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Machine Translation vs. Common Language: !
Effects on Idea Exchange in Cross-Lingual Groups


 Hao$Chuan)Wang       )Na#onal'Tsing'Hua'University,'Taiwan'
 Susan)R.)Fussell     )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA'
 Dan)Cosley )         )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA'
 '
 )
 '
 ACM'CSCW'2013'.'San'Antonio,'TX,'USA'


 '                               !
                                 !
Globalizing Idea Exchange
Ideas)distributed)across)countries)and)cultures)
   •  Ex.)Different)language)edi?ons)of)Wikipedia)varying)in)
      content)of)the)same)topics.) [Hecht)et)al.,)2011]'
   •  Valuable)source)for)intelligence)and)problem)solving.)
       [Wang)et)al.,)2011]'

CMC:)Opportunity)for)global)idea)exchange)
  •    Need)to)cross)the)language)barrier)first.)




                                        !
                              Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                        !
                                                               2)
Ways for Cross-Lingual Communication

Common)solu?ons:))
   Common)language)(e.g.,)English))or)
   human)transla?on.))
•  Common)language:)Second)language)to)
   some)individuals.)Learning)required.)
•  Human)transla?on:)Expensive)and)
   inflexible.)



Machine(transla-on((MT)(as)a)non$
expensive,)flexible)tool)for)cross$lingual)
idea)exchange.(
)
                                     !
                           Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                     !
                                                   3)
Problems in Machine Translation (MT)
Concern)for)transla?on)quality)                             English

•  “computer'bug”'may)become)“computer'
   insect.”'
•  Transla?ons)of)complex)ideas)like)
    “need'to'confirm'with'her'to'see'if'
    there's'enough'#me'to'make'it”'can)be)
    unpredictable.)                                         Chinese

)
)
People)oYen)communicate)beZer)over)
a)common,)second)language)than)MT.)
 [Yamashita)&)Ishida,)2006;)Yamashita)et)al.,)2009]'



                                              !
                                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                              !
                                                                      4)
Can MT Still Be Useful?
MT$based)communica?on)has)both)cost)and)benefit)
   •  Cost:(Transla?on)errors)make)message)comprehension)
      and)repairing)difficult.(
   •  Benefit:()Producing)messages)in)na?ve)language)is)easier)
      than)non$na?ve)language.)
)
Current)study:)American$Chinese)idea)exchange)over)MT)or)
  English)as)common)language))
   •  H1:'Chinese)produce)more)ideas)over)MT)than)English))
      (MT(benefit(>(MT(cost)(
   •  H2:'Americans)produce)less)ideas)over)MT)than)English)
      (MT(has(no(benefit(but(only(extra(cost)(


                                 !
                       Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                 !
                                                                 5)
Experimental Design
                       64)individuals)
             32)two$person)cross$lingual)groups)

Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on)

        MT-mediated                  English-mediated
    American-Chinese Dyad          American-Chinese Dyad




                              !
                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                              !
                                                             6)
Experimental Design
Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on)

        MT-mediated                    English-mediated
    American-Chinese Dyad            American-Chinese Dyad




          Brainstorm)two)trials)(15)min)each)))
               in)counterbalanced)order)

      “Benefits and costs         “Benefits and costs
      for having an extra         for having an extra
            thumb”                       eye”




                     Measure)
         Produc?vity)and)Comprehensibility)

                              !
                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                              !
                                                             8)
Measurement: Productivity
Produc-vity)
        •  Manually)translated)Chinese)contribu?ons)to)English)for)
           consistency)of)coding'
        •  Count)number'of'original'ideas'by)manually)coding)
           brainstorming)conversa?ons)
                                                             Idea?        Original?
(       How
about
sleeping,
with
one
eye
contac5ng
with

    A   pillow?                                             idea     1‐some
originality
        New
opportuni5es
for
business:
glasses
for
the
3

    B   eyed


person.                                      idea     1‐some
originality
        I
think
sleeping
on
your
side
would
become
the

    B   norm.                                               idea    0‐duplicate
    A   Are
we
s5ll
talking
about
the
advan?                no_idea
    B   New
hats
would
need
to
be
made.                     idea    1‐some
originality
    B   sure.                                               no_idea
    A   ok                                                  no_idea
    B   haircuts
would
certainly
be
modified.                idea    1‐some
originality

                                             !
                                   Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                             !
                                                                                          9)
Results: Productivity

                    14
                                       English   MT
                    12                                       In)English)groups,)Americans)
                                                                (na?ve)speaker))produced)
                    10
                                                                more)ideas)than)Chinese)
Idea Productivity




                    8                                           (non$na?ve)speaker).)
                    6


                    4


                    2


                    0
                         American          Chinese




                                                     !
                                         Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                   !
                                                                                             10)
Results: Productivity

                    14
                                       English   MT
                                                             Chinese)produce)more)ideas)
                    12                                          using)MT)than)English.))
                                                                p<.05)for)the)second)trial;))
                    10
                                                                p=.1)overall.)
Idea Productivity




                    8                                          )(H1:'MT(benefit(>(MT(cost))
                    6
                                                             )
                                                             MT)did)not)affect)Americans’)
                    4
                                                                produc?vity.))
                    2                                          )(H2'not'supported:'no)MT)
                    0
                                                                cost)on)produc?vity))
                         American          Chinese           )
                                                             )


                                                     !
                                         Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                   !
                                                                                                11)
Measurement: Comprehensibility
Perceived(Comprehensibility)
    •  Asked)par?cipants)aYer)each)brainstorming)trial))
       how)clear)were)the)messages)to)them.)

    •  “I)could)understand)other)members’)ideas.”)
       “I)am)confident)that)other)group)members)understand)
       my)ideas.”))
       “I)didn’t)understand)what)other)group)members)said.”)
      (alpha=.89))
(




                                 !
                       Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                 !
                                                               12)
Results: Comprehensibility


                              7   English    MT                        Both)American)and)Chinese)
                                                                         par?cipants)rated))
Perceived Comprehensibility




                              6
                                                                         MT)less)comprehensible)
                              5                                          than)English.)
                              4                                        )
                              3                                        MT)harms)comprehensibility)
                                                                         both)to)na?ve)and)non$
                              2
                                                                         na?ve)speakers.)
                              1
                                                                       )
                              0                                        Consistent)with)previous)
                                  American           Chinese
                                                                         studies.)



                                                             !
                                                   Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                             !
                                                                                                     13)
Discussion
                                   14
                                                        English   MT
                                   12                                     MT)benefits)idea)produc?on)by)
                                   10                                       enabling)na?ve)language)use,)
Idea Productivity




                                   8                                        though)MT)harms)
                                   6                                        comprehensibility.)
                                   4
                                                                          )
                                   2
                                                                          )
                                   0
                                        American            Chinese       How)does)MT)benefit)Chinese)
                                    7   English    MT
                                                                             par?cipants’)produc?on?)
     Perceived Comprehensibility




                                    6


                                    5                                     •  Was)it)because)Chinese)talking)
                                    4                                        more?))
                                    3
                                                                          •  Or)was)it)because)Chinese)being)
                                    2
                                                                             more)efficient)in)producing)
                                    1
                                                                             ideas?)
                                    0
                                        American            Chinese


                                                                                 !
                                                                       Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                                                 !
                                                                                                                14)
Message versus Idea Production Behaviors
                    culture
MT
                                   Chinese                 Compare)number(of(new(ideas(
English
                    12                                        and)number(of(chat(turns:)
                    10                                     )
      #New Ideas




                    8
                    6
                                                           MT:)~40%)chat)turns)contain)
                    4                                         ideas)
                    2                                      English:)~33%)turns)contain)
                    0
                                                              ideas)
                    35
                    30                                     )
      #Chat Turns




                                                           Chinese)produce)ideas)more)
                    25
                    20
                    15                                     efficiently)over)MT)than)English.)
                                                                                          )
                    10
                    5
                    0
                         0   180 360 540 720 900
          Time (seconds)
      #Words




                                                       !
                                             Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                       !
                                                                                              15)
#New Ideas
                       Message versus Idea Production Behaviors
              MT
                                          culture
              English
                            American                    Chinese             Exploratory)analysis)of)
              12                                                               American’s)produc?on)
              10                                                               behaviors:)
#Chat Turns
#New Ideas




              8                                                             )
              6
              4
                                                                            MT:)~44%)chat)turns)contain)
              2
                                                                               ideas)
              0                                                             English:)~35%)turns)contain)
              35                                                               ideas)
              30
#Chat Turns




              25
  #Words




              20
                                                                            Americans)talked)less)over)
              15
              10
                                                                            MT)than)English.)
              5
              0
                   0   180 360 540 720 900   0   180 360 540 720 900
                                       Time (seconds)

                                                                  !
#Words




                                                    Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                                              !
                                                                                                          16)
Style of Communication

MT)appears)to)influence)people’s)style)of)communica?on)
   •  Higher)propor?on)of)ideas)in)MT,)both)to)Chinese)and)
      Americans.)
   •  Chinese)produced)more)ideas;)
      Americans)produced)less)turns.)
)
Incoming)messages)s?ll)have)impact.)
)
Future)work:)People’s)prac?ces)and)strategies)for)dealing)
   with)poor)transla?on)in)different)language)
   communi?es.)

                                !
                      Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                !
                                                              17)
Design Implications
Asymmetrical(design:(MT)benefits)produc?on,)but)harms)
comprehension.)
)
)
)                 “       ”                     “How are you”
                                translated
)
)                  “I’m fine”                   “I’m fine”
                              untranslated
)
)
For)bilinguals,)combine)MT)and)second)language)ability:)
•  Translate)outgoing)messages)to)enable)produc?on)in)na?ve)
   language.)
•  Leave)incoming)messages)untranslated.)People)use)second)
   language)proficiency)for)understanding.)

                                  !
                        Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                  !
                                                                18)

)
Or, Interface Design for Comprehension
Use)highligh?ng)to)direct)people’s)aZen?on)to)keywords)in)
  transla?ons.) [Gao)et)al.,)CHI'2013])
)




                                !
                      Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                !
                                                             19)
Acknowledgement
     Na?onal)Science)Founda?on)grants)#0845351)and)#1025425)
             Undergraduate)assistants)Meaghan)Frank,))
           Johna)Seo)and)Monica)Chen)at)Cornell)University)
Anonymous)CSCW)reviewers)for)their)valuable)comments)and)sugges?ons)




                                   !
                         Wang, Fussell, Cosley
                                   !

Machine translation vs. common language: Effects on idea exchange in cross-lingual groups (CSCW 2013)

  • 1. Machine Translation vs. Common Language: ! Effects on Idea Exchange in Cross-Lingual Groups Hao$Chuan)Wang )Na#onal'Tsing'Hua'University,'Taiwan' Susan)R.)Fussell )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA' Dan)Cosley ) )Cornell'University,'NY,'USA' ' ) ' ACM'CSCW'2013'.'San'Antonio,'TX,'USA' ' ! !
  • 2. Globalizing Idea Exchange Ideas)distributed)across)countries)and)cultures) •  Ex.)Different)language)edi?ons)of)Wikipedia)varying)in) content)of)the)same)topics.) [Hecht)et)al.,)2011]' •  Valuable)source)for)intelligence)and)problem)solving.) [Wang)et)al.,)2011]' CMC:)Opportunity)for)global)idea)exchange) •  Need)to)cross)the)language)barrier)first.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 2)
  • 3. Ways for Cross-Lingual Communication Common)solu?ons:)) Common)language)(e.g.,)English))or) human)transla?on.)) •  Common)language:)Second)language)to) some)individuals.)Learning)required.) •  Human)transla?on:)Expensive)and) inflexible.) Machine(transla-on((MT)(as)a)non$ expensive,)flexible)tool)for)cross$lingual) idea)exchange.( ) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 3)
  • 4. Problems in Machine Translation (MT) Concern)for)transla?on)quality) English •  “computer'bug”'may)become)“computer' insect.”' •  Transla?ons)of)complex)ideas)like) “need'to'confirm'with'her'to'see'if' there's'enough'#me'to'make'it”'can)be) unpredictable.) Chinese ) ) People)oYen)communicate)beZer)over) a)common,)second)language)than)MT.) [Yamashita)&)Ishida,)2006;)Yamashita)et)al.,)2009]' ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 4)
  • 5. Can MT Still Be Useful? MT$based)communica?on)has)both)cost)and)benefit) •  Cost:(Transla?on)errors)make)message)comprehension) and)repairing)difficult.( •  Benefit:()Producing)messages)in)na?ve)language)is)easier) than)non$na?ve)language.) ) Current)study:)American$Chinese)idea)exchange)over)MT)or) English)as)common)language)) •  H1:'Chinese)produce)more)ideas)over)MT)than)English)) (MT(benefit(>(MT(cost)( •  H2:'Americans)produce)less)ideas)over)MT)than)English) (MT(has(no(benefit(but(only(extra(cost)( ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 5)
  • 6. Experimental Design 64)individuals) 32)two$person)cross$lingual)groups) Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on) MT-mediated English-mediated American-Chinese Dyad American-Chinese Dyad ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 6)
  • 7. Experimental Design Randomly)assign)cross$lingual)groups)to)media?on)condi?on) MT-mediated English-mediated American-Chinese Dyad American-Chinese Dyad Brainstorm)two)trials)(15)min)each))) in)counterbalanced)order) “Benefits and costs “Benefits and costs for having an extra for having an extra thumb” eye” Measure) Produc?vity)and)Comprehensibility) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 8)
  • 8. Measurement: Productivity Produc-vity) •  Manually)translated)Chinese)contribu?ons)to)English)for) consistency)of)coding' •  Count)number'of'original'ideas'by)manually)coding) brainstorming)conversa?ons) Idea? Original? ( How
about
sleeping,
with
one
eye
contac5ng
with
 A pillow? idea 1‐some
originality New
opportuni5es
for
business:
glasses
for
the
3
 B eyed


person. idea 1‐some
originality I
think
sleeping
on
your
side
would
become
the
 B norm. idea 0‐duplicate A Are
we
s5ll
talking
about
the
advan? no_idea B New
hats
would
need
to
be
made. idea 1‐some
originality B sure. no_idea A ok no_idea B haircuts
would
certainly
be
modified. idea 1‐some
originality ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 9)
  • 9. Results: Productivity 14 English MT 12 In)English)groups,)Americans) (na?ve)speaker))produced) 10 more)ideas)than)Chinese) Idea Productivity 8 (non$na?ve)speaker).) 6 4 2 0 American Chinese ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 10)
  • 10. Results: Productivity 14 English MT Chinese)produce)more)ideas) 12 using)MT)than)English.)) p<.05)for)the)second)trial;)) 10 p=.1)overall.) Idea Productivity 8 )(H1:'MT(benefit(>(MT(cost)) 6 ) MT)did)not)affect)Americans’) 4 produc?vity.)) 2 )(H2'not'supported:'no)MT) 0 cost)on)produc?vity)) American Chinese ) ) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 11)
  • 11. Measurement: Comprehensibility Perceived(Comprehensibility) •  Asked)par?cipants)aYer)each)brainstorming)trial)) how)clear)were)the)messages)to)them.) •  “I)could)understand)other)members’)ideas.”) “I)am)confident)that)other)group)members)understand) my)ideas.”)) “I)didn’t)understand)what)other)group)members)said.”) (alpha=.89)) ( ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 12)
  • 12. Results: Comprehensibility 7 English MT Both)American)and)Chinese) par?cipants)rated)) Perceived Comprehensibility 6 MT)less)comprehensible) 5 than)English.) 4 ) 3 MT)harms)comprehensibility) both)to)na?ve)and)non$ 2 na?ve)speakers.) 1 ) 0 Consistent)with)previous) American Chinese studies.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 13)
  • 13. Discussion 14 English MT 12 MT)benefits)idea)produc?on)by) 10 enabling)na?ve)language)use,) Idea Productivity 8 though)MT)harms) 6 comprehensibility.) 4 ) 2 ) 0 American Chinese How)does)MT)benefit)Chinese) 7 English MT par?cipants’)produc?on?) Perceived Comprehensibility 6 5 •  Was)it)because)Chinese)talking) 4 more?)) 3 •  Or)was)it)because)Chinese)being) 2 more)efficient)in)producing) 1 ideas?) 0 American Chinese ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 14)
  • 14. Message versus Idea Production Behaviors culture MT Chinese Compare)number(of(new(ideas( English 12 and)number(of(chat(turns:) 10 ) #New Ideas 8 6 MT:)~40%)chat)turns)contain) 4 ideas) 2 English:)~33%)turns)contain) 0 ideas) 35 30 ) #Chat Turns Chinese)produce)ideas)more) 25 20 15 efficiently)over)MT)than)English.) ) 10 5 0 0 180 360 540 720 900 Time (seconds) #Words ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 15)
  • 15. #New Ideas Message versus Idea Production Behaviors MT culture English American Chinese Exploratory)analysis)of) 12 American’s)produc?on) 10 behaviors:) #Chat Turns #New Ideas 8 ) 6 4 MT:)~44%)chat)turns)contain) 2 ideas) 0 English:)~35%)turns)contain) 35 ideas) 30 #Chat Turns 25 #Words 20 Americans)talked)less)over) 15 10 MT)than)English.) 5 0 0 180 360 540 720 900 0 180 360 540 720 900 Time (seconds) ! #Words Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 16)
  • 16. Style of Communication MT)appears)to)influence)people’s)style)of)communica?on) •  Higher)propor?on)of)ideas)in)MT,)both)to)Chinese)and) Americans.) •  Chinese)produced)more)ideas;) Americans)produced)less)turns.) ) Incoming)messages)s?ll)have)impact.) ) Future)work:)People’s)prac?ces)and)strategies)for)dealing) with)poor)transla?on)in)different)language) communi?es.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 17)
  • 17. Design Implications Asymmetrical(design:(MT)benefits)produc?on,)but)harms) comprehension.) ) ) ) “ ” “How are you” translated ) ) “I’m fine” “I’m fine” untranslated ) ) For)bilinguals,)combine)MT)and)second)language)ability:) •  Translate)outgoing)messages)to)enable)produc?on)in)na?ve) language.) •  Leave)incoming)messages)untranslated.)People)use)second) language)proficiency)for)understanding.) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 18) )
  • 18. Or, Interface Design for Comprehension Use)highligh?ng)to)direct)people’s)aZen?on)to)keywords)in) transla?ons.) [Gao)et)al.,)CHI'2013]) ) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley ! 19)
  • 19. Acknowledgement Na?onal)Science)Founda?on)grants)#0845351)and)#1025425) Undergraduate)assistants)Meaghan)Frank,)) Johna)Seo)and)Monica)Chen)at)Cornell)University) Anonymous)CSCW)reviewers)for)their)valuable)comments)and)sugges?ons) ! Wang, Fussell, Cosley !