Cloud computing, as a concept, promises cost savings to end-users by letting them outsource their non-critical business functions to a third party in pay-as-you-go style. However, to enable economic pay-as-you-go services, we need Cloud middleware that maximizes sharing and support near zero costs for unused applications. Multi-tenancy, which let multiple tenants (user) to share a single application instance securely, is a key enabler for building such a middleware. On the other hand, Business processes capture Business logic of organizations in an abstract and reusable manner, and hence play a key role in most organizations. This paper presents the design and architecture of a Multi-tenant Workflow engine while discussing in detail potential use cases of such architecture. Primary contributions of this paper are motivating workflow multi-tenancy, and the design and implementation of multi-tenant workflow engine that enables multiple tenants to run their workflows securely within the same workflow engine instance without modifications to the workflows. Milinda Pathirage, Srinath Perera, Sanjiva Weerawarana, Indika Kumara, A Multi-tenant Architecture for Business Process Execution, 9th International Conference on Web Services (ICWS), 2011 Paper: http://people.apache.org/~hemapani/research/papers/ode-multi-tenancy.pdf

1. A Multi-tenant Architecture for Business Process Executions MilindaPathirage, Srinath Perera, Indika Kumara, SanjivaWeerawarana WSO2 Inc.

4. Cloud Offerings

5. Why PaaS? IaaS only provides limited saving to someone who needs to outsource their IT functions SaaS is great when they can be used They are usually very specific (e.g. email, CRM ..) If they match, then great, but if they are not, not much choice for the user. PaaS stays in the middle ground Framework to host your apps Hopefully you can move your apps as it is (well not the case with Azure or App Engine, but it is possible).

6. Supporting SOA in PaaS SOA is a primary technology in the Enterprise Many users already have SOA artifacts Moving them to the Cloud without need for changing will be a great advantage We want to see Cloud as yet another deployment model Write and test applications locally Even deploy it locally if needed When you need it, you can deploy the same artifacts in the cloud. Multi-tenancy plays a major role. Which brings us to our Topic. photo by MikkoTarvainenon Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/mtarvainen/5131983246/, Licensed under CC

8. Multi-tenancy vs. Virtual Machines Multi-tenancy provides much fine grained sharing by many applications sharing the same server. Say there are 100k accounts, but 10k active users at a time. VM based model needs 100k VMs, which means there is a cost incurred per account. With Multi-tenancy one server can handle many accounts, and by mixing and matching heavy and light users, Multi-tenancy can operate with much less number of servers. photo by hans s on Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/archeon/2359334908/

9. Our Earlier Works on Multi-tenancy We provide a SOA PaaS offering called Stratos. Some of the features Web Service Hosting as a Service Web Application Hosting as a Service Message Mediation Execution as a Service (ESB) Governance as a Service Earlier publications on the topic A. Azeez and S. Perera et al., WSO2 Stratos: An Industrial Stack to Support Cloud Computing, IT: Methods and Applications of Informatics and Information Technology Journal, the special Issue on Cloud Computing, 2011. AfkhamAzeez, Srinath Perera, DimuthuGamage, Ruwan Linton, PrabathSiriwardana, DimuthuLeelaratne, SanjivaWeerawarana, Paul Fremantle, "Multi-Tenant SOA Middleware for Cloud Computing" 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing, Florida, 2010

10. Today’s Topic: Workflow Hosting as a Service Key part of the SOA puzzle Workflows provide interoperable means of composing services together. Still workflow technology is mostly limited to large scale organizations Goals Enable users to deploy the same workflows that they run on local machines in the Cloud without any changes and supporting the monitoring and other features in the same way. Supporting Multi-tenancy Scalability photo by Michael Coté on Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/cote/460253143/, Licensed under CC

11. Motivating Usecases

12. E-Science Gateways Scientific workflows has been identified as enabling technology for E-Science. Idea is to let scientists visually compose workflows and run them. There are many gateways that do this. However, the cost of running gateways for different domains has been high. Workflow hosting service together with Service and Web application hosting service will enable multiple science gateways to share the same infrastructure thus reducing the maintenance cost and resource sharing . photo by Image Editor on Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/11304375@N07/2769519295/, Licensed under CC

13. SMBs (Small and Medium size Business) Most SMBs can not afforded to run their own workflow technologies. This stops them from goes to the next level. Workflow, Service and Web hosting services can enable multiple SMBs to share the same infrastructure. This will lower the bar of workflow use, and enable SMBs to move to the next level. photo by Olaf on Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/okreitz/3073783437/, Licensed under CC

14. Goals of Multi-tenancy Sharing – maximize the resource sharing across multiple tenants. Isolation – hide the fact other other are also in the same server. Execution – enforce security. Make sure one tenant can’t call other tenants executable logic. Data – make sure one tenant can’t see other data Performance - make sure performance is not affected by existence of other tenants. Scale Server is distributed and it can handle larger load by adding more nodes. photo by John TrainoronFlickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/trainor/2902023575/, Licensed under CC

15. Related works Mitezner [5] and Shi et al.[6] introduced application templates where the system lets users customize a template workflow. Mitezneret al. introduced a tenant context to hold execution data and isolate executions. We also use a similar concept. Cai, Wang, and Zhou [8] have used tenant context to support multi-tenancy in Web Applications. Anstett et al. [9] discuss challenges of bring BPEL processes to cloud. Need changes to BPEL engine Configuration data isolation Avoid giving access to DBs Securing the Data in the communication

16. BPS Multi-tenancy Architecture

18. Axis2 have stateless executions and keep all state in a Context.

19. So if we create different context for each tenant, they are isolated.

21. BPS Multi-tenancy Architecture (Contd.) Extends Apache ODE Has a single tenant Apache ODE Engine as the core and added Multi-tenancy by adding a Multi-tenant process store and adding isolation at the message reception. Parts of the architecture A Process store per tenant, which only allows calls from that tenant Parent process store that provides a single process store view across all tenant stores (to Apache ODE).

22. BPS Multi-tenancy Architecture (Contd.) When a workflow is deployed by T1, it is stored in T1’s process store. Also, a service is created for the workflow and deployed within T1’s space. When a workflow received a message, the service that receives the message perform access control and then injects it to ODE with tenant ID as a correlation property. A implicit correlation rule together with other correlation rules routes the messages to a workflow instance. When workflow instance access the process store, it is routed to the T1’s tenant process store.

23. Isolation Data isolation is provided by the process store per tenant, which stores data in the multi-tenant registry. Execution isolation is provided by Service isolation which enforces security on any external calls before a message is injected in to the workflow engine. After entry, isolation is provided by data isolation and workflow engine. Workflow engine creates a new version when a process is redeployed, and each version is isolated. So multiple users can have workflows with the same name in the workflow engine. photo Kevin Rushton by on Flickr, http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/643153

24. Isolation (Contd.) Performance isolation is a challenging issue. We currently relay on monitoring and auditing where we can kill CPU hogging processes We are exploring the possibility of changing the priority of CPU hogging processes in the work queue. photo Fortes by on Flickr, http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-3193056200

25. Scaling Run multiple BPS nodes in a cluster Tenants are partitioned across BPS nodes Fronted by a load-balancer which is aware of tenants and processes

26. Performance Setup Multi-tenant and non-multi-tenant versions Run 200 workflows from each client Overhead is minimal MT supports only add few additional lookups and checks Java Security does not come in to play as we do not run user provided code.

27. How does it make a difference? Supporting Workflow Hosting as a Service Bringing down the cost of using workflows Increasing the sharing in the cloud Multi-tenant BPS in private Cloud to support multiple departments for improve resource sharing. As a test environment and an education medium Super tenant workflows Workflow store model (like App Store) to sell workflows. Photo by Madhan on Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/flickcoolpix/3566848458/

28. Conclusion We proposed an architecture for supporting Multi-tenant Business Process Engine We layered this on top of our earlier works on Service Multi-tenancy and Data Multi-tenancy. We discussed data and execution isolation. We have realized the architecture on top of WSO2 BPS, which is an extension of Apache ODE Multi-tenant business process engine enables end-users to deploy their current BPEL workflows running on their machine without any changes. It only introduced a minimal overhead It is currently available for free from cloud.wso2.com

29. Questions?