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Generals About Incisors
1. Generals AboutGenerals About
Incisors AndIncisors And
Particulars AboutParticulars About
Maxillary CentralMaxillary Central
IncisorsIncisors
Howard Chi, D.M.D.Howard Chi, D.M.D.
2. Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Generals of incisorsGenerals of incisors
Traits of incisorsTraits of incisors
Particulars of maxillary central incisorsParticulars of maxillary central incisors
4. General Description Of IncisorsGeneral Description Of Incisors
There are four maxillary incisors:There are four maxillary incisors:
Two centralsTwo centrals
Two lateralsTwo laterals
7 8 9 10
5. General Description Of IncisorsGeneral Description Of Incisors
There are four mandibular incisors:There are four mandibular incisors:
Two centralsTwo centrals
Two lateralsTwo laterals
26 25 24 23
6. General Description Of IncisorsGeneral Description Of Incisors
Central incisors haveCentral incisors have
two mesial surfacestwo mesial surfaces
contacting each othercontacting each other
If a space exists, it isIf a space exists, it is
known as a diastemaknown as a diastema
(for all teeth)(for all teeth)
7. Function Of All Incisor TeethFunction Of All Incisor Teeth
1) Cutting food1) Cutting food
2) Enabling articulate speech2) Enabling articulate speech
3) Help support the lips and maintain good3) Help support the lips and maintain good
appearanceappearance
4) Help guide the mandible during its movements4) Help guide the mandible during its movements
8. MorphologyMorphology
Of TeethOf Teeth
Generally, any tooth has five surfacesGenerally, any tooth has five surfaces
Four surfaces and a chewing or cuttingFour surfaces and a chewing or cutting
surfacesurface
Five aspects are: facial, lingual, mesial, distal,Five aspects are: facial, lingual, mesial, distal,
and incisal or occlusaland incisal or occlusal
I
F
D
L
M
9. General DescriptionGeneral Description
Of IncisorsOf Incisors
Morphology OfMorphology Of
The Labial SurfaceThe Labial Surface
Mamelons are usually seen onMamelons are usually seen on
newly emerged incisor teethnewly emerged incisor teeth
They are three scallops on theThey are three scallops on the
incisal edge - beneath the three facial lobesincisal edge - beneath the three facial lobes
Usually worn off after tooth in function for awhileUsually worn off after tooth in function for awhile
10. General Description Of IncisorsGeneral Description Of Incisors
Morphology OfMorphology Of
The Labial SurfaceThe Labial Surface
When mamelons remainWhen mamelons remain
on an adult,on an adult,
suspect malocclusionsuspect malocclusion
11. Developmental depressions are theDevelopmental depressions are the
two shallow vertical depressions ontwo shallow vertical depressions on
the labial surface - dividing thethe labial surface - dividing the
surface into three sectionssurface into three sections
These sections are called mesial, middle andThese sections are called mesial, middle and
distal lobesdistal lobes
GeneralGeneral
Description OfDescription Of
IncisorsIncisors
Morphology OfMorphology Of
The Labial SurfaceThe Labial Surface
D M M
12. Perikymata - are fine horizontal lines on thePerikymata - are fine horizontal lines on the
crown surfacecrown surface
GeneralGeneral
Description OfDescription Of
IncisorsIncisors
Morphology OfMorphology Of
The Labial SurfaceThe Labial Surface
14. Class Traits OfClass Traits Of
All IncisorsAll Incisors
Crowns From The FacialCrowns From The Facial
Are relatively rectangular, longer incisogingivallyAre relatively rectangular, longer incisogingivally
Are narrowest in the cervical third and broader at theAre narrowest in the cervical third and broader at the
incisal thirdincisal third
15. Are more convex on the distal than on the mesial (except 24+25)Are more convex on the distal than on the mesial (except 24+25)
Mesial contact in the incisal thirdMesial contact in the incisal third
Distal contact at the junction of incisal and middle thirdsDistal contact at the junction of incisal and middle thirds
Class Traits OfClass Traits Of
All IncisorsAll Incisors
Crowns From The FacialCrowns From The Facial
16. Distal contact more cervical than the mesial (exceptDistal contact more cervical than the mesial (except
24+25)24+25)
Cervical lines that are convex (dip) toward the apexCervical lines that are convex (dip) toward the apex
facially and linguallyfacially and lingually
Class Traits OfClass Traits Of
All IncisorsAll Incisors
Crowns FromCrowns From
The FacialThe Facial
17. Taper from cervical line to the apexTaper from cervical line to the apex
Wider faciolingually than mesiodistallyWider faciolingually than mesiodistally
(except 8+9, which are roughly equal)(except 8+9, which are roughly equal)
7 7
Class Traits OfClass Traits Of
All IncisorsAll Incisors
Roots FromRoots From
The FacialThe Facial
18. Longer than crownsLonger than crowns
May bend, usually distally, in the apical one-May bend, usually distally, in the apical one-
third (except 8+9)third (except 8+9)
Class Traits OfClass Traits Of
All IncisorsAll Incisors
Roots FromRoots From
The FacialThe Facial
19. Class Traits OfClass Traits Of
All IncisorsAll Incisors
Crowns FromCrowns From
The LingualThe Lingual
Mesial and distal sides convergeMesial and distal sides converge
forming narrower surfaceforming narrower surface
Mesial and distal marginalMesial and distal marginal
ridges that converge towardridges that converge toward
cingulumcingulum
20. Class Traits Of All IncisorsClass Traits Of All Incisors
Crowns From The ProximalCrowns From The Proximal
Wedge-shapedWedge-shaped
Usually have the incisal edgeUsually have the incisal edge
labial to the root axis line forlabial to the root axis line for
the maxillary incisorsthe maxillary incisors
Usually have the incisal edgeUsually have the incisal edge
lingual to the root axis line forlingual to the root axis line for
the mandibular incisorsthe mandibular incisors
21. Class Traits Of All IncisorsClass Traits Of All Incisors
Crowns From The ProximalCrowns From The Proximal
1) Labial and lingual crest of1) Labial and lingual crest of
curvature (greatest bulge) that iscurvature (greatest bulge) that is
in the cervical thirdin the cervical third
2) Lingual is convex-concave2) Lingual is convex-concave
(s-shaped)(s-shaped)
3) Cervical line proximally is convex3) Cervical line proximally is convex
and curves incisallyand curves incisally
Concave
Convex
1
2 3
22. Class Traits Of All IncisorsClass Traits Of All Incisors
Roots FromRoots From
The ProximalThe Proximal
Widest at the cervical and taper to aWidest at the cervical and taper to a
rounded apexrounded apex
Depression in middle third of mesialDepression in middle third of mesial
root surface (mandibular also have distalroot surface (mandibular also have distal
depression)depression)
Mesial ViewDistal View
23. Class Traits Of All IncisorsClass Traits Of All Incisors
Crowns From The IncisalCrowns From The Incisal
A shallow concavity just incisal to the cingulumA shallow concavity just incisal to the cingulum
called the lingual fossacalled the lingual fossa
An incisal ridgeAn incisal ridge
A labial contour that is broader and less curvedA labial contour that is broader and less curved
than the lingualthan the lingual
lingual fossa
incisal ridge
24. Arch Traits Of IncisorsArch Traits Of Incisors
Mandibular IncisorsMandibular Incisors
1) are smaller than maxillary1) are smaller than maxillary
2) look more alike2) look more alike
3) are nearly the same size3) are nearly the same size
4) have smaller roots than maxillary4) have smaller roots than maxillary
5) are flatter on mesial and distal sides5) are flatter on mesial and distal sides
6) have crowns and roots relatively wider6) have crowns and roots relatively wider
faciolingually than mesiodistallyfaciolingually than mesiodistally
25. Arch Traits Of IncisorsArch Traits Of Incisors
7) have contact areas located near the incisal7) have contact areas located near the incisal
ridgeridge
8) have smoother lingual surfaces than maxillary8) have smoother lingual surfaces than maxillary
9) have incisal ridges on or lingual to the root9) have incisal ridges on or lingual to the root
axisaxis
10) have wear or attrition only on the incisal10) have wear or attrition only on the incisal
edge (not on lingual surface)edge (not on lingual surface)
11) have root that are longer in proportion to11) have root that are longer in proportion to
the crownsthe crowns
27. The Maxillary Central IncisorThe Maxillary Central Incisor
Incisal View
Distal ViewMesial View
Lingual View Facial View
28. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Labial SurfaceLabial Surface
Crown - Shape and SizeCrown - Shape and Size
Crown is the longest of all humanCrown is the longest of all human
crown and widest of all incisorscrown and widest of all incisors
Usually longer (incisogingivally)Usually longer (incisogingivally)
than wide (mesiodistally)than wide (mesiodistally)
Crown is narrowest in theCrown is narrowest in the
cervical thirdcervical third
Facial View
29. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Labial SurfaceLabial Surface
Crown - Incisal Proximal AnglesCrown - Incisal Proximal Angles
MesioincisalMesioincisal angle is slightlyangle is slightly
rounded and nearly a 90 degreerounded and nearly a 90 degree
angleangle
DistoincisalDistoincisal angle is moreangle is more
rounded and somewhat obtuserounded and somewhat obtuse
IncisalIncisal edge slopes cervicallyedge slopes cervically
towards the distaltowards the distal
30. MaxillaryMaxillary
Central IncisorCentral Incisor
Labial SurfaceLabial Surface
Crown - Contact AreasCrown - Contact Areas
Mesial is in the incisal third - near incisal edgeMesial is in the incisal third - near incisal edge
Distal near junction of incisal and middle thirdsDistal near junction of incisal and middle thirds
D M
31. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Labial SurfaceLabial Surface
Crown - ProportionsCrown - Proportions
The root is just slightlyThe root is just slightly
longer than the crownlonger than the crown
32. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Labial SurfaceLabial Surface
Root - ShapeRoot - Shape
From The LabialFrom The Labial
Root is thick in the cervical third, narrowsRoot is thick in the cervical third, narrows
through the middle to a blunt apexthrough the middle to a blunt apex
Central incisor root is the only root that is as thickCentral incisor root is the only root that is as thick
mesiodistally as faciolingually at its cervixmesiodistally as faciolingually at its cervix
33. MaxillaryMaxillary
Central IncisorCentral Incisor
Labial SurfaceLabial Surface
Root - Shape From The LabialRoot - Shape From The Labial
Because it is short and conical,Because it is short and conical,
this tooth is a poor risk tothis tooth is a poor risk to
support prostheticssupport prosthetics
34. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Lingual SurfaceLingual Surface
Crown - Lingual FossaCrown - Lingual Fossa
Lingual fossa is developed toLingual fossa is developed to
different degrees (from shallowdifferent degrees (from shallow
to deep)to deep)
Centrals with a deep fossa and prominentCentrals with a deep fossa and prominent
marginal ridges are termedmarginal ridges are termed
"shovel-shaped incisors""shovel-shaped incisors"
35. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Lingual SurfaceLingual Surface
Crown - CingulumCrown - Cingulum
Usually well developed andUsually well developed and
toward the distaltoward the distal
(X marks the spot)(X marks the spot)
Distal to the root axis line bisectingDistal to the root axis line bisecting
the root longitudinallythe root longitudinally
X
36. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Lingual SurfaceLingual Surface
Crown - Marginal RidgesCrown - Marginal Ridges
Marginal ridges areMarginal ridges are
prominentprominent
Mesial marginal ridge is longerMesial marginal ridge is longer
than distal due to the distalthan distal due to the distal
placement of the cingulumplacement of the cingulum
37. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Lingual SurfaceLingual Surface
Crown - Lingual Anatomy VariationsCrown - Lingual Anatomy Variations
1) the fossa may be deep but smooth (no lingual1) the fossa may be deep but smooth (no lingual
ridges)ridges)
2) may possess accessory lingual ridges (1 to 4)2) may possess accessory lingual ridges (1 to 4)
3) may possess a lingual pit near incisal border3) may possess a lingual pit near incisal border
of cingulum where m + d marginal ridgesof cingulum where m + d marginal ridges
meetmeet
38. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Lingual SurfaceLingual Surface
Root - ShapeFrom TheLingualRoot - ShapeFrom TheLingual
Likeall anterior teeth thissurfaceisLikeall anterior teeth thissurfaceis
convex and narrower mesiodistallyconvex and narrower mesiodistally
than thelabial surfacethan thelabial surface
Somewhat flat on mesial sideSomewhat flat on mesial side
approaching thelingualapproaching thelingual
A mesial depression running longitudinalA mesial depression running longitudinal
isoften presentisoften present
M
39. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Proximal SurfacesProximal Surfaces
Crown - Incisal EdgeCrown - Incisal Edge
Slightly labial to long axis of the rootSlightly labial to long axis of the root
(can be mid-root)(can be mid-root)
From distal, the distoincisal edge may beFrom distal, the distoincisal edge may be
just lingual to the axis line due to slightjust lingual to the axis line due to slight
twisting of incisal edgetwisting of incisal edge
Labial outline is convex in cervical, flatLabial outline is convex in cervical, flat
to broadly curved in the middle andto broadly curved in the middle and
incisal thirdsincisal thirds
Distal View
Mesial View
40. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Proximal SurfacesProximal Surfaces
Crown - Cervical Line (CEJ)Crown - Cervical Line (CEJ)
Like all anterior teeth the cervical line curvesLike all anterior teeth the cervical line curves
incisally on mesial and distal surfacesincisally on mesial and distal surfaces
Curvature is greater on the mesial than the distalCurvature is greater on the mesial than the distal
Distal ViewMesial View
41. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Proximal SurfacesProximal Surfaces
Crown - Crest Of CurvatureCrown - Crest Of Curvature
The labial crest (height of contour)The labial crest (height of contour)
is in the cervical third just incisalis in the cervical third just incisal
to the cervical lineto the cervical line
On the lingual in the cervical thirdOn the lingual in the cervical third
Mesial View
L
42. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Proximal SurfacesProximal Surfaces
Root - OutlineRoot - Outline
Root trunk thick or wide at cervix andRoot trunk thick or wide at cervix and
tapers evenly to a rounded apextapers evenly to a rounded apex
Lingual outline nearly straight in cervicalLingual outline nearly straight in cervical
third, curving labially in middle andthird, curving labially in middle and
apical thirdsapical thirds
Labial outline slightly convexLabial outline slightly convex
Distal View
Mesial View
43. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Proximal SurfacesProximal Surfaces
Root DepressionRoot Depression
Mesial surface is somewhat flattened with aMesial surface is somewhat flattened with a
longitudinal depression in the middle thirdlongitudinal depression in the middle third
Mesial depression is located at junction ofMesial depression is located at junction of
middle and lingual thirds of the rootmiddle and lingual thirds of the root
44. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Proximal SurfacesProximal Surfaces
Root DepressionRoot Depression
Distal similar to mesial, exceptDistal similar to mesial, except
distal is convex not flatteneddistal is convex not flattened
Distal lacks a depressionDistal lacks a depression
45. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Incisal AspectIncisal Aspect
Crown WidthCrown Width
Crown outline noticeably wider mesiodistally thatCrown outline noticeably wider mesiodistally that
faciolinguallyfaciolingually
46. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Incisal AspectIncisal Aspect
Crown OutlineCrown Outline
Crown is roughly triangular, somewhatCrown is roughly triangular, somewhat
curved labial outlinecurved labial outline
47. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Incisal AspectIncisal Aspect
Incisal Ridge ContourIncisal Ridge Contour
Ridge 1.5 to 2 mm thick and slightly curvedRidge 1.5 to 2 mm thick and slightly curved
from mesial to distalfrom mesial to distal
Distoincisal angle is slightly lingual to theDistoincisal angle is slightly lingual to the
mesioincisal anglemesioincisal angle
1.5 - 2mm
48. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Incisal AspectIncisal Aspect
CingulumCingulum
Cingulum is off-center to the distal, with aCingulum is off-center to the distal, with a
longer mesial marginal ridgelonger mesial marginal ridge
49. Maxillary Central IncisorMaxillary Central Incisor
Incisal AspectIncisal Aspect
Labial ContourLabial Contour
Labial contour is broadly convexLabial contour is broadly convex
On some teeth a portion may be nearly flatOn some teeth a portion may be nearly flat
Possess two slight depressions (mesial andPossess two slight depressions (mesial and
distal) on the labial surface in middle anddistal) on the labial surface in middle and
incisal thirdsincisal thirds