1. 3D–The Basics

2. 3D–The Basics
Use of 3D
Displaying and
Constructing 3D Models
Examining 3D Software
Tools
Constraints


3. Use of 3D
In general, there are fundamental differences between Movie and Game generated assets.
A primary concern is polygon count and efficiency. Currently the only way to model in video
games is by using polygons, which can require a denser mesh to emulate smoother or more
natural looking models such as humans and animals. NURBS models can be created, but
need to be converted and optimized to polygons for use in the game. In pre-rendered
movies, any technique is allowed to create your models.
Movie models can be generated up to millions of polygons using several different
techniques at once. A model consisting of NURBS and polygons as well as subdivision
surface models is normal and completely acceptable.
Gaming models have to be more efficient in their use of modeled details to maintain a
manageable data set to render. The reasoning here is that an efficient streamlined
environment composed of the lower poly assets will render more smoothly and give better
frame to frame renders during gameplay. What your gaming system is in essence, is a
renderer that constantly has the task of rendering each frame of gameplay at 30 frames per
second. Some games hit the magic number of 60 frames a second. If this rate drops during
the game the result is a poor experience and hampered gameplay. This applies to PC games
as well, although they will typically have more processing power to run higher resolution
models.
With constant innovations and improvement in next-gen consoles and technology,
development of more advanced techniques and processes give us more detailed looking
models at a lower cost. One of these advances is the use of normal mapping. A normal
map acts like a bump map, in that is adds surface detail without adding polygons. Normal
maps go a step further because they actually replace the surface normal with new multi-
channel data to represent an X, Y, Z coordinate system. What this means is that we can
create a high resolution model of 2 or 3 million polygons and bake the high resolution detail
down to a normal map that retains the component space data of that high resolution
model. It is then a process to create a streamlined model that emulates the general
proportions of the high density model, but at a much more efficient poly count of 2500, for
example. Once the normal map data is applied to this low-res rendition of our high-res
monster, the model immediately looks more complex geometrically but at an affordable
rendering cost. Movie productions also use Normal Mapping techniques, but the asset that
they use the Normal Map on is typically a more detailed model than the one used in games.
Another difference between movie and game modeling is the fact that not everything needs
to be built for a movie or pre-rendered model. It is common practice for film to only build
those elements in the scene that you can actually see on the screen. In a game
environment, it is necessary to make most things viewable from 360 degrees. Can you
imagine walking around your favorite game level and not seeing the back side of 3D car you
just walked up to? Or not being able to see the back of the character you just spoke to? It
wouldn’t keep you immersed in the game very long. Well in a movie if the camera never
travels to the rear of that set or never moves around the corner, it doesn’t need to be built.
This is certainly true for aspects of the gaming world, like the far off detail of the mountains,
or implied buildings that you as a player can’t actually get to in the game.

4. A common practice among the two disciplines is that of creating LOD models, or Level Of
Detail models. In a game, when a character carrying a machine gun walks up to you from
the far end of a long hallway, chances are it is not a consistent model the entire journey for
the character or gun. When it is far away, a lower resolution model, with lower resolution
textures is used. The reasoning for this is that the details cannot be discerned at that
length so there is no need to use CPU time to render those higher resolution elements. As
the character approaches, there may be 2 or 3 changes that swap the model and textures
out with higher and higher resolution assets, until it has walked right up to you in camera. If
done properly, these “swap outs” go unnoticed for the most part.
Movie modeling might use aspects of LOD’s too. There are close up models and models
built for distance shots too. The main difference for film models is that rarely do the various
LOD’s have to seamlessly blend. Much of this decision making process lies in the story or
action that needs to be conveyed for that shot. For the very next shot, it may require a
completely different set of assets and details that didn’t apply to the first shot. Typically
there are three levels of modeling that occur for movie models: Block, Medium and
Detailed. Each stage identifies and solves different problems for the production.
At the block stage, the overall proportions are identified with a simple low detail
model. This helps to define the silhouette of the model and have a low resolution asset
useful for animatics or test renders. Medium level models take the next step and begin by
adding other details onto the Block model that help to define the finished look of the
model. Additions like antennae, guns, rear view mirrors or other details that are not
defining the general shape of the model qualify. This stage helps to identify moving parts
and areas that may require special attention from a technical artist. Finally there is the
Detailed model, which contains all of the detailed parts and pieces on a higher resolution
chassis.
An example utilizing these ideas is a space-ship model that flies past the screen as it speeds
towards its destination. Because we only see the one side of the ship, this is the only part
that needs to be built. This close fly by model needs to have a high amount of detail and
geometry to look convincing.
There are no concerns for efficiently, really, in the movie created asset. As long as the
model can render, it is considered to be acceptable. For a pre-rendered sequence, render
time can be extensive, but typically there are large render farms that can tackle the job.
There is also the safety factor for these models that any render anomaly can be fixed in
Post, where the game model must work all the time at every frame it is rendered in. Other
stipulations sometime burden the game model such as the fact that at times the game asset
must be “water tight”. What this means is that all of the vertices on the model need to be
welded or merged. Render times for real-time shadows and advanced lighting can be
complicated if a model is not sealed at the vertex level, and therefore they take longer to
compute.
It is a common expression that there is a time and place for everything. Nothing could be
more true when discussing modeling for Movies or Games. There are certainly similarities
between the two mediums and many different approaches to solve the task at hand. As
game systems become more and more advanced, these two approaches may become more
and more alike. Perhaps one day there may be no distinction in the modeling process
between the two.

5. This Article is about the company 3D Museum that describes how they
construct and represent a 3D model.
Laser Scanning
The first step in building a three-dimensional (3D) model is to digitize the
object. A high-speed and high-accuracy laser scanner (Minolta Vivid 910) is
being used, which not only samples the model with high precision, but also
provides rich color information. Due to its light weight, the 3D scanner can
travel with us to other collections.
Data Processing
The raw 3D scan data need to be processed to produce a complete surface
model of the fossil. The crucial step is to accurately merge the individual scans
into a single mesh. Most of our processing is done in Raindrop Geomagic
Studio, but Rapidform has also been used.
Presentation
For research purposes, high resolution 3D data is being kept, but for data
exchange via the web they reduce the filesize – this guarantees fast and
smooth loading of the 3D objects.
Rapidform offers a 3D compression and publishing tool using ICF (INUS
Compression Format). The two other file formats we are providing, Wirefusion
(WF) and 3D Compression (3DC), are based on VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling
Language). 3DC files do not preserve the vertex colors of VRML files, leaving
fossil images monotone.
Sources: http://www.siggraph.org/publications/newsletter/volume-41-
number-2/modeling-techniques-movies-vs-games,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game, http://www.guardian.co.uk/life-in-
3d/gaming-and-3d-technology,
http://www.cyberjam.com/3d_interactive_media.html,
http://3dmuseum.org/?page_id=241

6. 3D Modelling Techniques
Drafting has come a long way from blueprints into the new world of 3D Modeling where
files can be updated almost instantly, and sent online through email. CAD designers can
create computer files with CAD software which can be read by manufacturing machines to
produce products. The 3D CAD designer is the one who actually materializes the 3D model.
CAD drafting services offer a wide array of services to the public also.
With the new advancements in technology recently, almost every type of technical drawing
is done with the use of computers. Blueprints are still used in the field, and for other
reasons, but all the drawings are done on a computer. In the past if an update needed to be
made to the blueprints the draftsmen would have to either erase, or start all over. With CAD
though, the draftsmen will simply open the file, and make the necessary changes. Another
great feature is that the file can be saved to your computer, some type of external hard
drive, or online. Just make sure its somewhere safe.
The person behind the scenes of 3D modeling is the CAD designer. They use special CAD
software to create the 3D models. Within the software the developers have incorporated
tools for creating lines, circles, arcs, and other 2D related objects. Also this software has
commands for sculpting, cutting, revolving, mirroring, and other 3D tools. Also the software
has the ability to render images with color, texture, lighting, and backgrounds. With all of
this at the CAD designers disposal, anything imagined can be designed.
Drafting encompasses many different practices and principles within it. There is mechanical
drafting, architecture drafting, civil drafting, electrical drafting, structural drafting, drafting
for plumbing, 3D modeling, and drafting for just about anything you can imagine. CAD
software has designed programs for each one of these fields and has made special
accommodations for each. For example, within architectural programs there is a command
for creating walls, doors, roofs, slabs, and other architectural features. This allows the CAD
drafter to work much faster, and be more efficient within drawing.
3D models have allowed the design process to be done more accurately and efficiently than
in the past. Drafting has had many changes over the years, and updates to CAD software are
made routinely. These new type of blueprint are much more flexible and allow for changes
to be made at a moments notice. Once a design is complete it can go directly to the
manufacture to be developed. CAD is used with everything from architecture to inventions
and is the main tool used in any type of technical drawing. This technology allows engineers
to examine work before production, and has made life on the general public more safe.

7. Displaying and Constructing 3D Models
Modeling is the first part of the graphic pipeline. When we are modeling in 3D
we are in Cartesian space. When we are modeling we use shapes; the most
basic ones e.g. cone, cylinder, sphere, box.
In 3D animation, a polygon is the exact same thing, only these polygons are
connected to build your 3D model. Individual polygons are stitched together
along the sides or at the vertex points to create the full model. Think of it as
putting together puzzle pieces to create a whole, except that rather than
seeing a printed image on the pieces, you're instead forming a whole other
three-dimensional shape whose boundaries and volume are defined by smaller
two-dimensional shapes. Polygons are the wrapper on the chocolate Easter
bunny; the candy coating on your M&Ms.
More polygons in a model can mean more detail and smoother renders, but it
can also mean longer render times and more problems caused by overlapping
lines and vertices.
Application Programming Interface
(API):
Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of functions and rules that a
computer use to communicate with each other to do certain jobs, just like how
a player communicates to a game by pressing a certain button to do certain
action. (application programming interface, eg Direct3D, OpenGL; graphics
pipeline, egmodelling, lighting, viewing, projection, clipping, scan conversion,
texturing and shading,display; rendering techniques (radiosity, ray tracing);
rendering engines; distributed rendering techniques;lighting; textures; fogging;
shadowing; vertex and pixel shaders; level of detail.)

8. Constraints
The 3 main constraints that are used in 3D modeling are:
 Polygon count
 File size
 Rendering Time.
Polygon count is easy to understand, this is important as the processor has to calculate the
position of each and every vertex of each and every polygon used to make up that model, so
more polygons means more processor power is needed, which in turn means that there’s
less processor power for everything else needed to make the game run smoothly. This
makes the frame rate in game drop dramatically and a ‘lag’ experience for the player and
can be avoided simply by reducing the polygon count of less important models or removing
polygons that just are not needed.
File size is less of a constraint but in the past it was a big problem, where 128MB was the
maximum size of a cartridge. Whereas today a shot 4 hour game can exceed 4GB, to make
sure many hours of gaming was achieved came down to reducing the file size by taking out
things that weren’t necessary or cut down on models which became hard when trying to
make the game look as good as it could be.
Rendering time I would say is the second most important constraint, game need to be able
to render objects and textures easily and quickly to get a seamless experience, the longer it
take to render an object it would lower the frame rate of the game and also you will
randomly encounter, for example a wall of a building, which you thought was an entrance,
appearing right before your eyes when trying to walk past it, it becomes very unrealistic and
dampening down the entire experience. To reduce render times, game developers make it
where only close objects will render and only far away object would render when you come
into a certain distance from them, this also works the other way round, when you get a
certain distance away from an object, it will stop being rendered, this saves processor
power and prevents the game from having a low frame rate.

9. Rendering:
Rendering is a way to display 3d objects, lighting and textures together, to
create an image or animation from the data sent by the 3D modeling program.
There are 4 types of renders:
Rasterize
Raycasting
Raytracing
Radiosity
Rasterize:
Rasterize is majorly used on real time applications such as games. It is done similarly to what
most technologies in digital graphics of any sort uses to display a render, instead of
rendering the whole scene pixel by pixel, it renders the geometries that you see on screen
and it will change accordingly. A good example of rasterizing would be Oblivion as you travel
across the land of Tam riel.Rasterization is performed by a raster image processor (RIP),
which turns text and images into the matrix of pixels (bitmap) that will be displayed on
screen or printed on the page. Various conversions may take place. For example, the
mathematical coordinates of vector and outline fonts as well as vector drawings must be
converted into bitmaps. Existing bitmaps may have to be scaled into different-sized
bitmaps.Unless output is printed on a vector graphics plotter, which literally draws the
illustration with pens, all text and graphics must be rasterized into a bitmap for display or
printing.

10. Raycasting:
Raycasting is similar to Raytracing since they both share similar algorithms. The only thing
that distinguishes the two is that Raycasting is a faster version of Raytracing and that it
cannot render secondary rays, where asRaytracing can.Ray Casting is the graphic technique
of using 2D data to display what would look like a 3D environment. This technique has been
used in games such as Wolfenstein 3D, and even more advanced in the Doom series. Rays
are drawn from the point the player would be in to the environment to the front. Wherever
each ray hits, that distance is recorded into the appropriate column of pixels. When all of
the pixels are allotted, the screen will appear to look 3D.
Raytracing:
Ray tracing is a technique that renders out an image by casting out rays onto the scene and
as the rays cast upon the geometry, the colour value of that pixel is calculated. It can
produce high degree of visual realism, but it will cost time to render the scene. It is capable
of simulating different variety of visual effects such as reflection (an example would a glass),
scattering (where the light rays hits the geometry and it bounces back and scatters) and
refraction (refraction is used on water or air and it will change depending on the change of
direction).
Example of using raytracing:

11. Radiocity:
Radiosity is a technical term in which it is uses two types of lights, an incident
light (in which the light source hits onto the subject) and a reflective light
(where the light reflects off from the subject’s surface). This is used especially
on interior design.
Example of using Radiosity:
and a video example http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO3uvnbwCKM
Vertex Lighting:
Vertex Lighting (also known as Gouraud shading) is a method that is used to
display and simulate differing effects of light across the surface of a 3d object.
This is done by calculating the vertices around the subject as well as where the
light source is projecting at, the more amount of vertex there is, the better the
specualar lighting, the lower the amount of vertices there is, the less quality
you will have from a high poly specular lighting.
Distributed rendering
Distributed rendering (also known as DR) is a technique in which lots of
computers are rendering the same scene and that it helps reduce the
rendering time that it originally has.Vray on 3ds Max is capable of doing this
process. The process is done by using TCI/ IP protocols and when you’re using
Vray, there are two things you need to know, there is a Render Clients and
Render Servers.

12. Sources:
http://animation.about.com/od/glossaryofterms/g/What-Is-A-3d-Polygon.htm
http://www.fastgraph.com/help/3D_clipping.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry
http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&q=what+is+clipping+3d%3F&meta
http://www.spot3d.com/vray/help/150SP1/distributed_rendering.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_model
http://www.best3dsolution.com/services/3d-rendering/
http://www.blender.org/
http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,1237,t=rasterize&i=50198,00.asp
http://www.giantbomb.com/ray-casting/92-1517/