This document defines aggression and violence, and discusses various models and factors related to aggression. It begins by defining aggression as behavior intended to cause harm between individuals, which can be physical or emotional. Violence is defined as aggressive behavior using force. It then covers biological models of aggression including anatomical bases in the limbic system and hypothalamus, as well as neurotransmitters and hormones. Psychological models discussed include psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social learning theories. Social determinants of aggression highlighted include frustration, provocation, and media violence. The document concludes by covering prevention/control methods and cognitive theories of aggression.

1. Aggression
And Violence
By Heba Essawy
Prof. Psychiatry

2. Definition
Aggression refers to behavior between
members that is :
 Can be phycical or emotional.
 Intended to cause pain or harm.
 People can avoid such treatment or
may fight back.

3. Violence and Excitement

-
Violence : Aggression by force.
Formed of destructive behavior that can
endanger life or produce adverse effects
on victims .
 Excitement
: ↑ psychomotor activity in
psychiatric problem.

4. Forms Of Aggression
 Aggresion
has a defensive behavior is not
normally considered "aggression.“
 Forms of aggression:
** Physical.
**Mental.
**Verbal.

5. Situation Producing Aggression
 Toxic
and organic state (Substance
abuse ).
 Developmental Disability.
 Florid Psychosis.
 Conduct Disorder.
 Psychological Stress.

6. Predictors Of Aggression
 Enjoy
in watching or inflicting harm.
 Self View as Victim.
 Childhood Deprivation.
 Early Loss of parents.
 Prior Violent Act.
 Fire Setting , cruelty to animals.

7. MODELS OF AGGRESSION
 Biological
Basis of Aggression
Anatomical.
Biological.
chromosomal
 Psychological
Psychoanalytical
Humanistic
Social Learning theory

8. Biological Basis of Aggression
A) Anatomical Basis ( Neural Substrates):
- Limbic System.
- Amygdala.
- Temporal Lobe.
- Hypothalamus.
- RAS.
- Cerebral Cortex( modulate agg.
Behavior).

9. LIMBIC SYSTEM MODEL
CORTEX
↓
RAS
↓↓
Hippocampus
Amygdala for
For relaxation
fight
▼
▼
Hypothalamus

10. Neurotransmitters
♦ 5HT → Impulsive Bebavior.
♦NE → Arousal
♦DA→
Psychomotor agitation.
♦GABA → Disinhibition

11. Neuroendocrinal
♦Estrogen → ↓aggression in Receptive period.
♦Progesterone → Increase aggression.
♦Prolactin → Increase aggression( birds).
♦ ACTH → Modulate aggression.
♦Testosterone → Increase aggressive.
♦Thyroid Hormones→ Increase aggression

12. Psychological Model
 1-
Psychoanalytic Theory
 2- Humanistic theory.
 3-Social Learning Theory.

13. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Aggression
as an instinctive behavior
♦ Freudian:
* Human behavior stemmed from
interplay between two basic Instincts:
►Eros ( life , sex, reproduction).
► Thanatos( Death ,
aggression).

14. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Aggression
developed during :
_ Oral Phase : pleasure of bitting .
_ Fixation Of Instincts(enforce toilet
training) :
_ Impaired superego.

15. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Impaired
mother child relationship:
_ punitive Parents.
_ Sex Difference.
_ Socio – economic Factors.
Comments:
* Catharsis: discharge of Thanatos.
* Aggression is inevitable, Innate .

16. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Lorenz
s view
- Fighting Instincts during evolution
to Protect Human territory.
- Direct Behavior → Creativity &
mastering.
- Love & friendship can block
aggression.
♣optimistic, can be rechallenged to
non injurious acts as love, friendship

17. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Addller
s View:
- Striving for Superiority.
- perfection.
 Mc Dougall s View :( instinct)
- replace physical aggression to
sarcastic smiles, Polished insulting
words.
* If fails , individual regerss to primitive
way of behavior.

18. Humanistic Theory

Aggression is
1-A Product Of Frustration
2- resulting of blocking goal in life .
SO, Frustration → arousal of drive →
Harming persons or objects.

19. Humanistic Theory
Basic Concepts ( Drive theory )
- Is elicited drive depends on external factors as
pain
humiliation
loss of faith

20. Humanistic Theory
2- Frustration – Aggression theory
**Arise from deprivation from basic human
needs (Maslow).
- To Control : Accepting environment.
Fulfill basic needs.
NO humiliation.
→→ AGGRESSION is evitable
through satisfaction of basic needs.

21. Social learning Theory
 Albert
Bandura s View:
- Learned behavior .
- Reinforced by rewards.
- Not born with repertoire of aggression
- Acquired through past experience .

22. Determinants of aggression
 SOCIAL
DETERMINANTS
Frustration
Direct Provocation
Media Violence
 Environmental Determinants.
 Situational
Determinants.

23. Social determinants
Media Violence:
 Disinhibition .
 Desensitization.
 Arousal of Aggressive feeling.
 Encouragement Of Risk Taking.
 ↑ exposure to violent material will ↑violent
fantasies.

24. Television Violence
 Has
a short – term stimulation effect on
aggressive behavior.
 Portrays the world as a more hostile place.
 Justified Violence.
 Cues aggressive ideas in children.

25. Social Determinants

1.
2.
3.

Relies on :
Role Modeling .
Identification.
Human Interaction.
Learned By :
* Imitation.
* Reinforced

26. Enviromental Determinants
 Air



Pollution:
*Exposure to noxious odors .
* Chemical plants.
Noise.
Crowding .
Heat.

27. Situational Determinants
 Heightened
Physiological Arousal:
- Stress.
- Anxiety.
- Participation in Competitive Activities.
- Vigorous Exercise.
- Exposure to Pain .

28. Prevention & Control Of
Aggression




1.
2.
3.
Punishment.
Catharsis.
Social Skill Training.
Induction Of Incompatible Behavior:
Empathy.
Humor.
Cognitive Task

29. Pharmacotherapy
- Drugs promote Serotonin.

- Drugs block dopamine
(↓drive & motivation for
aggression).

- Antiepileptic (↓Kindling).

- Mood stabilizer( Lithium ).

- Hormonal treatment.

- Psychosurgery


30. THANK S


31. CONTROL OF AGGRESSION

1- OPTIMISTIC VIEW:
* Behavioral Therapy
* Behavioral Cognetive Therapy.

2- Pessimistic view:
* Observational.
* Disinhibition .
* Desensitization.

33. How aggression begins ?
Conditions producing aggressive
impulses.
 Person have violent thoughts or fantasies.
 If loose control, thoughts become acts.


34. COGNITIVE THEORY
- Obtaining , organizing and using
intellectual knowledge .
- Mental operation & store bits in memory
to be retrived.
- relies on understanding.
- Understanding the connection between
cause and effect.

35. Situational Factors
 Sexual
Arousal:
* Depend on the erotic material .
* Erotica are mild → Aggression is low.
* If Explicit ----------→ Aggression is
high.
 Pain:
*Arouse agg. Drive.
* Aggression to any target.

36. DEFINITION
♣ Forms of Aggression :
∂. Tendency to be physically
assaultive : violence & force.
∂. Indirect expressed hostility.
∂. Verbally expressed anger.
∂. Humors.
∂. Rumors.

37. THANK s

38. Chromosomal Abnormalities
 Twin
Studies
 Chromosomal
 In
influence.
inborn error in metabolism.
 Genetically
determined diseases.

39. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

Frustration:
Aggression Always stems from frustration.

Direct Provocation:
- Physical or Verbal Abuse.
once begins
Unsetting pattern of
Escalation.

40. Defensive
 Projection
.
 Narcissism.
 Repression.
 Introjection .
 Displacement.
mechanism.

41. Can We Predict Aggression ?
Personal Factor :
 Frequent
Threats.
 Access to instrument Of Violence.
 Chronic Anger and Hostility .