3. The Role of Humanitarian Actors in Constraining Violence and Fostering Peace: The Case of Sudan Live Seminar December 16, 2010 Ms. Naz Modirzadeh Associate Director Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University Ms. Elizabeth Holland Program Associate Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University

5. To what extent, if at all, does the line between humanitarian action and development get blurred in long-term conflicts or other situations of insecurity?

6. How, if at all, do interactions between international tribunals, donor states, and domestic governments affect the delivery of humanitarian aid? These questions will be answered by reference to contemporary developments in Sudan.

7. Panelists Conor Foley International Humanitarian Analyst ArjanHehenkamp Médecins Sans Frontières (Holland) Olivia Kalis Oxfam International Laura Jones Enough Project Kelsey HoppeNGO Secretariat Julie Flint Independent Researcher

8. Conor Foley is a humanitarian aid worker. He has worked for a variety of human rights and humanitarian aid organizations, including Liberty, Amnesty International and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in Kosovo, Afghanistan, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. He currently lives and works in Brazil, and is a research fellow at the Human Rights Law Centre at the University of Nottingham. Conor's books include Combating Torture: a manual for judges and prosecutors (2003), which was published by the Human Rights Centre at the University of Essex and the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office; A Guide to Property Law in Afghanistan (2005), which was published by the Norwegian Refugee Council and UNHCR; and The Thin Blue Line: How Humanitarianism Went to War (2010).

9. Arjan Hehenkamp is the Operational Director of Médecins Sans Frontières in Amsterdam. Before assuming his current position in 2004, Mr. Hehenkamp worked for MSF in the field beginning in 1992, initially as a logistician, then as part of an MSF emergency team, and eventually as MSF country coordinator. He has worked in the Great Lakes Region, Bosnia, Somalia, and Afghanistan. In addition, Mr. Hehenkamp served as a logistician in the North of Sudan in 1993-94, and as a country coordinator in the South in 2000-04. Born in The Netherlands, Mr. Hehenkamp studied anthropology at university.

11. Some of the reasons for (and the implications of) the expulsion of two MSF sections, alongside other humanitarian actors, from Sudan.

12. Limitations that MSF consciously imposes onto its role and activities due to its particular interpretation of what it means to be a humanitarian, contrasted (somewhat critically) with an increasingly mainstream notion of an activist and utopian humanitarian enterprise.

15. Assumptions:

16. short-term

17. keeping people safe is as important and providing emergency relief

19. the state actor requires capacity support for development.

20. the state actor has the political will to deliver services equitably to its people.

21. the conflict is over, the state actor is not a party to the conflict.

22. What happens in a protracted conflict where the state actor is a party to an ongoing conflict?

23. When and why do we move from humanitarian phase to early recovery/development phase?

25. Humanitarian operations and access restricted

26. Humanitarian protection programmes severely obstructed, e.g. supporting survivors of sexual violence

27. Negative environmental impact:

28. provision of 15 litres of water a day for each individual has depleted the water tables

29. sustainability of urbanisation

32. How UNHCR performs its dual role in Darfur

33. Conflicts that arise for UNHCR in the Darfur context

36. Current context of humanitarian action (NGOs and the Government of Southern Sudan)

37. Defining humanitarian aid in the Southern Sudan context vs. recovery, stabilization, rehabilitation, basic service delivery, development, etc.

39. Many Nuba communities in Southern Kordofan joined the SPLA’s fight for a “New Sudan”. Despite being decoupled from the South by the CPA, they remain committed to that vision. International support for the Nuba cause was a main factor leading to a ceasefire agreed in 2002, three years before the CPA was signed. The CPA has not been implemented in the Nuba Mountains. Memories of the jihad against the Nuba in the 1990s are still raw, but the Nuba people’s determination to refuse continued neglect and marginalization has not wavered. The conflict in Darfur has dominated international attention, compassion and funding, to the detriment of the prospects for peace in the Nuba Mountains area.

40. Questions and comments

41. Panelists Conor Foley International Humanitarian Analyst ArjanHehenkamp Médecins Sans Frontières (Holland) Olivia Kalis Oxfam International Laura Jones Enough Project Kelsey HoppeNGO Secretariat Julie Flint Independent Researcher

42. HostsNaz Modirzadeh Elizabeth Holland ProducerElizabeth Holland Technical DirectorJames BrockmanProduction TeamChristina Blunt, Dustin Lewis, & Anaïde Nahikian

43. The Live Seminars on Humanitarian Law and Policy are produced by: Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research (HPCR) Harvard University Sponsored by: For more information on the Humanitarian Law and Policy Forum, please visit: http://ihlforum.ning.com or http://twitter.com/hpcr or contact: ihlforum@hpcr.org