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Emergence will be shown to consist of multi-directional, in particular bottom-up and top-down, processes. The latter, also called downward causation, in turn consist of specific processes, including 2nd-order emergence (see, for example, Gilbert, 2004) and immergence (see Andrighetto et al., 2008a, and current results of the EMIL project, http://emil.istc.cnr.it/ ). Immergence is the process by means of which higher-level effects retroact on the lower-level entities that generated them, modifying their operating rules and reinforcing or reproducing the initial generative process. Two examples will be analyzed at some length, reputation and social norms. Reputation can be seen as a 2nd-order emergent effect of shared informational reciprocity (Dunbar, 1998; Conte and Paolucci, 2002; Sommerfeld et al., 2007). A computational system (REPAGE), built up in the last five years within the LABSS, will be presented, and simulation results showing how it performs in simple multi-agent systems will be discussed. Commonly, norms are either top-down (legal norms) or bottom-up (conventions) effects. In this talk, they will be defined as immergent phenomena (see Andrighetto et al., 2008b), i.e. behaviors that spread over a population because and to the extent that the corresponding normative beliefs and commands spread as well. After a short incursion on a normative agent (EMIL-A) architecture, as worked out within the EMIL project (see D.1.2 on the EMIL site), the role of normative agents will be shown by simulation findings. These illustrate the different macro-social regularities obtained within two separate populations of normative agents and social conformers.
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