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Refugees: Ethics and Rights
United Nations policies and definitions
                      Australian Policy
                              Theories
                       Asylum Seekers
                    Ethical Discussion
Who is anAustralian human rights commission
  According to
                asylum seeker?
    Asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own
     country and applied for protection as a refugee.




 This policy violets Human right!
Australian policy
                   Mandatory detention
 Australian federal government policy for unauthorised
 arrivals by the Paul Keating Labor government in 1992.
They must be detained regardless of circumstance and
  there will be no consideration of, age, sex or other
                        factors.



 there was a limitation of
 detaining period which is
 273days
However, that same government introduced another
legislation called Migration Reform Act 1992 after two
       years Which lead to indefinite detention




  According to Australian human rights
                commission,
Australia has responsibilities to protect the
 human rights of all asylum seekers and
     refugees who arrive in Australia
Mandatory detention is unethical as well because they
are detained for long periods and they suffer physical
and mental health problems, including self-harm and
suicide.
 Article 14 Everyone has rights to seek and to enjoy in
  other countries asylum from persecution




    “Turn the boats around”
As a party to the Refugee Convention, Australia has
agreed to ensure that people who meet the United
Nations definition of refugee are not sent back to a
country where their life or freedom would be
threatened
An Iraqi whose application for asylum in Australia was
rejected. After waiting for the decision for 5 years, on a
Temporary Protection Visa, he was returned to Iraq, As a
result, he was murdered on suspicion of being a spy for the
Australian government.

                                 By mandatory detention
                                 2007 written by Sue Fleet
Facts about asylum seekers..
  Illegal migrants??
 Australians are humanitarian nation, Australia is a
 signatory to the Refugee Convention of 1951 which
 means that a person is able to seek asylum in Australia
 by boat or plane, with documents or undocumented.
 Considerable??


 ABC news reported on 18th may 2001 that In June 2009,
  it was estimated that there were about 48,700 over
  stayers in Australia.
 In 09 to 10 there have been only 5,267 of asylum
  seekers arrived on boat
 Greedy people?
UNHCR, 43.3 million People were forcibly displaced
worldwide at the end of 2009,



 Queue jumpers?
 A refugee is someone who is unable or unwilling to return to
  their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being
  persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality,
  membership of a particular social group, or political opinion
  (UN convention,1951).
Why people are being compelled to leave their own country and seek refuge as
a asylum seekers or refugee?

   War
   Serious persecution of government
   Denial of citizenship
   Traditional life style
   Lands confiscated by the Military regimes
   No right to health, education or other human service
   Fleeing from political regimes
   Religious discrimination
   No freedom of movement
   No freedom of expression
   Child abuse, sexual harassment and rape
   Arbitrary arrest
Refugee life in camp
International law
 Convention (1951)
 Declaration of Human rights(1948)
 Protocol
UNHCR Mandate
 Lead and coordinate international support for refugees
 Protect and support refugees at the request of a
  Government or the UN
 Safe guard the rights and well being of Refugees
 Ensure that people can exercise the right to seek
  asylum, and find safe refuge in another state
 Assist in return home or voluntary repatriation , local
  integration or resettlement to a third country.
Emergency Stage

 Assistance policies that ensure that single refugee
  women , children and other vulnerable refugees gain
  access to food, primary education, shelter, health care,
  clean water, firewood, etc.
 Prevention of attacks on refugee in crossing the border
  physical attacks, sexual harassment, rape, abduction,
  sexual abuse, other.
Australia's Immigration Detention Policy and Practice

 “Australian law requires the detention of all non-
  citizens who are in Australia without a valid visa
  (unlawful non-citizens). This means that immigration
  officials have no choice but to detain persons who
  arrive without a visa (unauthorised arrivals), or
  persons who arrive with a visa and subsequently
  become unlawful because their visa has expired or
  been cancelled (authorised arrivals). Australian law
  makes no distinction between the detention of adults
  and children.”
MYTH: Asylum seekers are “illegals” or “Queue jumpers”


 UN Convention relating to status of refugee, and Australian law make
  clear that it is legal for people seeking asylum to do so in another
  country
 Over 85% of boat people who came to Australia fulfil refugee criteria
  (more on appeal)
 No queue: No UNHCR in Iraq and Afghanistan
 In Sri Lanka UNHCR inaccessible and dangerous
Ethical response: Negative and positive

1. Asylum seekers need to be locked up in detention centres- They could be
DANGEROUS!! They are a security threat to Australia!



                                    =




 1. “85- 90% of asylum seekers coming to Australia by boat have been
founded to be genuine refugees. Asylum seekers often escaped difficult and
dangerous places and care and support”
Ethical response: Negative and
positive
2. Boat people are illegal immigrants. They have no right to come to
Australia. They don’t even have visa!




                                =



2. “It is not illegal for asylum seekers to come by boat- It is allowed by the
Refugee convention which recognised that it really often hard to get a visa or
passport. In Australia most asylum seekers come by plane. There is more
than 50,000 illegal migrants in Australia but most of are U.S.A, N.Z and the
U.K.”
Ethical response: Negative and
positive
3 . “Australia is being SWAMPED by asylum seekers”




                                    =

3. “There are only 21000 refugees living in Australia. That’s small number
compared to Pakistan (1.8 million) Germany (583,000) Canada (113,000)
and U.K (292,000). Most refugees live in the poorest and most dangerous
countries In the World. Countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh- not in
Australia”
Ethical response: Negative and positive
4. If boat people can pay money to people smugglers in order to get
here…Then they are not refugee




                                    =




4.“A refugee is someone who faced persecution or is in danger because of
their race, religion, or political opinion. Just because you have money does
not mean your life at risk. In many causes, it is the educated people who
speak out against governments… and so become targets for persecution”.
Ethical response: Negative and positive
5. We consider Australia receives more refugees than its fair share . We are
going to be flooded with refugees if we do not stop them coming.




                                =

5.“In 2009, the largest number of asylums claims made to an
industrialised country was to the U.S.A. - 49,000 claims. France was next
with 42,000, then Canada with 33, 000 claims. In compare, Australia got
only 6, 170 applicants.”
Or.. Refugees: theories of explanation
Types of Refugees
Voluntary                        Forced
                                   No decision is made by the
 Make the decision to migrate      refugee
 Aren’t faced with an             Usually faced with a threat
  immediate threat                  such as military command,
 May be looking at other           famine, poverty or unrested
  motives                           political events
 In some cases, voluntary         In most cases, forced refugees
  refugees have more choice in      are sent to refugee camps
  attaining other forms of
  asylum rather than just
  refugee camps
Theories: Breakdown
 Most migration (refugee) theories have these things in
 common:
   Migration stream consideration
   Demographic consideration
   Economic consideration
   And whether forced or voluntary


*Almost ALL theories are addressed to voluntary
migration
Types of Theories
 Micro
   Socio-psychological factors
   Focuses on Motivation, Decision Making, Satisfaction
    and Identification
 Macro
   Immigrant adaption process
   Economic and social integration
   Assimilation
Theories
Laws of Migration (Revenstein,
1885, 1889)                    Stouffer
  Most migrations are over a   Mobility/Distance Ration
   short distance               Incorporated intervening
  Generate counter streams      opportunities
  Related to technological
   advances
  Urban less migratory than
   rural.
  Females migrate shorter
   distances
Quote from Richmond (1988)
References
 Amnesty, I. (2011). The facts on refugees and asylum seekers Retrieved 21 May, 2012, from
  http://www.amnesty.org.au/refugees/comments/24506/
 Grundy, R. (Producer). (2009). Asylum Seekers, Refugees, People Smugglers, Migrants,
  Trafficking in Humans. [PowerPoint Presentation] Retrieved from
  http://www.slideshare.net/dsubs/asylum-seekers-australia
 Hawkes, E. (Producer). (2011). An Australian Refugee Story. [PowerPoint] Retrieved from
  http://www.slideshare.net/emilyhawes/australian-refugee-intro
 Richmond, A. H. (1988). Sociological Theories of International Migration: The Case of
  Refugees. Current Sociology, 36(2), 7-25. doi: 10.1177/001139288036002004
 UNHCR(2012) Australians supporting the UN Refugee Agency. Retrieved from
  http://www.unrefugees.org.au/
 United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation, (1994-2003). Social and
  Human Science, FOOD FOR THOUGHT, THOUGHT FOR ACTION: Convention
  relating to the Status of Refugees http://www.unesco.org/most/rr4ref.htm
 UNHCR. (2010). Convention and Protocol: Relating to the Status of Refugees (pp. 1-56).
  Geneva: United Nations.

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Refugees: Ethics and Rights

  • 2. United Nations policies and definitions Australian Policy Theories Asylum Seekers Ethical Discussion
  • 3. Who is anAustralian human rights commission  According to asylum seeker? Asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applied for protection as a refugee. This policy violets Human right!
  • 4. Australian policy Mandatory detention Australian federal government policy for unauthorised arrivals by the Paul Keating Labor government in 1992.
  • 5. They must be detained regardless of circumstance and there will be no consideration of, age, sex or other factors. there was a limitation of detaining period which is 273days
  • 6. However, that same government introduced another legislation called Migration Reform Act 1992 after two years Which lead to indefinite detention According to Australian human rights commission, Australia has responsibilities to protect the human rights of all asylum seekers and refugees who arrive in Australia
  • 7. Mandatory detention is unethical as well because they are detained for long periods and they suffer physical and mental health problems, including self-harm and suicide.
  • 8.  Article 14 Everyone has rights to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution “Turn the boats around”
  • 9. As a party to the Refugee Convention, Australia has agreed to ensure that people who meet the United Nations definition of refugee are not sent back to a country where their life or freedom would be threatened
  • 10. An Iraqi whose application for asylum in Australia was rejected. After waiting for the decision for 5 years, on a Temporary Protection Visa, he was returned to Iraq, As a result, he was murdered on suspicion of being a spy for the Australian government. By mandatory detention 2007 written by Sue Fleet
  • 11. Facts about asylum seekers..  Illegal migrants?? Australians are humanitarian nation, Australia is a signatory to the Refugee Convention of 1951 which means that a person is able to seek asylum in Australia by boat or plane, with documents or undocumented.
  • 12.  Considerable??  ABC news reported on 18th may 2001 that In June 2009, it was estimated that there were about 48,700 over stayers in Australia.  In 09 to 10 there have been only 5,267 of asylum seekers arrived on boat
  • 13.  Greedy people? UNHCR, 43.3 million People were forcibly displaced worldwide at the end of 2009,  Queue jumpers?
  • 14.  A refugee is someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion (UN convention,1951).
  • 15. Why people are being compelled to leave their own country and seek refuge as a asylum seekers or refugee?  War  Serious persecution of government  Denial of citizenship  Traditional life style  Lands confiscated by the Military regimes  No right to health, education or other human service  Fleeing from political regimes  Religious discrimination  No freedom of movement  No freedom of expression  Child abuse, sexual harassment and rape  Arbitrary arrest
  • 17. International law  Convention (1951)  Declaration of Human rights(1948)  Protocol
  • 18. UNHCR Mandate  Lead and coordinate international support for refugees  Protect and support refugees at the request of a Government or the UN  Safe guard the rights and well being of Refugees  Ensure that people can exercise the right to seek asylum, and find safe refuge in another state  Assist in return home or voluntary repatriation , local integration or resettlement to a third country.
  • 19. Emergency Stage  Assistance policies that ensure that single refugee women , children and other vulnerable refugees gain access to food, primary education, shelter, health care, clean water, firewood, etc.  Prevention of attacks on refugee in crossing the border physical attacks, sexual harassment, rape, abduction, sexual abuse, other.
  • 20. Australia's Immigration Detention Policy and Practice  “Australian law requires the detention of all non- citizens who are in Australia without a valid visa (unlawful non-citizens). This means that immigration officials have no choice but to detain persons who arrive without a visa (unauthorised arrivals), or persons who arrive with a visa and subsequently become unlawful because their visa has expired or been cancelled (authorised arrivals). Australian law makes no distinction between the detention of adults and children.”
  • 21. MYTH: Asylum seekers are “illegals” or “Queue jumpers”  UN Convention relating to status of refugee, and Australian law make clear that it is legal for people seeking asylum to do so in another country  Over 85% of boat people who came to Australia fulfil refugee criteria (more on appeal)  No queue: No UNHCR in Iraq and Afghanistan  In Sri Lanka UNHCR inaccessible and dangerous
  • 22. Ethical response: Negative and positive 1. Asylum seekers need to be locked up in detention centres- They could be DANGEROUS!! They are a security threat to Australia! = 1. “85- 90% of asylum seekers coming to Australia by boat have been founded to be genuine refugees. Asylum seekers often escaped difficult and dangerous places and care and support”
  • 23. Ethical response: Negative and positive 2. Boat people are illegal immigrants. They have no right to come to Australia. They don’t even have visa! = 2. “It is not illegal for asylum seekers to come by boat- It is allowed by the Refugee convention which recognised that it really often hard to get a visa or passport. In Australia most asylum seekers come by plane. There is more than 50,000 illegal migrants in Australia but most of are U.S.A, N.Z and the U.K.”
  • 24. Ethical response: Negative and positive 3 . “Australia is being SWAMPED by asylum seekers” = 3. “There are only 21000 refugees living in Australia. That’s small number compared to Pakistan (1.8 million) Germany (583,000) Canada (113,000) and U.K (292,000). Most refugees live in the poorest and most dangerous countries In the World. Countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh- not in Australia”
  • 25. Ethical response: Negative and positive 4. If boat people can pay money to people smugglers in order to get here…Then they are not refugee = 4.“A refugee is someone who faced persecution or is in danger because of their race, religion, or political opinion. Just because you have money does not mean your life at risk. In many causes, it is the educated people who speak out against governments… and so become targets for persecution”.
  • 26. Ethical response: Negative and positive 5. We consider Australia receives more refugees than its fair share . We are going to be flooded with refugees if we do not stop them coming. = 5.“In 2009, the largest number of asylums claims made to an industrialised country was to the U.S.A. - 49,000 claims. France was next with 42,000, then Canada with 33, 000 claims. In compare, Australia got only 6, 170 applicants.”
  • 27. Or.. Refugees: theories of explanation
  • 28. Types of Refugees Voluntary Forced  No decision is made by the  Make the decision to migrate refugee  Aren’t faced with an  Usually faced with a threat immediate threat such as military command,  May be looking at other famine, poverty or unrested motives political events  In some cases, voluntary  In most cases, forced refugees refugees have more choice in are sent to refugee camps attaining other forms of asylum rather than just refugee camps
  • 29. Theories: Breakdown  Most migration (refugee) theories have these things in common:  Migration stream consideration  Demographic consideration  Economic consideration  And whether forced or voluntary *Almost ALL theories are addressed to voluntary migration
  • 30. Types of Theories  Micro  Socio-psychological factors  Focuses on Motivation, Decision Making, Satisfaction and Identification  Macro  Immigrant adaption process  Economic and social integration  Assimilation
  • 31. Theories Laws of Migration (Revenstein, 1885, 1889) Stouffer  Most migrations are over a  Mobility/Distance Ration short distance  Incorporated intervening  Generate counter streams opportunities  Related to technological advances  Urban less migratory than rural.  Females migrate shorter distances
  • 33. References  Amnesty, I. (2011). The facts on refugees and asylum seekers Retrieved 21 May, 2012, from http://www.amnesty.org.au/refugees/comments/24506/  Grundy, R. (Producer). (2009). Asylum Seekers, Refugees, People Smugglers, Migrants, Trafficking in Humans. [PowerPoint Presentation] Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/dsubs/asylum-seekers-australia  Hawkes, E. (Producer). (2011). An Australian Refugee Story. [PowerPoint] Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/emilyhawes/australian-refugee-intro  Richmond, A. H. (1988). Sociological Theories of International Migration: The Case of Refugees. Current Sociology, 36(2), 7-25. doi: 10.1177/001139288036002004  UNHCR(2012) Australians supporting the UN Refugee Agency. Retrieved from http://www.unrefugees.org.au/  United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation, (1994-2003). Social and Human Science, FOOD FOR THOUGHT, THOUGHT FOR ACTION: Convention relating to the Status of Refugees http://www.unesco.org/most/rr4ref.htm  UNHCR. (2010). Convention and Protocol: Relating to the Status of Refugees (pp. 1-56). Geneva: United Nations.

Notas do Editor

  1. You know what refugees are, but now you need to know, not the history refugees but rather the historical theories of migration. Use this as