1,
Extend:=wdExtend
Selection.Text = UCase(Selection.Text)
Selection.MoveRight Unit:=wdWord, Count:=1
End Sub
3.5
89. Webster Random House Webster
Unabridged Dictionary Merriam-Webster
Collegiate Dictionary and Thesaurus
Merriam-Webster
GRE ! GRE
Merriam-Webster GRE
GRE
ETS GRE
Merriam-Webster 2.5 3.0
3.0 2.5 emule
50M
50M Merriam-Webster
Merriam-Webster
recognize co [ki]
90. fortunate /əә/——
Merriam-Webster
Merriam-Webster
n Entry word is…
n Defining text contains…
n Rhymes with…
n Forms a crossword of…
91. n Is a cryptogram of…
n Is a jumble of…
n Homophones are…
n Etymology includes…
n Date is…
n Verbal illustration contains…
n Author quoted is…
n Function label is…
n Synonymy paragraph contains…
n Usage paragraph contains…
n Usage note contains…
Advanced Searches (AND) (OR) (NOT)
Browse Entry Word starts with Entry Word ends with
Merriam-Webster sloth
92. Merriam-Webster Spelling Help
Spelling Help corisbondant
Spelling Help
correspondent
corisbondant
93. 3.6 Collins Cobuild Lexicon on CD-ROM
(Collins)
(Collins)
Office 2007
2005
Merriam-Webster 2.5 3.0
(Longman)
Word
94. plug
6 plug plugs plugging plugged
If someone plugs a commercial product, especially a book or a film, they praise it in
order to encourage people to buy it or see it because they have an interest in it doing
well.
We did not want people on the show who are purely interested in plugging a book or
film.
VB
= promote
plug v.
n.
95. (Longman) 2200 Defining Vocabulary Learner
s Dictionary (Oxford) Oxford 3000
(Collins) if ,
(Collins)
Most Frequently Used Vocabulary 1~5
(Collins)
Full text Examples
UK written UK spoken
US written US spoken Example
n D (Dictionary)
n T (Thesaurus)
n U (Usage)
n G (Grammar)
n W (WordBank)
96.
97.
98. WordBank (Collins)
50 79
(Collins) Collins Cobuild English
Grammar80
(Collins) 1.1
A Z
79 http://www.collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSearch.aspx
80 http://www.amazon.com/Collins-COBUILD-English-Grammar/dp/0007183879
99. 3.7 Oxford Collocation Dictionary
Oxford Collocation Dictionary for Students of English
Oxford Phrasebuilder Genie
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Oxford Collocation Dictionary for Students of English
380
CDROM 2009
100. 1 5 house
house live in, occupy, share, buy, rent, sell
VERB+HOUSE
101. I hate purple passage with no essential content.
passage purple passage purple
purple passage purple passages[ ] content
contents[ ]
3.8 WordNet WordWeb
WordNet • (George A. Miller81) 1985
English lexical database) 2006 WordNet
12M 15 11.5 20.7
nouns verbs adjectives
adverbs
Wikipedia 82
l Nouns
n hypernyms: Y is a hypernym of X if every X is a (kind of) Y (canine is a
hypernym of dog)
n hyponyms: Y is a hyponym of X if every Y is a (kind of) X (dog is a hyponym of
canine)
n coordinate terms: Y is a coordinate term of X if X and Y share a hypernym (wolf
is a coordinate term of dog, and dog is a coordinate term of wolf)
n holonym: Y is a holonym of X if X is a part of Y (building is a holonym of
window)
1985
81 300
WordNet 1998 Brown University WordNet
disambiguator Jeff Stibel
Simpli 2000 Simpli NetZero 2350
2003 WordNet Applied Semantics 1998
Oingo Google 1 200 Google
AdSence
82 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
102. n meronym: Y is a meronym of X if Y is a part of X (window is a meronym of
building)
l Verbs
n hypernym: the verb Y is a hypernym of the verb X if the activity X is a (kind of) Y
(to perceive is an hypernym of to listen)
n troponym: the verb Y is a troponym of the verb X if the activity Y is doing X in
some manner (to lisp is a troponym of to talk)
n entailment: the verb Y is entailed by X if by doing X you must be doing Y (to
sleep is entailed by to snore)
n coordinate terms: those verbs sharing a common hypernym (to lisp and to yell)
l Adjectives
n related nouns
n similar to
n participle of verb
l Adverbs
n root adjectives
dictionary Thesaurus
WordNet
83 Windows 84 Unix-like 85
Thinkmap® Visual Thesaurus86
WordNet
83 http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
84 http://wordnetcode.princeton.edu/2.1/WordNet-2.1.exe
85 http://wordnetcode.princeton.edu/3.0/WordNet-3.0.tar.gz
86 http://www.visualthesaurus.com/
103. TVT
3.9
double blind test
double blind test
double blind test
unintended consequences
87
unintended consequences
87 Robert K. Merton wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequence
104. double blind test unintended
consequences 88
n
n
n
Stick to the plan
n
n
n
n Action Reaction
n
n
2
n
n
n html
css
Wikipedia89
88 2.2
89 http://en.wikipedia.org; 2005
Wikipedia
105. 3.10
apple cockroach fool rock ticket
Merriam-Webster
n apple: the fleshy usually rounded and red, yellow, or green edible pome fruit of
a tree
n cockroach: any of an order or suborder (Blattodea syn. Blattaria) of chiefly
nocturnal insects including some that are domestic pests
n fool: a person lacking in judgment or prudence
n rock: a concreted mass of stony material; also: broken pieces of such masses
n ticket: a document that serves as a certificate, license, or permit
n apple:
n cockroach:
n fool:
n rock:
n ticket:
hooligan
Merriam-Webster
hooligan: RUFFIAN, HOODLUM
RUFFIAN: a brutal person : BULLY
HOODLUM: THUG; especially: one who commits acts of violence
THUG: a brutal ruffian or assassin : GANGSTER, KILLER
Wikipedia
106. hooligan: [ ] , ,
hooligan wikipedia
Etymology90
There are several theories about the origin of the word hooliganism. The Compact
Oxford English Dictionary states that word may originate from the surname of a
fictional rowdy Irish family in a music hall song of the 1890s. Clarence Rooks, in his
1899 book, Hooligan Nights, claimed that the word came from Patrick Hoolihan (or
Hooligan), an Irish bouncer and thief who lived in the London borough of Southwark.
Another writer, Earnest Weekley, wrote in his 1912 book Romance of Words, “The
original hooligans were a spirited Irish family of that name whose proceedings
enlivened the drab monotony of life in Southwark about fourteen years ago”. There
have also been references made to a 19th century rural Irish family with the surname
Houlihan who were known for their wild lifestyle. Another theory is that the term
came from a street gang in Islington named Hooley. Yet another theory is that the
term is based on an Irish word, houlie, which means a wild, spirited party.
91
different
diverse divergent distinct various
different
90 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooliganism
91 d j vu
109. 4.1
• Milton
Friedman
Friedman Georges Clemenceau
– image extracted from Google Books search results92
92 http://is.gd/6hMzX
110. too to much
Parsing
Parsing: Lost art of identifying all the components of a text, and once one of the
fundamental exercises that tested and informed pupils in English. To parse a phrase
such as ‘man bites dog’ involves noting that the singular noun ‘man’ is the subject of
the sentence, the verb ‘bites’ is the third person singular of the present tense of the
verb to bite, and the singular noun ‘dog’ is the object of the sentence.
– Dictionary of Modern English Grammar, by Ned Halley, Wordsworth, 2005
4.2
1953 Winston Churchill93
By being so long in the lowest form I gained an immense advantage over the cleverer
boys. They all went on to learn Latin and Greek and splendid things like that. But I
was taught English. We were considered such dunces that we could learn only
English. Mr. Somervell — a most delightful man, to whom my debt is great — was
charged with the duty of teaching the stupidest boys the most disregarded
thing–namely, to write mere English. He knew how to do it. He taught it as no one
93 http://www.winstonchurchill.org/
111. else has ever taught it. Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also
practised continually English analysis. Mr. Somervell had a system of his own. He
took a fairly long sentence and broke it up into its components by means of black, red,
blue, and green inks. Subject, verb, object: Relative Clauses, Conditional Clauses,
Conjunctive and Disjunctive Clauses! Each had its colour and its bracket. It was a
kind of drill. We did it almost daily. As I remained in the Third Form three times as
long as anyone else, I had three times as much of it. I learned it thoroughly. Thus I
got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary British sentence — which is
a noble thing. And when in after years my schoolfellows who had won prizes and
distinction for writing such beautiful Latin poetry and pithy Greek epigrams had to
come down again to common English, to earn their living or make their way, I did
not feel myself at any disadvantage. Naturally I am biased in favor of boys learning
English. I would make them all learn English: and then I would let the clever ones
learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat. But the only thing I would whip them
for is not knowing English, I would whip them hard for that.
– My Early Life: A Roving Commission, Thornton Butterworth [UK] and Charles
Scribner’s Sons [US], 1930)
Abraham Lincoln
94
94
“ ……”
112. William Mentor Graham
“Spoke to me one day and said: ‘I had a notion of studying grammar‘, recalled
Graham. “There was none in the village and I said to him: ‘I know of a grammar at
one Vance’s (a man named John Vance), about six miles. Got up and went on foot to
Vance’s and got the book. He soon came back and told me he had it. He then turned
his immediate and almost undivided attention to English grammar. The book was
Kirkham’s Grammar, an old (1826) volume.”
– “My Childhood’s Home” Growing Up With Young Abe Lincoln, by Richard
Kigel
image from American Treasures of the Library of Congress95
Monday, [April] 24th
On Saturday last we had General Rosecrans before our committee, and his account of
the campaign of Western Virginia makes McClellan look meaner than ever. On last
Friday went with Indianans to call on President Johnson. Governor Morton
transgressed the proprieties by reading a carefully prepared essay on the subject of
reconstruction. Johnson entered upon the same theme, indulging in bad grammar,
bad pronunciation and much incoherency of thought. In common with many I was
mortified.
95 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr132.html
113. – Lincoln the Lover: III. The Tragedy, Wilma Frances Minor
the evolutionary costs and benefits of innovations work like the economics of
pharmaceutical research. The Pfizer Corporation spent over $I00 million and many
years developing the drug Viagra before the drug made a single cent of profit. The
costs accumulated early, and the benefits came only later. Drug companies can cope
with this delayed gratification, and have the foresight to undertake the research that
leads to such profitable innovations. But evolution has no foresight. It lacks the
long-term vision of drug company management. A species can’t raise venture capital
to pay its bills while its research team tries to turn an innovative idea into a
market-dominating biological product. Each species has to stay biologically
profitable every generation, or else it goes extinct.
– The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature, by
Geoffrey Miller, ANCHOR BOOKS 2000
96
If one were looking for an iconic image of the Second World War that summed up
Allied pluck and derring-do it would have to be that of Winston Churchill with index
and middle finger raised in a defiant ‘V’ for “Victory” sign. Revered for his strength of
character and his willful defiance of Nazi Germany when Britain stood alone against
the Third Reich, Winston Churchill is cherished throughout the world as one of the
war’s most heroic figures. His legacy during one of the darkest eras in human history
paints a portrait of the man as a wonderful, larger-than-life personality—a
characterization that overshadows his faults and shortcomings in those crucial years.
But those faults and shortcomings had a devastating legacy of their own. Winston
Churchill: The Flawed Genius of World War II examines the decisions and policies
Churchill made in the vital months between June 1940 and December 1941 that
prolonged the war, allowed for millions of casualties, and left half of Europe behind
96
http://www.lixiaolai.com/index.php/archives/422.html
114. the Iron Curtain. In 1941 Britain was waging a successful campaign against Italy in
North Africa. General O’Connor could in fact have beaten them altogether and
thereby prevented Rommel and his army from even landing. However, Churchill
made the fatal decision to switch key British and Commonwealth divisions from
North Africa to Greece in order to defend that country from German invasion, a
heroic but guaranteed-to-fail gesture, and fail it did. When the United States entered
the war, George Marshall’s victory plan was to launch an invasion of the
Continent—what would become operation Overlord—early in 1943 and force a direct
engagement of the enemy. But Churchill’s decision to remove troops to Greece
stalled Britain’s victory in North Africa and enabled Rommel and his crack Afrika
Korps to gain a foothold. Now Churchill urged Roosevelt to help beleaguered British
troops in the African desert and that meant diverting troops from Marshall’s victory
plan. It made landing in northwestern Europe entirely impossible, and D-day, the
main objective of attacking Germany directly, through France, was postponed until
June 1944. As a result, by the time the Allies landed in Normandy, Soviet troops were
further west than they would have been in 1943. In that crucial year, millions of
civilians—Jewish, Russian, Polish, and German—died who might have lived. By the
war’s end Stalin had already eclipsed half of Europe. Had D-day been earlier the Iron
Curtain may have fallen with very different and diminished borders and millions of
Central Europeans could have lived in freedom from 1945-1989. While Churchill’s
was only one player in the drama that allowed this calamity to happen, Christopher
Catherwood contends that it certainly tarnished the legacy of his “finest hour.”
– Winston Churchill: The Flawed Genius of WWII by Christopher Catherwood
In August 1908, Hitler wrote a letter to Gustl that makes plain his mediocre success
in mastering the most elementary usages of German spelling and grammar, not to
mention any coherent subject matter. The handwriting is childish, two words are
scratched out and written over, other words are misspelled, punctuation is
haphazard, and the style is rambling and disconnected. German spelling does not
present the same kind of difficulty to the young student that English does. No
vestigial spellings like though, touch, read, colonel, psalm, and such exist in German,
which is spelled with dependable regularity. For young Hitler, however, the German
language was mined with booby traps. The spelling in his letter is often erratic: dann
becomes dan, sofort becomes soffort, Katarrh is spelled chartar, dies is spelled with
two s’s, and so on. His use of capitals in this correspondence is also unpredictable.*
Punctuation is omitted. In the August letter, as in others, he never used a question
mark. He asks “Who really published the newspaper I sent you last time” without a
question mark. In the sentence “Have you read the last decisions of the municipal
council in connection with the new Teater,” Theater is spelled without the h, which is
part of the German as well as the English word, and again the sentence ends without
115. a question mark. So does the following sentence: “Do you know any details.” The
pronoun sie, meaning either “they” or “she,” is not capitalized in German usage,
although Sie, the formal pronoun meaning “you,” is. Hitler, however, capitalizes sie
for “they” and for “she,” just as he haphazardly capitalizes other pronouns that
should be lowereased. Words are hopelessly run togetherin one case seven of them,
to make one long misspelled and inchoate formulation.
– The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism by Davidson,
Eugene.
K
K
4.3
1
99.9%
117. 2/3
index
that and as of
Woman as she is, she s very brave.
as 595 as
as
as: conjunction in clauses concession 1.50, manner 1.47.1 reason 1.48.1, time 1.45.1,
as and because 1.48.2; not so much … as 5.13; with past progressive 9.20.2;
preposition 8.4.4. the same as 6.30.4 as like, such as App 25.25
1.50 as
1.48.1
As
15 33 33
38
III. as
1. Busy as he is, he studies English very hard.
…
3. Much as I should like to see you, I am afraid you could not have any free time.
…
118. 6. Study as he may, he won t get good marks, because his method of studying is not
scientific.
as
7.a Old as he is, he dares the danger of icy North.
7.b Old as he is, he has to go to bed early.
Woman as she is, she s very brave.
Isolated as it is, the house is very quiet.
1) 2) 3)
4.5
119. I saw blue and red snowflakes flying in the
river.
14 18
4.6
4.6.1
•
L.G.
60
5.32.1
5.32.1
5.32.1
4.6.2
120. Raymond Murphy
English Grammar in Use
English in Use
verycd.com
Raymond Murphy
Basic Grammar in Use Advanced
Grammar in Use Martin Hewings
Birds sing.
I've lost
my key.98 I lost my key
I lose my key.
16 I ve lost my
________. job , money house bike girl friend
I ve lost my
I've lost my
100
2 3
4.6.3 Collins COBUILD
98 2.5
124. 90%
apple- table- fatigue-
sophisticated-
vary
vary People's opinions vary from individual to individual.
I do hate going out alone. do
Who could ve considered such a possibility?
could have done
actually virtually
This is a table. That s a book.
Evolution itself has no foresight.100
Please ask, is there anyone at this seat? Excuse me, is this seat
taken? If I didn't remember wrong,
If my memory serves,
The impact that technologies have had on our daily life
and society in general, is undeniable.
the influence of
impact
1) 2)
3)
The impact that _____ have/has had on _____ , is undeniable.
100 5.2
125. n The impact that the internet has had on every respect of our daily life, is
undeniable.
n The impact that parents and their attitudes have had on their children’s
personality development, is undeniable.
n The impact that one’s early education has had on his or her later life, is
undeniable.
n …
I have lost my key.
I have lost my _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Collins Cobuild
127. Google + Wikipedia + English = Almost Everything
George Cooper The Origin of Financial Crises: Central Banks, Credit Bubbles,
and the Efficient Market Fallacy (Vintage) Hyman Minsky Gigapedia103
Hyman Minsky John Maynard Keynes 104
Google
Copy/Paste
Reading is
better than sex
5.2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
103 http://gigapedia.com
104 George Cooper McGraw-Hill 2008 4
