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Ce hv6 module 48 corporate espionage by insiders
1.
E hi l
H ki dEthical Hacking and Countermeasures V i 6Version 6 Module XLVIIIModule XLVIII Corporate Espionage by InsidersInsiders
2.
News EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Source: http://business.timesonline.co.uk/
3.
News EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Source: http://blogs.barrons.com/
4.
Module Objective This module
will familiarize you with: Corporate Espionage Information Corporate Spies Seekp p Different Categories of Insider Threat Driving Force behind Insider AttackDriving Force behind Insider Attack Common Attacks carried out by Insiders Techniques Used for Corporate Espionage Tools EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Countermeasures
5.
Module Flow Corporate Espionage Common
Attacks carried out by Insiders Information Corporate Spies Seek Techniques Used for Corporate Espionage Different Categories of Insider Threat Tools Driving Force behind Insider Attack Countermeasures EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
6.
Introduction To Corporate EspionageEspionage "Espionage
is the use of illegal means h f “to gather information“ Source: www.scip.org Term ‘Corporate espionage’ is used to describe espionage conducted for commercial purposes on companiescommercial purposes on companies, governments, and to determine the activities of competitors EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
7.
Information Corporate Spies
Seek Marketing and new product plans Source code Corporate strategies Target markets and prospect information Usual business methods Product designs, research, and costs Alliance and contract arrangements: delivery, pricing, and terms Customer and supplier information Staffing, operations, and wage/salary EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Credit records or credit union account information
8.
Insider Threat The Insider
Threat to critical infrastructure is an individual with the access and/or inside knowledge of a company, organization, or enterprise that would allow them to exploit the vulnerabilities of that entity’s security,p y y, systems, services, products, or facilities with the intent to cause harm - National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC) EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
9.
Different Categories of
Insider ThreatThreat Pure Insider • An employee with all the rights and access associated with being employed by the company Pure Insider associated with being employed by the company • Elevated pure insider is an insider who has additional privileged access such as, administrator access Insider Associate • People with limited authorized access are called Insider Associate • Contractors, guards, and cleaning and plant services EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited , g , g p all comes under this category
10.
Different Categories of
Insider Threat (cont’d)Threat (cont d) Insider Affiliate • Insider affiliates do not have direct access to the organization but illegally use the employee’s Insider Affiliate organization but illegally use the employee s credentials to gain access • An insider affiliate is a spouse, friend, or even client of an employee Outside Affiliates • They are non-trusted outsiders who use open access to gain access to an organization’s resources • The best way of outside affiliate is accessing EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited • The best way of outside affiliate is accessing unprotected wireless points
11.
Privileged Access Insiders enjoy
two critical links in security Trust of the employerp y Access to Facilities EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
12.
Driving Force behind
Insider AttackAttack Work related grievance Financial gainFinancial gain Challenge Curiosity Spy ( Corporate Espionage) EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
13.
Common Attacks carried
out by InsidersInsiders Sabotage of information/systems Theft of information/computing assets Injecting bad code VirusesViruses Installation of unauthorized software/hardwaresoftware/hardware Manipulation of Protocol/OS Design Flaws EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Social engineering
14.
Techniques Used for
Corporate EspionageEspionage Social Engineering • Social engineering is defined as a non-technical kind of intrusion that relies heavily on human interaction and often in ol es tricking other people to break normaloften involves tricking other people to break normal security procedures Dumpster Diving D t di i i l ki f t i l '• Dumpster diving is looking for treasure in someone else's trash. (A dumpster is a large trash container.) In the world of information technology, dumpster diving is a technique used to retrieve information that could be used to carry out an attack on a computer network EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited out an attack on a computer network
15.
Techniques Used for
Corporate Espionage (cont’d)Espionage (cont d) Information extraction • The information can be extracted through: • Hidden files • Removable media Wi l filt ti• Wireless exfiltration • Laptops • PDAs/Blackberrys Network leakage • The network traffic that are allowed in an organization is Web and email • Insiders can use these techniques to disclose the organization’s information EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited g
16.
Techniques Used for
Corporate Espionage (cont’d)Espionage (cont d) CryptographyCryptography • Cryptography garbles a message in such a way that its meaning is concealed • It starts off with a plaintext message and then anIt starts off with a plaintext message and then an encryption algorithm is used to garble a message which creates cipher text Steganography • Steganography is data hiding and is meant to conceal• Steganography is data hiding, and is meant to conceal the true meaning of a message • It is referred to as a secret communication and covert communication EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
17.
Techniques Used for
Corporate Espionage (cont’d)Espionage (cont d) Malicious attacksMalicious attacks • Malicious attacks are used to gain additional access or elevated privileges • These attacks usually involve running exploit code against a system• These attacks usually involve running exploit code against a system EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
18.
Process of Hacking Gathers
Information of Target Organization Scans the target network for Vulnerabilities Exploits Known Vulnerabilities to breach defense 1 2 3 Hacker following the 7 habits to attack the mechanisms attack the target organization Breaks NetworkE l i S6 Plants 4 Breaks Network Defense using exploits for known vulnerabilities Exploits System Resources 56 Malicious programs for backdoor access EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Clears Evidence by erasing tracks 7
19.
Process of Hacking
(cont’d) Network Defense Mechanisms Target Organization’s Internal Network Internet EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited 8 Launches an attack from the Organization’s Internal Network
20.
Case Study :
Disgruntled System AdministratorAdministrator A system administrator, angered by his diminished role in a thriving defense manufacturing firm whoserole in a thriving defense manufacturing firm whose computer network he alone had developed and managed, centralized the software that supported the company’s manufacturing processes on a single d th i ti id t d k i t i iserver, and then intimidated a coworker into giving him the only backup tapes for that software. Following the system administrator’s termination for inappropriate and abusive treatment of hisinappropriate and abusive treatment of his coworkers, a logic bomb previously planted by the insider detonated, deleting the only remaining copy of the critical software from the company’s server. The company estimated the cost of damage in excess of $10 million, which led to the layoff of some 80 employees. EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Source: U.S Secret Service and CERT Coordination Center/SEI Insider Threat Study: Computer System Sabotage in Critical Infrastructure Sectors
21.
Former Forbes Employee
Pleads GuiltyGuilty In 1997, George Parente was arrested for causing five network servers at the publishing company Forbes, Inc., to crash Parente was a former Forbes computerto crash. Parente was a former Forbes computer technician who had been terminated from temporary employment. In what appears to have been a vengeful act against thepp o b g g company and his supervisors, Parente dialed into the Forbes computer system from his residence and gained access through a co-worker's log-in and password. Once li h d fi f th i ht F b tonline, he caused five of the eight Forbes computer network servers to crash, and erased all of the server volume on each of the affected servers. No data could be restored. Parente's sabotage resulted in a two day shut down in Forbes' New York operations with losses exceeding $100,000. EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Parente pleaded guilty to one count of violating Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Title 18 U.S.C. 1030 Source: http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/v atis.htm
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Former Employees Abet
Stealing Trade SecretsTrade Secrets EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Source: http://www.usdoj.gov/
23.
California Man Sentenced
For HackingHacking EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Source: http://www.usdoj.gov/
24.
Federal Employee Sentenced
for HackingHacking Source: http://www.usdoj.gov/ EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
25.
Facts I t l
b h Viruses/Worms outbreaks 21% Internal breaches included: • Viruses/Worms outbreaks – 21% • Wireless network breach – 1% • Loss of customer data/privacy issues – 12% l f l f d l• Internal financial fraud involving information systems – 18% • Theft or leakage of intellectual property (e.g. customer leakage) – 10% • Accidental instances – 18% • Other form of internal breach – 12% EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited • Do not know – 5% Source: Deloitte, 2007 Global Security Survey
26.
Key Findings from
U.S Secret Service and CERT Coordination Center/SEI study on Insider ThreatInsider Threat A negative work-related event triggered most insiders’ actionsA negative work related event triggered most insiders actions The most frequently reported motive was revengeThe most frequently reported motive was revenge The majority of insiders planned their activities in advanceThe majority of insiders planned their activities in advance R t d t t th j it f th tt kRemote access was used to carry out the majority of the attacks Insiders exploited systemic vulnerabilities in applications processes and/or EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Insiders exploited systemic vulnerabilities in applications, processes, and/or procedures, but relatively sophisticated attack tools were also employed
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Key Findings from
U.S Secret Service and CERT Coordination Center/SEI study on Insider Threat (cont’d)Insider Threat (cont’d) The majority of insiders compromised computer accounts, created h i d b kd d h d i h i kunauthorized backdoor accounts, or used shared accounts in their attacks The majority of attacks took place outside normal working hoursThe majority of attacks took place outside normal working hours The majority of the insider attacks were only detected once there was a noticeable irregularity in the information system or a system becamenoticeable irregularity in the information system or a system became unavailable The majority of attacks were accomplished using company’s computerj y p g p y p equipment In addition to harming the organizations, the insiders caused harm to specific EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited In addition to harming the organizations, the insiders caused harm to specific individuals
28.
ToolsTools EC-Council Copyright © by
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29.
NetVizor NetVizor is a
powerful network surveillance tool that allows toNetVizor is a powerful network surveillance tool, that allows to monitor the entire network from one centralized location It enables to track workstations and individual users who may use multiple PCs on a network EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
30.
NetVizor: Screenshot EC-Council Copyright ©
by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
31.
Privatefirewall w/Pest Patrol Privatefirewall
is a Personal Firewall and Intrusion DetectionPrivatefirewall is a Personal Firewall and Intrusion Detection Application that eliminates unauthorized access to the PC It provides solid protection "out of the box" while allowing advanced users to create custom configurations EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
32.
Privatefirewall w/Pest Patrol: ScreenshotScreenshot EC-Council Copyright
© by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
33.
Countermeasures EC-Council Copyright © by
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34.
Best Practices against
Insider ThreatThreat Monitor employee’s behavior Monitor computer systems used by employees Disable remote access Make sure that unnecessary account privileges are not allotted to normal users Disable USB drives in your network Enforce a security policy which addresses all your concerns EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Physical security check should not be ignored
35.
Best Practices against
Insider Threat (cont’d)Threat (cont d) Verify the background of new employees Cross-shred all paper documents before trashing them Secure all dumpsters and post ‘NO TRESPASSING’ signs Conduct security awareness training programs for all employees l lregularly Place locks on computer cases to prevent hardware tampering Lock the wire closets, server rooms, phone closets, and other sensitive equipments Never leave a voice mail message or e-mail broadcast message that gives EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited g g g an exact business itinerary
36.
Countermeasures Understanding and PrioritizingUnderstanding
and Prioritizing Critical Assets • Determine the criteria that is used to determine the value as monetary worth, future benefit to the company, and competitive advantage • According to the criteria determined score all• According to the criteria determined, score all assets of the organization and prioritize them • List all the critical assets across the organization which needs to be properly protected • Understand the likely attack points by analyzing the threats to the organization EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
37.
Countermeasures (cont’d) Defining Acceptable
Level of Loss • The possibility for loss is all around and risk management will determine what efforts should be focused on by an organization and what can be ignored g p organization and what can be ignored • Cost-benefit analysis is a typical method of determining acceptable level of risk • The two methods to deal with potential loss are:p prevention and detection Loss EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
38.
Countermeasures (cont’d) C t
lli A • Controlling the access of the employees according to Controlling Access the requirement of their job • The best way for securing an organization’s critical information is by using Principle of Least Privilege • Principle states that you give someone the leastp y g amount of access they require for their job • Encrypt the most critical data • Never store sensitive information of the business on the networked computerthe networked computer • Store confidential data on a stand alone computer which has no connection to other computers and the telephone line • Regularly change the password of confidential files EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited • Regularly change the password of confidential files
39.
Countermeasures (cont’d) Bait: Honeypots
and Honeytokens • Catching the insiders when they are stealing the information is called honeypots and honeytokens yp y honeytokens • Honeypots and Honeytokens are traps which are set at the system level and file level respectively h k l k• Honeypot on the network looks attractive to attackers and lures them in • It is used when someone wanders around the network looking for something of interestnetwork looking for something of interest • Honeytoken is done at a directory or file level instead of the entire system • Display an attractive file on a legitimate server d h i id EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited used to trap the insider
40.
Countermeasures (cont’d) Mole detection •
In this, a piece of data is given to a person and if that information makes its way to the public Mole detection that information makes its way to the public domain, then there is a mole • It can be used to figure out who is leaking information to the public or to another entity Profiling • It controls and detects the insiders by understanding behavioral patterns • The two types of profiling are individual and group EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited • The two types of profiling are individual and group profiling
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Countermeasures (cont’d) Monitoring • Watching
the behavior by inspecting the information • It provides a starting point for profiling Monitoring • It provides a starting point for profiling • The types of monitoring that can be performed are: • Application-specific • Problem-specific• Problem specific • Full monitoring • Trend analysis • Probationaryy EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
42.
Countermeasures (cont’d) Si t
A l i • It is an effective measure for controlling insider threat or li i i i Signature Analysis any malicious activity • It is also called as pattern analysis because it looks for a pattern that is indicative of a problem or issue It t h l k tt k d th tt k hi h• It catches only known attacks and the attacks which occurs same way all the time EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
43.
Summary Term ‘Corporate espionage’
is used to describe espionage conducted for commercial purposes on companies governments and to determine thecommercial purposes on companies, governments, and to determine the activities of competitors People with limited authorized access is called Insider AssociatePeople with limited authorized access is called Insider Associate Inside s can se Web and email to disclose the o gani ation’s info mationInsiders can use Web and email to disclose the organization’s information C t h bl i h th t it i i l dCryptography garbles a message in such a way that its meaning is concealed M k th t t i il t ll tt d t l EC-Council Copyright © by EC-Council All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited Make sure that unnecessary account privileges are not allotted to normal users
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