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Plants
- 1. Plants
- 2. Are Plants Heterotrophic or Autotrophic? Plants are autotrophs Autotrophs- they create their own food
- 3. Aboveground parts of the plant and their Function: Aboveground: Shoots Leaves stems: produce food by photosynthesis Flowers: reproduction Aboveground: steam and leaf Major stem Secondary stems branch off Terminal bud: shoot tip Auxiliary bud: location of secondary stem growth Petiole: stalk attaching leaf to stem Node :location on stem of left attachment
- 4. Belowground portions of the plant and their functions Belowground: roots Absorb water and minerals Store food
- 5. Apical meristem located on the top of the plant and on the bottom of the root. It is where cell division is taking place and the plant is growing vertically. Contain unspecialized cells Lengthen shoots and roots Located at the tip of the shoot and the bottom of the root
- 6. Lateral Meristem located around the plant. It is where cell division is taking place and the plant is growing hora Increases girth of older roots and stem Cylindrical arrays of cells zontally.
- 7. Eudicots and Monocots Eudicots Have two cotyledons Vascular tissue is arranged n a ring Monocots Have one cotyledons Vascular tissue arranged in random
- 8. Vascular Tissue Vascular tissue: transport water and nutrients Xylem transports water Conducts water 2 cells: vessel member and tracheid's dead at maturity Interconnected for vertical and lateral water movement Phloem Transport nutrition (food) Conducts sugar One cell: sieve member Alive at maturity Connect end to end Helper cell: companion cells Loads of surgar
- 9. Leaf Tissues Mesophy II Photosynthetic tissue between the epidermis 2 rows, columnar shaped Contain 80% of chloroplasts Spongy: attached to lower epidermis Epiderams Single layer of cells Upper and lower epidermis secrete waves into the outer surface forming the caticle Helps conserve water and protects
- 10. Stomata and Guard cells Guard cells Regulate the gas exchange and water loss Control stomata opening and closing Contain chloroplast Expand and contract with water gain and loss Stomata Pores in the lower epidermis Allow water and gas diffusion Help cool the leaf Are simply the holes in the leaf where gas exchange and water loss take place
- 11. Root Structure Primary root: main root Tip is the apical meristem Contains the root cap Protects the root with slime Sense gravity Secondary roots (lateral): branch off from main root Root hair: small extensions
- 12. Flower Structure Receptacle: swelling at tip off peduncle Attachment for other flower parts Petals: inside of sepals Brightly colored to attract pollinators Collectively called the corolla Sepals: outermost flower part A small and green Protects Collectively called the calyx
- 13. Male Structure of the flower Stamen Located next to the petals 2 parts Anther: sac at top Produces pollen Male gamete Filament Semi-rigid stalk
- 14. Female Structures of the Flowers Carpel: sprats Style: slender stalk Stigma: enlargement at top Gathers pollen during fertilization Ovary: swollen bases Holds ovules Female gamete Become seeds when fertilized Ovary becomes fruit
- 15. Pollination and fertilization Pollination: pollen grains released from an anther land on a stigma Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the female structure of the plant Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm actual coming together of the sperm and the egg.
- 16. Adaptation of life of land Resistance to desiccation (drying Out) Caticle: waxy coating to keep water in Stomata: allow gases to pass in and out Division of labor: leaves, stems, roots Symbiotic relationship with fungi aid in nutrient acquisition Vascularization: transport water to tissues Changes in life cycle Pollen, seeds, flowers: eliminate need for water to transport sperm
- 17. Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Gymnosperm have “naked seeds Seeds don’t form inside an ovary 4groups Conifers Cycade Ginlrgas gnetophytes Angiosperms Flowering plant Ovules and(after fertilization) seeds are enclosed in an ovary 3 major groups: Magnolids: 9,200 species, suchas pepper plants Eudicats: 170,000 species, including daisies Monocats- 20 species, including grass
- 18. Seed Dispersal Fruit structure is adapted seeds Wind currents Water current Wax coats or air sacs to float Animals Have hooks or are sticky Attach to fur and feathers Eat fruits and excrete seeds Explosions: self dispersal
- 19. Leaching and Erosin Leaching: removal of nutrients in soil by water percolating through it Erosin: washing away of soil by wind flowing water and ice
- 20. Purpose of Roots Anchor the aboveground plat parts Absorb nutrients and water Storage and reduce endrosin
- 21. Root structures Root cap: protects as it lengthens Region of cell division: apical meristem Region of Elongation: cells lengthen and widen Region of maturation:maturecells differentiate into different types
- 22. Cohesion-tension theory of water Water moves from high to low concentration due to osmosis Transportation occurs at all plant surface exposed to air Parts of xylem cells in tension Extends from leaves to steam to roots
- 23. Phototropism When plant adjust the rate and direction of growth in response to light Results in more efficient photosynthesis
- 24. Photoperiodiism A biological response to change in length of daylight relative to darkness
- 25. Thigmotroposm A shift in growth due to an object Guided by auxin and ethylene