2. โข Telephone broadcasting (1881โ1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data services
offered by stock telegraph companies from 1867, if ticker-tapes are excluded from the definition). Telephone
broadcasting began with the advent of Thรฉรขtrophone ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based
distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theatre performances over telephone lines,
created by French inventor in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone newspaper
services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in
large European cities. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of
electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming.
โข Radio broadcasting (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920): radio broadcasting is an audio
(sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to a radio antenna
and, thus, to a receiver. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common radio programs, either
in broadcast syndication, simulcast or sub channels.
โข History of television broadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925, commercial television from the 1930s:
this television programming medium was long-awaited by the general public and rapidly rose to compete with
its older radio-broadcasting sibling.
โข Cable radio (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and cable television (from 1932): both via coaxial cable,
serving principally as transmission mediums for programming produced at either radio or television stations,
with limited production of cable-dedicated programming.
โข Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) (from circa 1974) and satellite radio (from circa 1990): meant for direct-to-
home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and downlinks), provides a mix of
traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio programming.
(See also: Satellite television)
โข Webcasting of video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994) streams: offers a mix of
traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with dedicated internet radioโwebcast
programming.
Types of broadcasting.
3. The UK the term "public service broadcasting" refers to broadcasting which is intended
for the public and will benefit rather than for purely commercial concerns. The
communications regulator Ofcom requires that certain television and radio broadcasters
fulfil certain requirements as part of their licence to broadcast. All of the BBC's
television and radio stations have a public service remit, including those that broadcast
digitally.
The BBC, whose broadcasting in the UK is funded by a licence fee and does not sell
advertising time, is most notable for being the first public service broadcaster in the UK.
Its first director general, Lord Reith introduced many of the concepts that would later
define PSB in the UK when he adopted the mission to "inform, educate and
entertain".
With the launch of the first commercial broadcaster ITV in 1955, the government
required that the local franchises fulfilled a similar obligation, mandating a certain level
of local news coverage, arts and religious programming, in return for the right to
broadcast.
Public service radio stations: the bbc
4. The BBC today runs eleven national domestic radio stations, six of which are only
available in a digital format: via DAB Digital Radio, UK digital television (satellite,
cable and Freeview) plus live streams and listen again on the Internet.
โข BBC Radio 1 โ popular music aimed at a young audience
โข BBC Radio 1Xtra โ hip hop, garage, RnB, drum & bass & dancehall, aimed at a
young audience
โข BBC Radio 2 โ adult-orientated popular music
โข BBC Radio 3 โ classical, jazz and world music, culture, drama
โข BBC Radio 4 โ spoken-word programmes
โข BBC Radio 4 Extra โ archive comedy, drama and children's programming, formerly
known as Radio 7
โข BBC Radio 5 Live โ news and sport
โข BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra - sport, used as an overflow station when 5 Live is
broadcasting live sport at the same time
National bbc radio stations
5. BBC Local Radio is the BBC's regional radio service for England
and the Channel Islands, consisting of 40 stations. They cover a
variety of areas with some serving a city and surrounding areas,
for example BBC Radio Manchester; a county, for example BBC
Radio Norfolk; an administrative region for example BBC WM; or a
larger region entirely for example BBC Radio Solent.
The stations were launched progressively starting with BBC Radio
Leicester on 8 November 1967 with the last station to launch being
the ill fated BBC Dorset FM on 26 April 1993. Since then,
numerous local radio stations have been merged and renamed,
however no new stations have been created where no service
previously existed.
Local bbc radio station
6. Radio broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio
waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked
in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in
broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting
also can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks,
satellite radio, and internet radio via streaming media on the
Internet.
The earliest radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems
and did not carry audio. The first claimed audio transmission that
could be termed a broadcast occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906,
and was made by Reginald Fessenden. Whether this broadcast
actually took place is disputed.]
While many early experimenters
attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices by
which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were
others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles
Harold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying
audio by the next year. (Harold's station eventually became
RADIO BROADCASTING
7. The BBC World Service is the world's largest international
broadcaster. broadcasting news, speech and discussions in 28
languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital
shortwave platforms, internet streaming, podcasting, satellite, FM
and MW relays. The World Service was reported to have reached
188 million people a week on average in June 2009. It does not
carry advertising, and the English language service broadcasts 24
hours a day. The World Service is currently funded by grant-in-aid
through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the British
Government, however from 2014, it will be funded by the
compulsory television licence fee levied on every household in the
United Kingdom using a television to watch broadcast
programmes.
International>BBC world
SERVICE.
8. โขThe BBC also runs radio stations for the three "national regions".
These stations focus on local issues.
โขBBC Radio Scotland: News, music, sport and talk from Scotland
โขBBC Radio nan Gร idheal: Scottish Gaelic language network
โขBBC Radio Shetland: News, music, sport and talk from Shetland
โขBBC Radio Orkney: News, music, sport and talk from Orkney
โขBBC Radio Wales: News, music, sport and talk from Wales
โขBBC Radio Cymru: Welsh language network
โขBBC Radio Ulster: News, music, sport and talk from Northern Ireland
โขBBC Radio Foyle: News, music, sport and talk from north-west of
Northern Ireland
Regional Stations
9. 10/11/13
The Licence Fee
The licence fee is used almost entirely to fund the BBC's domestic radio,
television and internet services. The money received from the fee represents
approximately 75% of the cost of these services with most of the remainder
coming from the profits of BBC Worldwide โ a commercial wing of the
corporation which sells programmes and runs stations overseas (such as BBC
World News), as well as other business allied to broadcasting such as
publishing.
A television licence is required for each household where television
programmes are watched as they are broadcast.e licence fee has, however,
attracted criticism. It has been argued that in an age of multi stream, multi-
channel availability, an obligation to pay a licence fee is no longer appropriate.
The BBC's use of private sector company Capita Group to send letters to
premises not paying the licence fee has been criticised, especially as there
have been cases where such letters have been sent to premises which are up
to date with their payments, or do not require a TV licence.
10. 10/11/13
advantages and disadvantages of licence fee-
the bbc radio
People personally thinks that the TV licence is not only good value and a fair price to pay,
but also pretty important. Commercial channels such as channel 4 and the trashy ITV
(forgive my personal opinions coming forward a bit harshly here) rely on adverts to fund
their programming. This means that if companies don't think it's worth advertising on there,
the programmes stop and we have no more TV. Of course this is about as likely as Will
Young and Margaret Thatcher jumping into bed together for a sex romp, but it's worth
considering. Our TV licence guarantees us quality programming on our TV's and no
adverts.
However, many people argue that since the BBC has now increased its number of stations
to include 6 digital channels, that people with digital have an advantage. The reason for
this, is that people with digital pay the same licence as people without, yet they get more
channels from the BBC. I can see this as a fair point, but hold on a minute........don't they
have to pay for digital? Still, I can empathise with people that don't have digital, although by
2010, the government aims to abolish analogue viewing and convert all channels to digital,
so it wont really matter anyway. As the BBC does not have to rely on advertisers to fund it,
it can produce more speciality and minority programming.
On commercial stations these sorts of programmes might not get enough listeners so
advertisers would not want to give the station money.
11. 10/11/13
The BBC aims toโฆ.
Represent the different nations, regions and communities to the
rest of the UK.
Cater for the different nations, regions and communities of the UK.
Bring people together for shared experiences.
Encourage interest in, and conversation about local communities.
Reflect the different religious and other beliefs in the UK.
Provide output in minority languages.
12. 10/11/13
what else does the bbs radio stations owns
The BBC is a semi-autonomous public service broadcaster that
operates under a The privately owned BBC was the world's first
national broadcasting organisation. As well as the four national
channels, a series of local BBC radio stations
