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Pennington Biomedical Research Center
  Awesome.2Cents! A Healthy Lifestyle Curriculum for Teens…

Grades 8-12

Lesson 8- Fad Diets

Content outline
      Characteristics of Fad Diets
      Types of Fad Diets
      Pros and Cons of each diet type
      How to spot a fad diet
      Alternative to fad diets

Louisiana content standards:
1-M-2, 1-M-3, 2-M-1, 2-M-2, 4-M-3, 4-M-5, 5-M-4, 6-M-1, 6-M-2
1-H-1, 1-H-2, 1-H-3, 1-H-4, 1-H-6, 2-H-1, 2-H-4, 3-H-1, 3-H-2, 3-H-3, 4-H-3, 5-H-6, 6-H-1, 6-H-2, 6-
H-5, 6-H-6

Objectives/Expected Learner Outcomes
Students will learn about high protein and low fat diets. They learn to spot a fad diet.
They will be familiar what makes a diet a fad diet.

Lesson and Strategies
Student group targeted 8-12th grade

Time required
Teacher Preparation: 15-20 minutes
Assessment: 10 minutes

Materials and Resources
Handouts
Power point presentation
Projector
Screen
Laptop/Computer

Motivation and Explanations

Teacher Preparation
Before class, make copies of the handouts and homework assignment.

Homework
Students will be asked to find ads for fad diets and choose one that they want to discuss
in class the following day. If necessary, they will access the internet at home to get
additional information on the fad diet that they would like to share. The students will be
asked to pay particularly close attention to the promotional terms, images used, and
claims that the ad makes and evaluate these claims based on what they have learned
about weight-loss gimmicks.
Lesson Plan
Slide    Lesson
1        Title slide: The Truth about Fad Diets

         Say:
         Today we will cover the lesson, The Truth about Fad Diets.
2        In this lesson, we will cover

         Say:
         And, in this lesson, we will cover: the characteristics of fad diets, the primary
         types of fad diets that are available with examples of each, the pros and cons
         associated with each type of fad diet, how to spot a fad diet, and alternative
         methods to lose weight or maintain the current weight that you are at.

3        Some Characteristics of Fad Diets

         Say:
         They promote quick weight loss. True, the diet may cause rapid weight loss in
         the beginning. But, this is usually just water weight or muscle that is lost and
         not body fat. And, these weight losses are usually regained quickly once a
         person gets off of the diet plan.

         They limit food selections. Some fad diets limit entire food groups, while others
         have lists of specific foods that are not allowed. Any diet plan that restricts
         many foods is usually too difficult to follow. And, when restricting entire food
         groups, an even bigger problem arises, which is nutrient inadequacy. Nutrition
         inadequacy is a term used to describe a situation where a diet is inadequate in
         essential vitamins and minerals due to the elimination of important food groups
         (like fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods, for example).

         They use testimonials from famous people and tie the diet to well-known cities,
         such as Beverly Hills and New York. The testimony is based on the opinions of
         a person. Anyone can claim (or be paid to claim) something to be true when it
         is not. These diets fail to include any real evidence of how the diet works. They
         don’t provide results of long-term clinical studies published in scientific
         journals comparing the effects of the diet plan in question to other diets.

         They describe themselves as cure-alls. The diet claims to work for everyone,
         no matter how overweight a person may be and no matter their specific
         strengths or weaknesses. There is no magic pill or magical diet that can work
         for everyone. And, many people (especially those with chronic conditions like
         heart disease or kidney disease and severely obese or older individuals) should
         first consult their doctor before even beginning a diet program.

4        Some Characteristics of Fad Diets
Say:
    They often recommend expensive supplements. On a restrictive diet,
    supplements are necessary. Supplements are also recommended for child
    baring women (iron, calcium and folic acid). However, when following the
    Dietary Guidelines for Americans Diet Guide, a healthy diet consisting of a
    variety of foods, supplements would not be needed. There may be other
    conditions determined by a physician when supplements may be necessary.
    The USDA Diet Guide encourages the selection of a wide variety of nutrient-
    dense fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy and whole grains, which give us more
    than ample supply of vitamins and minerals.

    No attempts are made to change eating habits permanently- Therefore, ones
    the weight loss phase is over, the person has not learned new eating habits to
    maintain the weight loss. And, reverting to the usual eating habits leads to
    weight gain. This can lead to a new dieting phase. This is known as yo-yo
    dieting. It is not healthy but can lead to health complications in later life. To
    maintain weight loss after the weight loss phase is over requires adoption of a
    new Lifestyle learning to eat differently than before and making exercise part
    of regular schedule.

    They are generally critical and skeptical about the scientific community and
    critical of physicians and registered dietitians. What these fad diets offer is
    “quick and easy” not the “tried and true” that the medical community and
    dietitians promote. Unfortunately, majority of those who use these diets can
    lose weight but end up gaining it all and more back later.

5   Types of Fad Diets

    Say:
    There are two major categories that fad diets can fall into. Either those that
    restrict carbohydrate intake (high in fat and protein) or those that restrict fat
    intake (and are high in carbohydrates). As you now already know, there are
    three macronutrients responsible for giving us energy to use our bodies. Can
    anyone name these?

    Do: Encourage students to respond (answer = protein, carbohydrates, and fat)

    Say:
    Remember that fats are the most energy-dense, meaning that when given the
    same amount of carbohydrate, protein or fat, fat will have about 2x’s more
    calories. Fat has 9 kcal/g whereas both carbohydrates and protein have 4
    kcal/g. And, although it may seem like fat is bad in that it carries so many
    calories, we must remember that we need fat in order to function as it does
    serve many important purposes. What we should be aware of is how much fat
    we are consuming and, just as importantly, what kind of fat we are consuming.
6   Low or Restricted Carbohydrate Approaches

    Say:
    Low Carb diets are the most common form of fad diets currently. Whereas in a
    normal diet, most of the energy that we consume comes from carbohydrates
    and fats, in these diets the majority of energy comes from fats and protein. This
    is because these diets restrict the number of calories that you consume from
    carbohydrates. Some of the popular examples of low-carb diet approaches are
    the Atkins diet, Sugar Busters, Protein Power, The Zone, The South Beach
    Diet.

7   Say:
       1. The diet does not provide adequate amount of carbohydrates.
          Carbohydrates are our main energy source. On a high fat, high protein
          diets, an individual’s energy level is diminished. There is a shift in
          metabolism that has to take place and it is similar to what happens
          when a person is fasting. The body has to learn to use mainly fat for
          energy.
       2. The brain’s main energy source is carbohydrate. On low carb diets the
          brain has to switch to other energy sources. There may be mental
          sluggishness, tiredness, and fatigue as a result.
       3. Increased risk for kidney stones. Individuals who have family history of
          kidney stones may increase the chance on high protein diets.

8   Problems with Low-Carb Diets

    Say:
    There are several problems associated with low-carb diets:

    1) Low-carb diet plans generally contain little or no fruit, vegetables or whole
    grains. They are important components of a healthy diet. The 2005 Dietary
    Guidelines for Americans emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-
    free or low-fat milk and milk products. The low carb diets do not.

    2) The diets are not intended for long-term use, usually no longer than 4-6
    weeks. Therefore, this is restrictive diet for short duration and do not promote
    healthy lifestyle changes (a necessary component of any successful long term
    weight loss plan).

    3) The low carb diet plans include excessive intake of animal fats. The Dietary
    Guidelines for Americans, recommends “lean meats, poultry, fish, beans,
    eggs, and nuts and is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium),
    and added sugars” as part of a healthy diet.

    4) Also, while following low-carb diets, individuals may experience
    reduced exercise capacity due to poor glycogen (type of carbohydrate in the
muscle) stores in the muscle.

9    Problems with Low-carb diets

     Say:
     A primary concern with low-carb diets is the risk for metabolic dehydration.
     This is different from dehydration experienced with drinking fluids. Metabolic
     dehydration is a condition which occurs when the body has to draw upon its
     own stores of carbohydrates and/or protein when these are not provided in
     sufficient amounts through the diet. Because both protein and carbohydrates
     are stored with water in the body, when the body has to break down these
     stores, water is released. This is the factor responsible for the initial weight loss
     observed with low-carb diets– water losses. Usually these processes happen in
     starvation. In starvation, the body is in extreme stress. There is a complete
     metabolic shift that has to occur. It is not healthy way to lose weight. A much
     healthier option is to reduce total caloric intake slowly over time and increase
     physical activity.

10   The Atkins Diet: General Information

     Say:
     Now, we’ll briefly review some of the characteristics of two commonly
     followed low-carb diets. The first that we will discuss is the Atkins Diet.

     Who here has heard of the Atkins Diet before?

     Do:
     Note the number of responses from students.

     Say:
     There has actually been a lot of controversy about the Atkins diet over the
     years because the diet plan is so high in fat and protein, with little to no
     carbohydrates (which, as we know, are found among the foods that the Dietary
     Guidelines for Americans recommend us to eat: fruit, vegetables, [whole]
     grains and [low-fat] dairy). In the Atkins diet, dieters are encouraged to eat
     bacon and eggs daily, along with such food as lobster bisque and ice cream.
     These are all foods high in fat, particularly saturated fats. Many of us have
     probably heard about the link between high fat diets and heart disease.
     However, Atkins dismisses the fact that his diet may be heart-disease
     promoting by claiming that fat is only a problem when consumed with
     carbohydrates. This has not been backed by scientific evidence.

11   The Atkins Diet: Advantages

     Say:
     On the contrary, there are a few advantages associated with the Atkins diet.
One is that there has been some research which indicates that people with type
     2 diabetes have had better blood sugar control while on this diet because of the
     decreased intake in carbohydrates. Another advantage is that individuals on
     this diet plan (like many other low-carb diets) are also less likely to get hungry
     when compared with other diets -- since individuals are allowed to eat as much
     as they like of the permitted foods, which are highly satiating (filling) due to
     their high-fat nature. Also, the diet does cause a substantial weight loss but we
     have to acknowledge that much of this initial weight loss is due to water losses
     alone and at present the risk-to-benefit ratio (possible heart-disease promoting
     effects versus weight loss) are not known.

12   The Atkins Diet: Disadvantages
     Say:
     But, this diet plan, like many others, is not without its disadvantages.

     1) One important disadvantage to this diet is that it has primarily been
     supported by testimonials from those who have tried it instead of being based
     on the results of long-term clinical trials.

     2) Another disadvantage is that although the diet is very high in fat, those who
     follow it still consume too few calories. And because the diet almost eliminates
     carbohydrate sources, which are generally those foods we refer to as nutrient-
     dense (high in nutrients), providing little diet variety, it is often too low in
     important vitamins, minerals, and fiber.

     3) The diet also does not follow recommendations from the American Heart
     Association. It is too high in saturated fats and can lead to an increased risk of
     heart disease.

     4) It can also cause constipation due to its low fiber content and

     5) is also difficult to adhere to as it eliminates or severely restricts several food
     groups, like fruit, vegetables, grains and dairy.

13   Sugar Busters: General Information

     Say:
     The next low-carb diet that we will mention is sugar busters. Who hear has
     heard of Sugar Busters or knows someone who has tried it? Raise your hand.

     Do:
     Not the number of responses.

     Say:
     The authors of the Sugar Busters diet say that sugar causes digestive problems
     and that it can cause the body to overproduce insulin. The theme of this diet is
that “sugar is toxic.” Therefore, the diet recommends avoiding high-glycemic
     index foods (those with the greatest effect on blood sugar levels) like potatoes,
     corn, white flour, pasta, white rice and cake, while encouraging the
     consumption of high-protein foods like meats, nuts and cheese.
     However, all energy sources are converted to their simplest form, sugar, in the
     body when they are metabolized.

14   Sugar Busters: Advantages

     Say:
     There are some advantages to sugar busters.
     1) The plan encourages the consumption of 3 meals a day.
     2) The plan recommends cooking with oils that are high in mono- and
     polyunsaturated (good) fats and low in saturated (bad) fats. Therefore, it
     stresses consuming good fats over bad fats, known to promote heart disease.
     3) The diet also gives clear guidelines on which foods to avoid, making it
     easier for individuals to follow.
     4) The plan also helps us to eliminate the consumption of refined sugar (from
     foods with a high glycemic index), which, more and more, is proving to be a
     good thing (diets low in high glycemic foods).
     5) And, lastly, the diet also recommends that meat should be lean and that fat
     should be trimmed off of it. So, unlike the Atkins plan which does not attempt
     to lower the fat content of high-protein foods recommended, this plan does.

15   Sugar Busters: Disadvantages

     Say:
     There are some disadvantages to this diet.

     1) One is that the diet downplays the idea that calorie intake causes weight gain
     or weight loss—and instead blames weight gain on sugar. We now know that
     weight gain is the product of energy imbalances where individuals either
     consume too many calories, exercise too little, or a combination of both.

     2) Another component to this diet which doesn’t make a lot of nutritional sense
     is that it lists certain foods which contain “forbidden” sugars. Examples
     include bananas, potatoes, corn and carrots. True, we shouldn’t consume all of
     our fruit and vegetable servings each day from these few foods, but in no way
     should these foods be “forbidden” as nothing in the diet should be “forbidden”
     so long as it is consumed in moderation.

     3) Another downside to the diet plan is that some important minerals and
     nutrients are eliminated—such as potassium found in bananas and beta-
     carotene found in carrots.

     4) And lastly, another downside to the diet plan is that it is low in dairy, which
likely causes individuals who follow the plan to have inadequate intakes of
     calcium and vitamin D.
16   Low-Carb Diets: Why They Work

     Say:
     Although the sugar busters diet does not have more advantages than the Atkins
     diet in emphasizing lowering ones’ fat intake from meats, consuming less
     refined sugar, and choosing oils high in mono- and polyunsaturated fats, both
     diets limit or exclude important foods or food groups, such as fruits,
     vegetables, dairy and grains. So why do people continue to use them?
     And, how do they work?

     The answer the first question (why do people continue to use them?) is because
     1) these diets promises to allow you to lose weight and 2) results are seen fast
     initially. Although weight is usually regained when individuals go off of the
     diet it is this “fast and simple” weight loss message which continues to draw
     people in.

     How the diets work can also be explained in two parts. 1) Initial weight losses
     seen on low-carb diets are primarily due to fluid losses as the body breaks
     down carbohydrate stores. 2) Weight loss occurs because of the limited food
     intake. On a limited diet individuals tend to consume less over time. So,
     although the foods that individuals consume on these plans are high with
     calories (foods that we commonly refer to as energy-dense foods), individuals
     are still able to lose weight on these plans because they are consuming fewer
     calories than they normally would.

17   Recent Finds: Low-carb diets

     Say:
     The American Heart Association issued a report in 2001 about the health
     consequences of these low-carb diets, notably high in protein. And, they noted
     that restricting carbohydrate levels, while consuming large amounts of protein-
     rich foods that are high in fat, can increase the risk of: Heart Disease, high
     cholesterol, diabetes, stroke and certain kinds of cancer.

18   Recent Finds: Low-carb diets

     Say:
     The American Heart Association also reviewed the content of many of the
     more popular low-carb diet plans and found that most: greatly exceeded their
     dietary guidelines for protein and also greatly exceeded their recommendations
     for saturated fat. In fact, the Atkins diet was shown to allow 68% of the overall
     diet to come from fat with 26% of the diet coming from saturated fat.
     According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, we should keep our total
     fat intake between 20 and 35% of our calories, with less than 10% of our
calories coming from saturated fat. Following a low-carb diet, such as the
     Atkins diet, then raises the question, “What are the long-term consequences of
     following a diet that is so high in total and saturated fat?”

19   Other Low-Carb Diets

     Say:
     Here are some other low-carb diets that you should be aware of. Raise your
     hand if you recognize any of these diets or personally know anyone who has
     followed one of these plans.
     Do:
     Note the number of responses from students.

20   Low-Fat Diets: General Information

     Say:
     Next, we’ll turn to the other major class of fad diets - low-fat diets. Here is
     some general information about these diets. First, these diets are low in fat.
     These diets have less than 20% of calories from fat, with most usually having
     as little as 5 to 10% of calories from fat. Because fat intake must be so severely
     limited, individuals on these diets consume limited amount of animal proteins,
     especially those notably high in fat, like ground beef or whole milk. With these
     diet plans, individuals are therefore left with grains, fruit, and vegetables as
     their main source of calories and protein. It is very difficult to maintain a low
     fat diet for a length of time. Most restaurants and ready made foods are high in
     fat, therefore it would be difficult to eat out, or any ready made food on a very
     low fat diet.

21   Low-Fat Diets: Advantages

     Say:
     One of the advantages of low fat diets is that they recommend nutrient-dense
     foods, like fruit, vegetables, grains and low-fat dairy. Therefore, individuals on
     low fat diets are maximizing their nutrient intake with fewer calories than
     would a person consuming the “typical” American diet, notably higher in
     energy-dense snacks and beverages. Another advantage is that individuals who
     emphasize nutrient-dense foods generally are at a lower risk for chronic
     diseases, because these diets are lower in dietary fat, especially saturated fat
     and trans fat, and cholesterol.

22   Low-Fat Diets: Disadvantages

     Say:
     There are some disadvantages to low fat diets.
     1) One disadvantage is that there is little satiety with low-fat diets. This is
     because fat is much more satiating than protein or carbohydrates, and with a
low fat diet, individuals often feel hungry.

     2) Another problem with these diets is flatulence, due to increased
     consumption of fiber.
     3) Also there could be poor mineral absorption due to high fiber intake.
     4) As with low-carb diets, individuals on low-fat diets have limited food
     choices, particularly with all pre-made and restaurant meals. 5) Because of this
     and because of the fact that these diets are so different from the typical
     American diet, low-fat diets are difficult to maintain and
     6) can become costly. Due to increased attention on functional ingredients in
     whole grain products, fruits and vegetables, they are now more expensive than
     before.
     7) In addition, these diets are not recommended for certain individuals –
     particularly those with diabetes (because of the high carbohydrate content) and
     also for those who have not yet been diagnosed with diabetes, but who do have
     insulin resistance.

23   Low-Fat Diets

     Say:
     Here are some other low-fat diets that you should be aware of. Raise your hand
     if you recognize any of these diets or personally know anyone who has
     followed one of these plans.

     Do:
     Note the number of students who respond. Call on individuals to say which
     diet plan they are familiar with.

24   Why Diets Fail

     Say:
     Why do diets fail so much of the time? Here are some common reasons.
     1) Diets deprive us. Whether cutting out specific food groups, single foods
     from food groups, or all foods high in fat, or all carb foods, diets deprive us in
     some way.

     2-3) Diets are also temporary – many of us resort back to our usual eating
     habits after using the diet-- and many diets do not fit into our normal life.
     Whereas you may normally make a sandwich or order a cheese pizza and a
     coke each day at lunch, some diets require that you only eat specific types of
     food. And, preparing these foods can become very time consuming, not to
     mention expensive.

     4) Low-fat diets, for example, are usually much more expensive than what you
     would eat in a given day. It is because on a low fat diet, foods are made from
     scratch, special ingredients may have to be used that are expensive.
Say:
     5) And, the most important thing that we must remember is that diet is only
     half of the equation. Does anyone remember what makes up the other side of
     the energy balance equation?

     Do:
     Encourage students to answer (answer = physical activity).

     Say:
     That’s right. Regular physical activity and healthy eating are the keys to losing
     weight and even maintaining your current weight.

25   Say:
     Overall, the most important component missing from fad diets are:
     lifestyle changes. Because without positive changes made in physical activity
     and eating habits, what happens once you get off of the diet and return to your
     usual habits?

     Do:
     Encourage students to answer. (Answer = You gain the weight right back.)

26   Managing Your Weight by Lifestyle Changes

     Say:
     Here are some very important factors to keep in mind if you want to change
     your lifestyle in favor of a healthier one. The first thing that you need to do is
     to evaluate yourself.


     1) Evaluate- Think about why you feel you need to lose weight. Remember
     that adolescence is a period of rapid growth. Weight gain is a regular
     occurrence during this time. And, also remember that you should never
     compare your body to others. Our bodies are all unique and different in their
     own ways. If you still feel that you could benefit from weight loss, speak to
     someone that you trust like a parent. And, talk with your family doctor before
     trying anything on your own, especially such extreme behaviors as skipping
     meals or excessively exercising as these could have severe negative effects on
     your growth and development.


     2) You also have to remember to start out slowly making small gradual
     changes. Life-long behaviors can’t change overnight and no one should expect
     them to. You need to start out slowly with diet or exercise changes and work
     your way to your goal. And, make each goal simple and realistic. Be sure that
     it is something that can be achieved and reward yourself when you get there.
3) And, of course don’t deprive yourself. True there are some foods which are
     better than others in terms of nutrient content, but no food should be entirely
     off limits if you are careful to remember the importance of variety and portion
     size. The Dietary Guidelines of Americans tell us that our diets are more likely
     to be adequate in vitamins and minerals if we consume a variety of foods,
     especially fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy and grains.

     4) Keeping a food diary is a good habit to begin. This way you can keep track
     of what you consume throughout the day and note problem areas, such as
     certain times of days that you are more prone to overeating and behaviors that
     provoke overeating. Also, noting the location of where you were eating is a
     good idea. For example, you may notice that you are more likely to snack more
     while eating in front of the television. On this slide, we have an example of
     what your food diary could look like.

      Note that this food diary includes: the food or beverage and how much of that
     item you consumed, the time of day and location of where you consumed it, if
     you were alone or with others when you consumed it, which activity you were
     engaging in, such as reading or watching television, and your mood at the time.

     5) And, again, remember that diet is only half of the equation. Try to stay
     active and engage in some form of physical activity on most days of the week.
     Whether you prefer walking the dogs, swimming, playing baseball, or
     rollerblading, whatever the case, try and remain active. Having a partner to
     exercise with is always a good idea, too.

27   For a Healthy Diet, Follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

     Say:
     Remember what the Dietary Guidelines tell us. Who would like to read out
     loud what the dietary guidelines describe a healthy diet as?

     Do:
     Encourage students to raise their hands. Select a student to read the slide.
     Allow the student to read the information to the class.

     Say:
     Think about your favorite foods and whether or not they would fall into any of
     these categories. Now, think of foods that you like that you know are good for
     you. And remember that anything can fit into a healthy diet, so long as you
     remain conscious of portion size.

28   Say:

     Two very important areas to target are “P and P” = portion size and physical
activity.

     If you have problems controlling portion sizes, here are a few tips:
     1) Try to eliminate snacking while watching television (like I previously said,
     this can easily cause you to overeat without even noticing);
     2) pace yourself while eating (this will give your body more time to register
     that you are feeling full);
     3) divide food up into portion sizes (i.e.: placing chips in Ziploc bags based on
     serving size) as this will help you limit the number of servings eaten.

     The DGA tell us that we should all engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-
     intensity exercise on most days of the week. And, if we are trying to maintain
     our current weight and prevent gradual unwanted body weight gain, we should
     engage in 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity activity on most days
     of the week. Seems like a lot right? The important thing to remember is that
     this amount of exercise does not have to be done all at once. So long as your
     exercise throughout the day totals up to be 30 minutes or more on most days, it
     doesn’t matter whether or not it was done in one 30 minute interval or five 6-
     minute intervals.

29   For a Healthy Life, Eat Right and Exercise Often

     Say:
     Here are some activities that you could engage in order to increase your daily
     activity level: You could roller skate or go ice-skating. Or, you could have an
     afternoon basketball, tennis, or soccer game with your closest friends.
     Bicycling, swimming, walking, jogging and running are things that you could
     do when you are alone or with friends. And, remember to mix things up. If you
     always stick to one and only one type of activity, chances are you’ll get burnt
     out. Try different activities from week to week or try to incorporate a couple of
     different activities throughout the week if you enjoy one particular activity,
     like walking.

     Name some activities that you all like to do. Are there any activities that you
     enjoy doing that are not listed here?

     Do:
     Encourage students to name activities. Call upon those who have information
     to share.

30   Spotting a Fraud, How Do You Know

     Say:
     So, now that we know that the most reliable way to maintain our weight and be
     healthy is through proper diet and engaging in regular physical activity, we
     need to know how to be on the lookout for diets or products that are probably
too good to be true. And, an important thing to remember is: If it sounds too
good to be true. Then, it probably is! How many times have we seen late-night
infomercials trying to sell a product which promises to lead to weight loss?

More often than not, these products are over-priced and not backed by
scientific evidence which illustrates their ability to work. And, if you’re unsure
about a product, remember to look out for these terms: ancient, breakthrough,
discovered in Europe, cure, easy, effortless, exotic, guaranteed, magical,
miraculous, mysterious, new discovery, quick and secret. With words like
these backing up a product, it’s almost always a fraud.

References:
   o Wardlaw G, Kessel M. Perspectives in Nutrition. 5th Ed. 2002.
   o Low Carbohydrate Diets: Do they work and are they healthy? Available
      at: http://www.essentialnutrition.org/lowcarb.php
   o West D. Nutrition, Food, and Fitness. 2006.
   o The American Heart Association. Available at: www.americanheart.org
Authors:
Heli J. Roy, PhD, RD
Shanna Lundy, MS

Division of Education
Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Steven Heymsfield, MD, Executive Director

The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center.

Mission:
To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive
medicine.

The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:

    Clinical Obesity Research
    Experimental Obesity
    Functional Foods
    Health and Performance Enhancement
    Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
    Nutrition and the Brain
    Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging
    Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance

The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the
prevention of common chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension
and osteoporosis.

The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and
the public about research findings, training programs and research areas, and coordinates
educational events for the public on various health issues.
We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies
being conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. If you would like to take
part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000.


Edited : October 2012

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Fad diets lesson plan

  • 1. Pennington Biomedical Research Center Awesome.2Cents! A Healthy Lifestyle Curriculum for Teens… Grades 8-12 Lesson 8- Fad Diets Content outline Characteristics of Fad Diets Types of Fad Diets Pros and Cons of each diet type How to spot a fad diet Alternative to fad diets Louisiana content standards: 1-M-2, 1-M-3, 2-M-1, 2-M-2, 4-M-3, 4-M-5, 5-M-4, 6-M-1, 6-M-2 1-H-1, 1-H-2, 1-H-3, 1-H-4, 1-H-6, 2-H-1, 2-H-4, 3-H-1, 3-H-2, 3-H-3, 4-H-3, 5-H-6, 6-H-1, 6-H-2, 6- H-5, 6-H-6 Objectives/Expected Learner Outcomes Students will learn about high protein and low fat diets. They learn to spot a fad diet. They will be familiar what makes a diet a fad diet. Lesson and Strategies Student group targeted 8-12th grade Time required Teacher Preparation: 15-20 minutes Assessment: 10 minutes Materials and Resources Handouts Power point presentation Projector Screen Laptop/Computer Motivation and Explanations Teacher Preparation Before class, make copies of the handouts and homework assignment. Homework Students will be asked to find ads for fad diets and choose one that they want to discuss in class the following day. If necessary, they will access the internet at home to get additional information on the fad diet that they would like to share. The students will be
  • 2. asked to pay particularly close attention to the promotional terms, images used, and claims that the ad makes and evaluate these claims based on what they have learned about weight-loss gimmicks.
  • 3. Lesson Plan Slide Lesson 1 Title slide: The Truth about Fad Diets Say: Today we will cover the lesson, The Truth about Fad Diets. 2 In this lesson, we will cover Say: And, in this lesson, we will cover: the characteristics of fad diets, the primary types of fad diets that are available with examples of each, the pros and cons associated with each type of fad diet, how to spot a fad diet, and alternative methods to lose weight or maintain the current weight that you are at. 3 Some Characteristics of Fad Diets Say: They promote quick weight loss. True, the diet may cause rapid weight loss in the beginning. But, this is usually just water weight or muscle that is lost and not body fat. And, these weight losses are usually regained quickly once a person gets off of the diet plan. They limit food selections. Some fad diets limit entire food groups, while others have lists of specific foods that are not allowed. Any diet plan that restricts many foods is usually too difficult to follow. And, when restricting entire food groups, an even bigger problem arises, which is nutrient inadequacy. Nutrition inadequacy is a term used to describe a situation where a diet is inadequate in essential vitamins and minerals due to the elimination of important food groups (like fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods, for example). They use testimonials from famous people and tie the diet to well-known cities, such as Beverly Hills and New York. The testimony is based on the opinions of a person. Anyone can claim (or be paid to claim) something to be true when it is not. These diets fail to include any real evidence of how the diet works. They don’t provide results of long-term clinical studies published in scientific journals comparing the effects of the diet plan in question to other diets. They describe themselves as cure-alls. The diet claims to work for everyone, no matter how overweight a person may be and no matter their specific strengths or weaknesses. There is no magic pill or magical diet that can work for everyone. And, many people (especially those with chronic conditions like heart disease or kidney disease and severely obese or older individuals) should first consult their doctor before even beginning a diet program. 4 Some Characteristics of Fad Diets
  • 4. Say: They often recommend expensive supplements. On a restrictive diet, supplements are necessary. Supplements are also recommended for child baring women (iron, calcium and folic acid). However, when following the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Diet Guide, a healthy diet consisting of a variety of foods, supplements would not be needed. There may be other conditions determined by a physician when supplements may be necessary. The USDA Diet Guide encourages the selection of a wide variety of nutrient- dense fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy and whole grains, which give us more than ample supply of vitamins and minerals. No attempts are made to change eating habits permanently- Therefore, ones the weight loss phase is over, the person has not learned new eating habits to maintain the weight loss. And, reverting to the usual eating habits leads to weight gain. This can lead to a new dieting phase. This is known as yo-yo dieting. It is not healthy but can lead to health complications in later life. To maintain weight loss after the weight loss phase is over requires adoption of a new Lifestyle learning to eat differently than before and making exercise part of regular schedule. They are generally critical and skeptical about the scientific community and critical of physicians and registered dietitians. What these fad diets offer is “quick and easy” not the “tried and true” that the medical community and dietitians promote. Unfortunately, majority of those who use these diets can lose weight but end up gaining it all and more back later. 5 Types of Fad Diets Say: There are two major categories that fad diets can fall into. Either those that restrict carbohydrate intake (high in fat and protein) or those that restrict fat intake (and are high in carbohydrates). As you now already know, there are three macronutrients responsible for giving us energy to use our bodies. Can anyone name these? Do: Encourage students to respond (answer = protein, carbohydrates, and fat) Say: Remember that fats are the most energy-dense, meaning that when given the same amount of carbohydrate, protein or fat, fat will have about 2x’s more calories. Fat has 9 kcal/g whereas both carbohydrates and protein have 4 kcal/g. And, although it may seem like fat is bad in that it carries so many calories, we must remember that we need fat in order to function as it does serve many important purposes. What we should be aware of is how much fat we are consuming and, just as importantly, what kind of fat we are consuming.
  • 5. 6 Low or Restricted Carbohydrate Approaches Say: Low Carb diets are the most common form of fad diets currently. Whereas in a normal diet, most of the energy that we consume comes from carbohydrates and fats, in these diets the majority of energy comes from fats and protein. This is because these diets restrict the number of calories that you consume from carbohydrates. Some of the popular examples of low-carb diet approaches are the Atkins diet, Sugar Busters, Protein Power, The Zone, The South Beach Diet. 7 Say: 1. The diet does not provide adequate amount of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are our main energy source. On a high fat, high protein diets, an individual’s energy level is diminished. There is a shift in metabolism that has to take place and it is similar to what happens when a person is fasting. The body has to learn to use mainly fat for energy. 2. The brain’s main energy source is carbohydrate. On low carb diets the brain has to switch to other energy sources. There may be mental sluggishness, tiredness, and fatigue as a result. 3. Increased risk for kidney stones. Individuals who have family history of kidney stones may increase the chance on high protein diets. 8 Problems with Low-Carb Diets Say: There are several problems associated with low-carb diets: 1) Low-carb diet plans generally contain little or no fruit, vegetables or whole grains. They are important components of a healthy diet. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat- free or low-fat milk and milk products. The low carb diets do not. 2) The diets are not intended for long-term use, usually no longer than 4-6 weeks. Therefore, this is restrictive diet for short duration and do not promote healthy lifestyle changes (a necessary component of any successful long term weight loss plan). 3) The low carb diet plans include excessive intake of animal fats. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, recommends “lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts and is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars” as part of a healthy diet. 4) Also, while following low-carb diets, individuals may experience reduced exercise capacity due to poor glycogen (type of carbohydrate in the
  • 6. muscle) stores in the muscle. 9 Problems with Low-carb diets Say: A primary concern with low-carb diets is the risk for metabolic dehydration. This is different from dehydration experienced with drinking fluids. Metabolic dehydration is a condition which occurs when the body has to draw upon its own stores of carbohydrates and/or protein when these are not provided in sufficient amounts through the diet. Because both protein and carbohydrates are stored with water in the body, when the body has to break down these stores, water is released. This is the factor responsible for the initial weight loss observed with low-carb diets– water losses. Usually these processes happen in starvation. In starvation, the body is in extreme stress. There is a complete metabolic shift that has to occur. It is not healthy way to lose weight. A much healthier option is to reduce total caloric intake slowly over time and increase physical activity. 10 The Atkins Diet: General Information Say: Now, we’ll briefly review some of the characteristics of two commonly followed low-carb diets. The first that we will discuss is the Atkins Diet. Who here has heard of the Atkins Diet before? Do: Note the number of responses from students. Say: There has actually been a lot of controversy about the Atkins diet over the years because the diet plan is so high in fat and protein, with little to no carbohydrates (which, as we know, are found among the foods that the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend us to eat: fruit, vegetables, [whole] grains and [low-fat] dairy). In the Atkins diet, dieters are encouraged to eat bacon and eggs daily, along with such food as lobster bisque and ice cream. These are all foods high in fat, particularly saturated fats. Many of us have probably heard about the link between high fat diets and heart disease. However, Atkins dismisses the fact that his diet may be heart-disease promoting by claiming that fat is only a problem when consumed with carbohydrates. This has not been backed by scientific evidence. 11 The Atkins Diet: Advantages Say: On the contrary, there are a few advantages associated with the Atkins diet.
  • 7. One is that there has been some research which indicates that people with type 2 diabetes have had better blood sugar control while on this diet because of the decreased intake in carbohydrates. Another advantage is that individuals on this diet plan (like many other low-carb diets) are also less likely to get hungry when compared with other diets -- since individuals are allowed to eat as much as they like of the permitted foods, which are highly satiating (filling) due to their high-fat nature. Also, the diet does cause a substantial weight loss but we have to acknowledge that much of this initial weight loss is due to water losses alone and at present the risk-to-benefit ratio (possible heart-disease promoting effects versus weight loss) are not known. 12 The Atkins Diet: Disadvantages Say: But, this diet plan, like many others, is not without its disadvantages. 1) One important disadvantage to this diet is that it has primarily been supported by testimonials from those who have tried it instead of being based on the results of long-term clinical trials. 2) Another disadvantage is that although the diet is very high in fat, those who follow it still consume too few calories. And because the diet almost eliminates carbohydrate sources, which are generally those foods we refer to as nutrient- dense (high in nutrients), providing little diet variety, it is often too low in important vitamins, minerals, and fiber. 3) The diet also does not follow recommendations from the American Heart Association. It is too high in saturated fats and can lead to an increased risk of heart disease. 4) It can also cause constipation due to its low fiber content and 5) is also difficult to adhere to as it eliminates or severely restricts several food groups, like fruit, vegetables, grains and dairy. 13 Sugar Busters: General Information Say: The next low-carb diet that we will mention is sugar busters. Who hear has heard of Sugar Busters or knows someone who has tried it? Raise your hand. Do: Not the number of responses. Say: The authors of the Sugar Busters diet say that sugar causes digestive problems and that it can cause the body to overproduce insulin. The theme of this diet is
  • 8. that “sugar is toxic.” Therefore, the diet recommends avoiding high-glycemic index foods (those with the greatest effect on blood sugar levels) like potatoes, corn, white flour, pasta, white rice and cake, while encouraging the consumption of high-protein foods like meats, nuts and cheese. However, all energy sources are converted to their simplest form, sugar, in the body when they are metabolized. 14 Sugar Busters: Advantages Say: There are some advantages to sugar busters. 1) The plan encourages the consumption of 3 meals a day. 2) The plan recommends cooking with oils that are high in mono- and polyunsaturated (good) fats and low in saturated (bad) fats. Therefore, it stresses consuming good fats over bad fats, known to promote heart disease. 3) The diet also gives clear guidelines on which foods to avoid, making it easier for individuals to follow. 4) The plan also helps us to eliminate the consumption of refined sugar (from foods with a high glycemic index), which, more and more, is proving to be a good thing (diets low in high glycemic foods). 5) And, lastly, the diet also recommends that meat should be lean and that fat should be trimmed off of it. So, unlike the Atkins plan which does not attempt to lower the fat content of high-protein foods recommended, this plan does. 15 Sugar Busters: Disadvantages Say: There are some disadvantages to this diet. 1) One is that the diet downplays the idea that calorie intake causes weight gain or weight loss—and instead blames weight gain on sugar. We now know that weight gain is the product of energy imbalances where individuals either consume too many calories, exercise too little, or a combination of both. 2) Another component to this diet which doesn’t make a lot of nutritional sense is that it lists certain foods which contain “forbidden” sugars. Examples include bananas, potatoes, corn and carrots. True, we shouldn’t consume all of our fruit and vegetable servings each day from these few foods, but in no way should these foods be “forbidden” as nothing in the diet should be “forbidden” so long as it is consumed in moderation. 3) Another downside to the diet plan is that some important minerals and nutrients are eliminated—such as potassium found in bananas and beta- carotene found in carrots. 4) And lastly, another downside to the diet plan is that it is low in dairy, which
  • 9. likely causes individuals who follow the plan to have inadequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D. 16 Low-Carb Diets: Why They Work Say: Although the sugar busters diet does not have more advantages than the Atkins diet in emphasizing lowering ones’ fat intake from meats, consuming less refined sugar, and choosing oils high in mono- and polyunsaturated fats, both diets limit or exclude important foods or food groups, such as fruits, vegetables, dairy and grains. So why do people continue to use them? And, how do they work? The answer the first question (why do people continue to use them?) is because 1) these diets promises to allow you to lose weight and 2) results are seen fast initially. Although weight is usually regained when individuals go off of the diet it is this “fast and simple” weight loss message which continues to draw people in. How the diets work can also be explained in two parts. 1) Initial weight losses seen on low-carb diets are primarily due to fluid losses as the body breaks down carbohydrate stores. 2) Weight loss occurs because of the limited food intake. On a limited diet individuals tend to consume less over time. So, although the foods that individuals consume on these plans are high with calories (foods that we commonly refer to as energy-dense foods), individuals are still able to lose weight on these plans because they are consuming fewer calories than they normally would. 17 Recent Finds: Low-carb diets Say: The American Heart Association issued a report in 2001 about the health consequences of these low-carb diets, notably high in protein. And, they noted that restricting carbohydrate levels, while consuming large amounts of protein- rich foods that are high in fat, can increase the risk of: Heart Disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, stroke and certain kinds of cancer. 18 Recent Finds: Low-carb diets Say: The American Heart Association also reviewed the content of many of the more popular low-carb diet plans and found that most: greatly exceeded their dietary guidelines for protein and also greatly exceeded their recommendations for saturated fat. In fact, the Atkins diet was shown to allow 68% of the overall diet to come from fat with 26% of the diet coming from saturated fat. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, we should keep our total fat intake between 20 and 35% of our calories, with less than 10% of our
  • 10. calories coming from saturated fat. Following a low-carb diet, such as the Atkins diet, then raises the question, “What are the long-term consequences of following a diet that is so high in total and saturated fat?” 19 Other Low-Carb Diets Say: Here are some other low-carb diets that you should be aware of. Raise your hand if you recognize any of these diets or personally know anyone who has followed one of these plans. Do: Note the number of responses from students. 20 Low-Fat Diets: General Information Say: Next, we’ll turn to the other major class of fad diets - low-fat diets. Here is some general information about these diets. First, these diets are low in fat. These diets have less than 20% of calories from fat, with most usually having as little as 5 to 10% of calories from fat. Because fat intake must be so severely limited, individuals on these diets consume limited amount of animal proteins, especially those notably high in fat, like ground beef or whole milk. With these diet plans, individuals are therefore left with grains, fruit, and vegetables as their main source of calories and protein. It is very difficult to maintain a low fat diet for a length of time. Most restaurants and ready made foods are high in fat, therefore it would be difficult to eat out, or any ready made food on a very low fat diet. 21 Low-Fat Diets: Advantages Say: One of the advantages of low fat diets is that they recommend nutrient-dense foods, like fruit, vegetables, grains and low-fat dairy. Therefore, individuals on low fat diets are maximizing their nutrient intake with fewer calories than would a person consuming the “typical” American diet, notably higher in energy-dense snacks and beverages. Another advantage is that individuals who emphasize nutrient-dense foods generally are at a lower risk for chronic diseases, because these diets are lower in dietary fat, especially saturated fat and trans fat, and cholesterol. 22 Low-Fat Diets: Disadvantages Say: There are some disadvantages to low fat diets. 1) One disadvantage is that there is little satiety with low-fat diets. This is because fat is much more satiating than protein or carbohydrates, and with a
  • 11. low fat diet, individuals often feel hungry. 2) Another problem with these diets is flatulence, due to increased consumption of fiber. 3) Also there could be poor mineral absorption due to high fiber intake. 4) As with low-carb diets, individuals on low-fat diets have limited food choices, particularly with all pre-made and restaurant meals. 5) Because of this and because of the fact that these diets are so different from the typical American diet, low-fat diets are difficult to maintain and 6) can become costly. Due to increased attention on functional ingredients in whole grain products, fruits and vegetables, they are now more expensive than before. 7) In addition, these diets are not recommended for certain individuals – particularly those with diabetes (because of the high carbohydrate content) and also for those who have not yet been diagnosed with diabetes, but who do have insulin resistance. 23 Low-Fat Diets Say: Here are some other low-fat diets that you should be aware of. Raise your hand if you recognize any of these diets or personally know anyone who has followed one of these plans. Do: Note the number of students who respond. Call on individuals to say which diet plan they are familiar with. 24 Why Diets Fail Say: Why do diets fail so much of the time? Here are some common reasons. 1) Diets deprive us. Whether cutting out specific food groups, single foods from food groups, or all foods high in fat, or all carb foods, diets deprive us in some way. 2-3) Diets are also temporary – many of us resort back to our usual eating habits after using the diet-- and many diets do not fit into our normal life. Whereas you may normally make a sandwich or order a cheese pizza and a coke each day at lunch, some diets require that you only eat specific types of food. And, preparing these foods can become very time consuming, not to mention expensive. 4) Low-fat diets, for example, are usually much more expensive than what you would eat in a given day. It is because on a low fat diet, foods are made from scratch, special ingredients may have to be used that are expensive.
  • 12. Say: 5) And, the most important thing that we must remember is that diet is only half of the equation. Does anyone remember what makes up the other side of the energy balance equation? Do: Encourage students to answer (answer = physical activity). Say: That’s right. Regular physical activity and healthy eating are the keys to losing weight and even maintaining your current weight. 25 Say: Overall, the most important component missing from fad diets are: lifestyle changes. Because without positive changes made in physical activity and eating habits, what happens once you get off of the diet and return to your usual habits? Do: Encourage students to answer. (Answer = You gain the weight right back.) 26 Managing Your Weight by Lifestyle Changes Say: Here are some very important factors to keep in mind if you want to change your lifestyle in favor of a healthier one. The first thing that you need to do is to evaluate yourself. 1) Evaluate- Think about why you feel you need to lose weight. Remember that adolescence is a period of rapid growth. Weight gain is a regular occurrence during this time. And, also remember that you should never compare your body to others. Our bodies are all unique and different in their own ways. If you still feel that you could benefit from weight loss, speak to someone that you trust like a parent. And, talk with your family doctor before trying anything on your own, especially such extreme behaviors as skipping meals or excessively exercising as these could have severe negative effects on your growth and development. 2) You also have to remember to start out slowly making small gradual changes. Life-long behaviors can’t change overnight and no one should expect them to. You need to start out slowly with diet or exercise changes and work your way to your goal. And, make each goal simple and realistic. Be sure that it is something that can be achieved and reward yourself when you get there.
  • 13. 3) And, of course don’t deprive yourself. True there are some foods which are better than others in terms of nutrient content, but no food should be entirely off limits if you are careful to remember the importance of variety and portion size. The Dietary Guidelines of Americans tell us that our diets are more likely to be adequate in vitamins and minerals if we consume a variety of foods, especially fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy and grains. 4) Keeping a food diary is a good habit to begin. This way you can keep track of what you consume throughout the day and note problem areas, such as certain times of days that you are more prone to overeating and behaviors that provoke overeating. Also, noting the location of where you were eating is a good idea. For example, you may notice that you are more likely to snack more while eating in front of the television. On this slide, we have an example of what your food diary could look like. Note that this food diary includes: the food or beverage and how much of that item you consumed, the time of day and location of where you consumed it, if you were alone or with others when you consumed it, which activity you were engaging in, such as reading or watching television, and your mood at the time. 5) And, again, remember that diet is only half of the equation. Try to stay active and engage in some form of physical activity on most days of the week. Whether you prefer walking the dogs, swimming, playing baseball, or rollerblading, whatever the case, try and remain active. Having a partner to exercise with is always a good idea, too. 27 For a Healthy Diet, Follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Say: Remember what the Dietary Guidelines tell us. Who would like to read out loud what the dietary guidelines describe a healthy diet as? Do: Encourage students to raise their hands. Select a student to read the slide. Allow the student to read the information to the class. Say: Think about your favorite foods and whether or not they would fall into any of these categories. Now, think of foods that you like that you know are good for you. And remember that anything can fit into a healthy diet, so long as you remain conscious of portion size. 28 Say: Two very important areas to target are “P and P” = portion size and physical
  • 14. activity. If you have problems controlling portion sizes, here are a few tips: 1) Try to eliminate snacking while watching television (like I previously said, this can easily cause you to overeat without even noticing); 2) pace yourself while eating (this will give your body more time to register that you are feeling full); 3) divide food up into portion sizes (i.e.: placing chips in Ziploc bags based on serving size) as this will help you limit the number of servings eaten. The DGA tell us that we should all engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate- intensity exercise on most days of the week. And, if we are trying to maintain our current weight and prevent gradual unwanted body weight gain, we should engage in 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity activity on most days of the week. Seems like a lot right? The important thing to remember is that this amount of exercise does not have to be done all at once. So long as your exercise throughout the day totals up to be 30 minutes or more on most days, it doesn’t matter whether or not it was done in one 30 minute interval or five 6- minute intervals. 29 For a Healthy Life, Eat Right and Exercise Often Say: Here are some activities that you could engage in order to increase your daily activity level: You could roller skate or go ice-skating. Or, you could have an afternoon basketball, tennis, or soccer game with your closest friends. Bicycling, swimming, walking, jogging and running are things that you could do when you are alone or with friends. And, remember to mix things up. If you always stick to one and only one type of activity, chances are you’ll get burnt out. Try different activities from week to week or try to incorporate a couple of different activities throughout the week if you enjoy one particular activity, like walking. Name some activities that you all like to do. Are there any activities that you enjoy doing that are not listed here? Do: Encourage students to name activities. Call upon those who have information to share. 30 Spotting a Fraud, How Do You Know Say: So, now that we know that the most reliable way to maintain our weight and be healthy is through proper diet and engaging in regular physical activity, we need to know how to be on the lookout for diets or products that are probably
  • 15. too good to be true. And, an important thing to remember is: If it sounds too good to be true. Then, it probably is! How many times have we seen late-night infomercials trying to sell a product which promises to lead to weight loss? More often than not, these products are over-priced and not backed by scientific evidence which illustrates their ability to work. And, if you’re unsure about a product, remember to look out for these terms: ancient, breakthrough, discovered in Europe, cure, easy, effortless, exotic, guaranteed, magical, miraculous, mysterious, new discovery, quick and secret. With words like these backing up a product, it’s almost always a fraud. References: o Wardlaw G, Kessel M. Perspectives in Nutrition. 5th Ed. 2002. o Low Carbohydrate Diets: Do they work and are they healthy? Available at: http://www.essentialnutrition.org/lowcarb.php o West D. Nutrition, Food, and Fitness. 2006. o The American Heart Association. Available at: www.americanheart.org Authors: Heli J. Roy, PhD, RD Shanna Lundy, MS Division of Education Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director Pennington Biomedical Research Center Steven Heymsfield, MD, Executive Director The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center. Mission: To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive medicine. The Pennington Center has several research areas, including: Clinical Obesity Research Experimental Obesity Functional Foods Health and Performance Enhancement Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Nutrition and the Brain Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the prevention of common chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis. The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and the public about research findings, training programs and research areas, and coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues.
  • 16. We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies being conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. If you would like to take part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000. Edited : October 2012