Service Business Development in Manufacturing Companies
1. Service Business Development in
Manufacturing Companies
Heiko Gebauer
3rd
International Research Symposium in Service
Management (IRSSM-3)
Center of Innovation Research in Utility Sectors
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
(EAWAG)
Zurich, Switzerland
2. Traditional service research is beyond its peak
Service Management & Marketing1
Number of articles
1 -
Scopus data base, Inquiry “service, management and/or marketing” – June 2012
3. Service business in manufacturing firms …
… has been an emerging topic
Number of articles
Service Management & Marketing1
100
80
60
40
20
0
Service business in manufacturing
companies2
2 -
Scopus data base, Inquiry “product-service systems, industrial services, services in manufacturing
companies, servitization – June 2012
4. … is a response to the third industrial
revolution & the globalization of manufacturing firms
Number of articles
Service Management & Marketing
100
80
60
40
20
0
Service business in manufacturing
companies
5. Service business development relates
to various theoretical perspectives
− Transition from product manufacturers to services providers
− Moving downstream towards services
− Servitization in the manufacturing sector
− Capital equipment manufactures moving towards high-value solutions
− Product-service-systems
− Solution providers
− Service infusion or growing for service solutions
− Hybrid offerings
Selected references: Wise and Baumgartner, 1998; Davies (2004), Vandermerwe and Rada, 1988, Oliva and Kallenberg (2003), Mathyssens
and Vandendempt (1998 and 2008), Neely (2008), Brown, Gustafsson, Witell, 2009
6. Service business development changes the
value contribution through services
Investments into the service business
Service paradox
Ad-hoc service
support
Low
Value
contribution
through
services
Maintenance contracts
Performance-based
Business consulting
Integration services
High
7. Contributions to service business
development in manufacturing companies
Unit of analysis
Manufacturing companies extending
the service business
4) Service strategies4) Service strategies1) Models for moving
towards services
1) Models for moving
towards services
2) Capabilities for
managing the service
business
2) Capabilities for
managing the service
business
3) Service offerings3) Service offerings
Product
1)
Oliva & Kallenberg, 2003;
Cohen et al., 2006; Gebauer et
al., 2005; Reinartz & Ulaga,
2008; Auguste et al., 2004
4
Raddats and Easingwood, 2010;
Davies, 2004; Windahl and
Lakemond, 2010; Sawhney et al.,
2004; Wise & Baumgartner, 1999
2
Neu & Brown, 2004 and
2008; Baines et al.,
2007, Davies et al.,
2007 etc.)
3
Mathieu, 2001b; Windahl
& Lakemond, 2010;
Oliva & Kallenberg,
2003)
Services
8. Example – IBM‘s move from products
to services
Major milestones
• Management commitment
• Management and financial system
• Recruiting new and intensive training
of existing employees
• Incentive system for services
• Formulation & implementation of a
service strategy
• Creation of IBM Global Services as
strategic Business Unit
• Continuous service innovationen
(Network, data storage, e-Business)
Revenues in 2010
9. Beyond MNEs, there are also SMEs moving
towards services
9
Major milestones
• Management commitment
• Management and financial system
• Recruiting new and intensive
training of existing employees
• Formulation & implementation of a
service strategy
• Creation of business unit for
services & components
• Service centers
• Service innovations and continuous
service improvements
Revenues
In Million CHF
10. Qualitative case studies drive the research field
Article Authors Citations Research method
1 Oliva & Kallenberg (2003) 240 Case studies
2 Vandermerwe & Rada (1998) 113 Case studies
3 Davies (2004) 103 Case studies
4 Tuli et al. (2004) 95 Case studies
5 Mathieu (2001a) 84 Case studies
6 Mathieu (2001b) 81 Conceptual
7 Sawhney et. al (2004) 73 Case studies
8 Davies et al. (2007) 68 Case studies
9 Neu & Brown (2004) 67 Case studies
10 Gebauer et al. (2005) 65 Case studies
… … … …
11. Stronger theoretical frameworks are necessary
Product
manufacturers
Manufacturing
capabilities
Solution providers
Combinations of products and services
Integration capabilities
Service capabilities Manufacturing
capabilitiesOperationa
l
capabilitie
s
Dynamic
capabilities
Adapted from Teece et al. (1997), Teece, (2007) Stefano et al. (2010)
Individual skills
Sensing Seizing Reconfiguring
Organizational routines
(management innovations)
12. Cognitive phenomena limiting individual skills
• Overemphasize tangible and obvious
elements
• Disbelief in economic opportunities
• Risk aversion for compete with customers
• Fundamental attribution error (pushing
people, instead of setting up structures)
• Aggressive goals
Source: Ross, 1974; Gebauer and Friedli, 2004; Gebauer 2009Source: Ocasio, 1997
Cognitive phenomenaCognitive theories
13. Succeeding through the service strategies
opens-up the potential of providing solutions
After-sales
service
provider
Customer
support
service
provider
Development
partner
Outsourcing
partner
Source: Gebauer, Fischer and Fleisch (2010)
Solution provider
•Key capabilities:
•Balancing different
business models
•Integration of different
business models
•Flexibility across
different business
models
•Customer proximity to
understanding
requirements according
to the business model
14. Service orientation in the operational capabilities¹
A – abstract value of services, B – role understanding, C – personnel recruiting, D –
training, E – compensation, F – distinction product and service organization, G –proximity
to customers
Operational capabilities for executing service
strategies (1)
After-sales
service providers
Customer support
service providers
Development partners
Outsourcing partners
Legend (0 – low, 1 – high – cluster means)¹
Source: Gebauer, Gustafsson, Edvardsson and Witell (2010), Neu and Brown (2005 and 2008)
15. Management innovation drives service
business development
Sensing routines
(n=7)
•Down-stream-analysis
•Utility maps
•Service scenarios
•..
Seizing routines
(n=5)
•Strategy guide and
handbook
•Service portfolio
management
•...
Reconfiguring routines
(n=7)
•Cost-accounting systems
•Service innovation
process
•Performance
measurement
•…
Management
innovations facilitating
the sensing phase
•Motivation, theorizing &
labeling
•External > internal
change agent
Management
innovations facilitating
the seizing phase
•Invention &
implementation
•External = internal
change agent
Management
innovations facilitating
the reconfiguring phase
•Motivation
•Implementation
•Internal >> external
change agents
Source: Gebauer (2011)
16. Summary
Service business development is an emerging research and
management topic
Qualitative research drives the theoretical extension, but future
research should concentrate more on quantitative studies and
unique qualitative research fields
Research from emerging markets such as China, India, or Brazil
are highly welcome
Alternative theoretical perspective facilitate the research
contributions
16
17. Thank you very much for your attention
If you have any further questions, please
contact me:
heiko.gebauer@eawag.ch
Basic idea on service business in manufacturing companies can be described in the following way. There is an transition line from products to services, companies can move along the transition line by investing into the service business. Through investing into the service business, manufacturing companies can increase the importance of service for the value contribution. Increasing the importance of services for the value contributions is means that financial indicators such as revenue or profit or non-financial indicators such as customer satisfaction or quality of the customer relationship are increasingly attributed to services. For exampe, share of service revenues in companies such as Xerox (manufacturing copy machines) or Rolls-Royce (jet engines) is more than 50%, and about 60% of the profit comes from services. There are three arguments why companies move along the transition line. First, strategic argument, Second, financial, and Third, marketing arguments. Moving along the transition line changes the business logic. It might startt with offering products and adding services to ensure product functionality. For example, repair services in case of waching machine of TV breaks down or has a failure. Business logic migh change to sell with offer product also a long-term maintenance services, or offering a customer specific solution. It might even lead to changing the business logic towards pay-per-use or performance-based business approaches. The latter mean that for example that instead of paying for copy machines and maintenance services, customer pay only for every printed page, or instead Moving along the tranition line is far from easy. We observed that companies face strong difficulties and are confronted with various obstacles. Instead of moving along the transitions line and increasesing the value contribution of services they will end up in a service paradox. Service paradox is an empirical phenoma that companies invest in the service business, but do not generate the expected return. It means they have high costs, but low service revenues and profits.
Basic idea on service business in manufacturing companies can be described in the following way. There is an transition line from products to services, companies can move along the transition line by investing into the service business. Through investing into the service business, manufacturing companies can increase the importance of service for the value contribution. Increasing the importance of services for the value contributions is means that financial indicators such as revenue or profit or non-financial indicators such as customer satisfaction or quality of the customer relationship are increasingly attributed to services. For exampe, share of service revenues in companies such as Xerox (manufacturing copy machines) or Rolls-Royce (jet engines) is more than 50%, and about 60% of the profit comes from services. There are three arguments why companies move along the transition line. First, strategic argument, Second, financial, and Third, marketing arguments. Moving along the transition line changes the business logic. It might startt with offering products and adding services to ensure product functionality. For example, repair services in case of waching machine of TV breaks down or has a failure. Business logic migh change to sell with offer product also a long-term maintenance services, or offering a customer specific solution. It might even lead to changing the business logic towards pay-per-use or performance-based business approaches. The latter mean that for example that instead of paying for copy machines and maintenance services, customer pay only for every printed page, or instead Moving along the tranition line is far from easy. We observed that companies face strong difficulties and are confronted with various obstacles. Instead of moving along the transitions line and increasesing the value contribution of services they will end up in a service paradox. Service paradox is an empirical phenoma that companies invest in the service business, but do not generate the expected return. It means they have high costs, but low service revenues and profits.
Basic idea on service business in manufacturing companies can be described in the following way. There is an transition line from products to services, companies can move along the transition line by investing into the service business. Through investing into the service business, manufacturing companies can increase the importance of service for the value contribution. Increasing the importance of services for the value contributions is means that financial indicators such as revenue or profit or non-financial indicators such as customer satisfaction or quality of the customer relationship are increasingly attributed to services. For exampe, share of service revenues in companies such as Xerox (manufacturing copy machines) or Rolls-Royce (jet engines) is more than 50%, and about 60% of the profit comes from services. There are three arguments why companies move along the transition line. First, strategic argument, Second, financial, and Third, marketing arguments. Moving along the transition line changes the business logic. It might startt with offering products and adding services to ensure product functionality. For example, repair services in case of waching machine of TV breaks down or has a failure. Business logic migh change to sell with offer product also a long-term maintenance services, or offering a customer specific solution. It might even lead to changing the business logic towards pay-per-use or performance-based business approaches. The latter mean that for example that instead of paying for copy machines and maintenance services, customer pay only for every printed page, or instead Moving along the tranition line is far from easy. We observed that companies face strong difficulties and are confronted with various obstacles. Instead of moving along the transitions line and increasesing the value contribution of services they will end up in a service paradox. Service paradox is an empirical phenoma that companies invest in the service business, but do not generate the expected return. It means they have high costs, but low service revenues and profits.
Ergänzung der Produktorientierung mit der Dienstleistungsorientierung als Ausweg aus der Beschränkung bisheriger produktorientierter Geschäftsmodelle. Weg zur Dienstleistungsorientierung verschiedene Entwicklungsstufen. Historisch – Dienstleistungswüste, Produktverkauf hiess noch Vertrieb und es ging eher darum Kunden ausreichend viele Produkte zur Verfügung zu stellen und Nachfrage zu befriedigen. Vertriebsfunktion zur Vertriebs/Service-Funktion gewandelt, Service-Funktion –ad-hoc unterstützung. Waschmaschinen läuft aus oder Fernseher ist kaputt. Dann Servicetechniker bezahlt man für Reparatur und Ersatzteile (Fixpreis oder variable ja nach Aufwand). Service-Funktion in Marktorganisation aktiv versucht Dienstleistungen zu verkaufen. Typisches Beispiel sind Serviceverträge für eine bestimmten Zeitraum 1 oder 2 Jahre, alle Servicetätigkeiten und Ersatzteile für einen bestimmten Festbetrag. Serviceveträge findet man heute auch teilweise bei Waschmaschinen (V-Zug), Werkzeugmaschinen). Weitere Ausbau hat jedoch ein Risiko, statt die Dienstleistungswüste in einen Dienstleistungsgarten zu verwandeln. Einen Garten der gut gepflegt ist und einen schönen Ertrag erwirtschaften, landen Sie im Dienstleistungsdschungel. Dienstleistungsdschungel heisst, die ausuferndes Dienstleistungsangebot, mangelnde Kostentransparenz, Kunden verlieren die Übersicht über das Dienstleistungsangebot und den –nutzen. Am Ende investieren sie in das Dienstleistungsgeschäfts, aber die erwarteten Return-on Investments in den Dienstleistungsbereich sind geringer als erwartet. Vermeidung des Dienstleistungsdschungels durch Professionelles und systematisches Dienstleistungsmanagement Service als strategisches Instrument und Wandel zu Performance-based Geschäftsmodellen oder pay-per-use. Beispiel Flugzeugturbine, GE & Rolls-Royce neue Turbinengeneration, günstiger im Unterhalt, und leichte Verbesserung der Leistung, niemand wollte aber die Turbine, Marktflop. Kurz vor dem Scheitern. Ausweg Power-by-the hour. Bezahlung nur für die Verfügbarkeit und die Nutzung der Turbine. Revolution der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette in der Luftfahrt. Boeing und Airbus umgangen, Konzept gemeinsam mit Fluggesellschaften, (Power-by-the-hour – Anstieg ins Finanzierungsgeschäfts für Flugzeuge, Boeing und Airbus erwirtschaften bis heute nur circa 2-3% der Umsatzes mit Dienstleistungen. Turbinenhersteller bis zu 50%. Solchen strategischen Erfolgen von Dienstleistungen stehen jedoch auch strategische Risiken gegenüber. Konsequenz solcher Risiken sehr gut bei Herstellern von Kopiergeräten und Druckern erkennbar. Bereich professionelle Drucker. Performance-based oder pay-per-use. Bezahlung pro Kopie oder gedruckte Seite. Dunkle Seite (Risiko/Gefahr) bei diesem Geschäftsmodell ist Verändertes Kundenverhalten und erzeugte Preistransparenz. Kunden erkennt kaum Qualitätsunterschiede. Gedruckte Seite HP = Xerox, Kopie von Canon = Sharp, kaum qualitative Unterschiede. Kunden erkennt nur, eine Seite 7 Rappen oder 6 Rappen. Kaufentscheid rein vom Preisabhängig. Kostenführerschaft als notwendige Erfolgsposition. Ruinöser Preiswettbewerb, fast keines der Unternehmen wirklich Profitabel war, Verlagerungen in Niedriglohnländer und Zusammenschlüsse. Eventuell Form erklären.
Existing contributions to servitization – four main areas – Models – Oliva & Kallenberg (2003), Ulaga & Reinarz four steps to increase the service profitability, Cohen et al. (2006) article six steps in setting-up an after-sales service business. Capabilities – Organizational capabilities (dynamic and operational capabilities) – dynamic come from the evolutionary theory of the firm – ability to respond to changing business environments. In this dynamic context, it is about sensing service opportunities and threats, seizing the sensed opportunities. Seizing means finding the reight business model for approaching the service opportunities. Another dynamic capabilities, which has been discussed in this context is the ability to reconfigure the operational capabilities. Operational capabilities is a static perspective on how a company can operate in a stable business environment. It is about earing the living in the service business. Service offerings As I mention. SSP & SSC, basic services for the installed base,advanced services, maintenance services, outsourcing services. Differrent types of service offering used to describe different service strategies -
IBM – Extremfall / Paradebeispiel für den Wandel von einer Produkt- zur Dienstleistungsorientierung. IBM vor 20 Jahren, Technologiesprünge (verschlafen), Mainframes, zu spät im PC Geschäft, Software-Trend (verschlafen), 90 und 91 erste Entlassungen, einmalig bis dato in IBM Firmengeschichte. Zerschlagung des gesamten Konzerns, in sogenannte IBM Baby Blues, in Anlehnung an Baby Bells, Auflösung der Telefongesellschaften in den USA. Titelblätter des Economist und Fortune setzten eine grosses Fragezeichen hinter den zukünftige Entwicklung von IBM. Erste Turn-arounds mit der Fortführung der Produktorientierung gescheitert. Einmalig war dann Berufung von Louise von Gerstner in auf dem Posten des CEO. Aussenstehender, Service-Bereich. Mit ihm kam ein extremes Commitment zum Wandel im Geschäftsmodel von der Entwicklung, Produktion und Verkauf von Mainframes zu Wertgenerierung für Kunden mittels Dienstleistungen. Ganze Management & Finanzsystem wurde radikal an die Rahmenbedingungen für Dienstleistungsorientierung angepasst. Extreme Mitarbeiterfluktuation und –ausbildung. Jahr mit 10‘000 neuen Mitarbeitern im Servicebereich. Formulierung einer Dienstleistungsstrategie und die Gründung von IBM Global Service sind weitere Meilensteine auf dem Weg von IBM zum Dienstleister. Durch Strategie und Organisation wurden die notwendige Voraussetzungen geschaffen, für kontinuierliche Service Innovationen. Mittels Service Innovationen Aufbau neuer strategischer Geschäftsfelder. Ergebnis all dieser Meilensteine 2001, Service-Umsatz, grösster Umsatzanteil. Kurz darauf – Verkauf der Laptop-Sparte an Lenovo. Einmalig, IBMs Registrierung an New York Stock Exchange.
R&D and innovation competencies Logistic & purchasing competencies Manufacturing competencies Assembly and production skills Understanding of customer’s technical, business, and operational needs Combination of product and services into customer-specific solutions Engineering competencies R&D and innovation competencies Logistic & purchasing competencies Manufacturing competencies Assembly and production skills Engineering competencies Recognizing and dealing with service opportunities and threats Service-oriented values and behavior Service-oriented personnel recruitment, development, and compensation Service-oriented organizational structures (e.g., separate business unit for services, service innovation processes) Exploiting the sensed opportunities and fending off threats Modifying operational capabilities Over the years and responding to some criticism of the approach (see especially Priem and Butler, 2001), the RBV was developed and enriched. It started to deal (once again) more explicitly with how a firm’s external environment is influencing the process of managing resources and how a firm’s resources are transformed into value. Sirmon et al. (2007) for example recently proposed a dynamic resource management model of value creation. Bingham and Eisenhardt (2008, p. 242) contributed to the RBV by arguing that “competitive advantage stems from both the characteristics of individual resources as497 well as the linkages among the resources”. Then they apply the VRIN criteria basically to the combinations of resources and especially see inimitability as the key criterion for gaining competitive advantage. Instead, dynamic capabilities or “the firm’s ability to integrate, build and reconfigure internal and external competencies to address rapidly changing environments” (Teece et al., 1997, p. 516) are seen as key and perceived as the cornerstone of competitive advantage. Dynamic capabilities (still following Teece et al., 1997, pp. 518-24) are based upon highly firm-specific managerial and organizational processes (or routines) and are shaped to a considerable degree by its specific asset position (current specif Teece has recently developed the dynamic capability framework considerably in another landmark study (2007 and included in 2009). Here, he more deliberately attempts to weave an “umbrella framework that highlights the most critical capabilities needed to sustain the evolutionary and entrepreneurial fitness of the business enterprise” (Teece, 2007, p. 1322). He proposes three categories of dynamic capabilities that he sees as most critical for sustaining evolutionary and entrepreneurial fitness [10], i.e. the capacity to sense and shape opportunities and threats, to seize opportunities and dynamic capabilities to maintain competitiveness through enhancing, combining, protecting and, when necessary reconfiguring the business enterprise’s intangible and tangible assets (Teece, 2007, p. 1319). “ the capability of an organization to perform a coordinated set of tasks utilizing organizational resources, for the purpose of achieving a particular end result”. They stress that “dynamic capabilities do not directly affect output for the firm in which they reside, but indirectly contribute to the output of the firm through an impact on operational capabilities”. Winter has formulated the basic difference between zero-level and higher order capabilities nicely. He refers to the first as “how we earn a living now capabilities” and in contrast, the others as “capabilities that would change the product, the production process, the scale, or the customers (markets) served” (p. 992).
Model of attention and firm behavior to explain is not surprising that, having created a success- ful company by making a superior product, management continues to be oriented toward the product rather than the people who con- sume it. It develops the philosophy that contin- ued growth is a matter of continued product innovation and improvement. Because electronic products are highly complex and sophisticated, managements be- come top-heavy with engineers and scientists. This creates a selective bias in favor of research and production at the expense of marketing. The organization tends to view itself as making things rather than as satisfying customer needs. Marketing gets treated as a residual ac- tivity, “something else” that must be done once the vital job of product creation and produc- tion is completed. Engineers and scientists are at home in the world of concrete things like machines, test tubes, production lines, and even balance sheets. The abstractions to which they feel kindly are those that are testable or manipulat- able in the laboratory or, if not testable, then functional, such as Euclid’s axioms. In short, the managements of the new glamour-growth companies tend to favor business activities that lend themselves to careful study, experimenta- tion, and control—the hard, practical realities The latter occupy a stepchild status. They are recognized as exist- ing, as having to be taken care of, but not worth very much real thought or dedicated at- tention.
Frequently executed Minimal causal ambiguity between action and outcome Moderate heterogeneity of tasks for executing the routines Executed only occasionally Minimal causal ambiguity between action and outcomes High heterogeneity of tasks for executing routines Executed continuously High causal ambiguity between actions and outcomes Low heterogeneity of tasks for executing routines