9. Position Power Personal Power Power Stemming from Ownership Power Stemming from Providing Resources Power Derived from Capitalizing on opportunity. Power Stemming from Managing Critical Problems Power Stemming from Being Close to Power 4 Power, Politics and Leadership
10. Position Power Power is frequently classified according to whether its stems from the organization or the individual 5 Power, Politics and Leadership
11. Four bases of power : Legitimate Power - the lawful right to make a decision and expect compliance . Reward Power – the authority to give employees rewards for compliance Coercive Power is the power to punish non compliance ; it is based on fear. Information power is power stemming from formal control over the information people need to do their work. 6 Power, Politics and Leadership
12. Personal Power This power is derived from the person rather than the organization 7 Power, Politics and Leadership
13. Types of Personal Power Expert power is the ability to influence others through specialized knowledge , skills or abilities. Referent power is the ability to influence others through one’s desirable traits and characteristics Prestige power stems from one’s status and reputation 8 Power, Politics and Leadership
14. Power Stemming from Ownership Executive leaders accrue power in their capacity as agents acting on behalf of share holders. The strength of ownership power depends on how closely the leader is linked to shareholders and board members. A leader’s ownership is also associated with how much money he or she has invested in the firm. 9 Power, Politics and Leadership
15. Power stemming from Providing Resources The organization requires a continuing flow of human resources, money, customers and clients , technological inputs and materials to continue to function. 10 Power, Politics and Leadership
16. Power Derived from Capitalizing on Opportunity Power can be derived from being in the right place and taking the appropriate action. It pays to be “ where the action is”. 11 Power, Politics and Leadership
17. Power Stemming from Managing Critical Problems The strategic contingency theory of power suggests that units best able to cope with the firm’s critical problems and uncertainties acquire relatively large amounts of power. The Strategic contingency theory concerns the power a person acquires by virtue of centrality. 12 Power, Politics and Leadership
18. Power Stemming from Being Close to Power The closer a person is to power , the greater power he or she exerts. The higher unit reports in a firm’s hierarchy , the more power it possesses. 13 Power, Politics and Leadership
19. Tactics for Becoming an Empowering Leader 14 Power, Politics and Leadership
20. The Nature of Empowerment Empowerment refers to passing decision making authority and responsibility from managers to group members 15 Power, Politics and Leadership
21. Components of Empowerment ( Gretchen M. Spreitzer) Meaning – the value of work goal , evaluated in relation to a person’s ideals or standards. Competence or self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in his or her capability to perform a particular task well. Self-determination – is an individual’s feeling of having a choice in initiating and regulating actions. Impact is the degree to which the worker can influence strategic, administrative or operating outcomes on the job. Internal commitment takes place when workers are committed to a particular project , person or program, for individual motives. 16 Power, Politics and Leadership
22. Empowering Practices Foster Initiative and Responsibility Link Work Activities to Organizational Goals Provide Ample Information Allow Group Members to Choose Methods. Encourage Self-leadership Implement Team-based Human Resource Policies Establish Limits to Empowerment Continue to Lead 17 Power, Politics and Leadership
29. Organizational politics refers to informal approaches to gain power through means other than merit or luck. Politics are played to achieve power, either directly or indirectly. Power may be achieved By being promoted By receiving a larger budget or other resources By obtaining more resources for one’s group By being exempt from undesirable assignments. Researchers concluded that “ Political skill is an interpersonal style that combines social awareness with the ability to communicate well. ( Ferrez et al 2000) 20 Power, Politics and Leadership
30. Many writers still regard organizational politics as emphasizing self-interest at the expense of others , engaging in mysterious activities or “ kissing up” “It’s often a question of language. When we won on an issue, we call it leadership. When we lose, we call it politics. Practicing politics simply means increasing your options for effective results ( Labarre 1999) People want power for many different reasons, which is why political behavior is so widespread in organizations. By definition , politics is used to acquire power. 21 Power, Politics and Leadership
31. Pyramid-Shaped Organization Structure A pyramid concentrates power at the top. Each successive layer on the organization chart has less power than the layer above. 22 Power, Politics and Leadership
32. Subjective Standards of Performance People often resort to organizational politics because they do not believe that the organization has an objective and fair way of judging their performance and suitability for promotion. “It’s not what you know but who you know” applies to organizations that lack clear-cut standards of performance. 23 Power, Politics and Leadership
33. Environmental Uncertainty and Turbulence When people operate in an unstable and unpredictable environment , they tend to behave politically. They rely on organizational politics to create a favorable impression because uncertainty makes it difficult to determine what they should really be accomplishing. 24 Power, Politics and Leadership
34. Emotional Insecurity Some people resort to political maneuvers to ingratiate themselves with superiors because they lack confidence in their talents and skills. 25 Power, Politics and Leadership
35. Machiavellian Tendencies Some people engage in political behavior because they want to manipulate others, sometimes their own personal advantage. 26 Power, Politics and Leadership
36. The Organizational Politics Questionnaire Please refer to the the word format 27 Power, Politics and Leadership
37. Encouraging Admiration from Subordinates Most organizational leaders say they do not encourage kissing up and that they prefer honest feedback from subordinates Managers , as well as other workers, send out subtle signals that they want to be praised, such as smiling after receiving a compliment and frowning when receiving negative feedback. 28 Power, Politics and Leadership
39. Ethical Political Tactics and Strategies Strategies Aimed at Gaining Power Develop power contacts Control Vital information Stay informed. Control lines of communication Bring in outside experts Make a quick showing Remember that everyone expects to be paid back Be the first to accept reasonable changes 30 Power, Politics and Leadership
40. Ethical Political Tactics and Strategies Strategies and Tactics aimed at Display loyalty Manage your impression Ask satisfied customers to contact your boss. Be courteous, pleasant and positive. Ask advice. Building Relationships Send thank-you notes to large numbers of people. Flatter others sensibly 31 Power, Politics and Leadership
41. Ethical Political Tactics and Strategies Strategies aimed at Political Blunders Criticizing the boss in a public forum. Bypassing the boss. Declining an offer from top management. Putting your foot in your mouth Not conforming to the company dress code 32 Power, Politics and Leadership
46. Organizational politics can hurt an organization and its members. Too much politicking can result in wasted time and effort , thereby lowering productivity. A study of 1,730 employees in four organizations investigated how the perception of political behavior was related to certain outcomes. Among the findings were as follows : 36 Power, Politics and Leadership
47. Perceptions of political behavior taking place in the work group were associated with less commitment to the organization and a stronger turnover intention with less commitment to the organization and a stronger turnover intention Perceptions of political behavior taking place throughout the organization were also associated with less commitment to the organization and a stronger turnover intention ( Maslyn and Fedor 1998) 37 Power, Politics and Leadership
48. How to control dysfunctional politics? Avoiding favoritism Setting good examples at the top of the organization. Sharing of similar goals among the individuals and the organization Hiring people with integrity 38 Power, Politics and Leadership
49. SUMMARY Organizational power is derived from Position Power Legitimate Reward Coercive Information Personal Power Expert Reference Power stems from Ownership Control of resources Capitalizing on opportunities Managing critical problems Being close to power 39 Power, Politics and Leadership
50. SUMMARY Full-pledged empowerment includes Dimensions of meaning Self-determination Competence Impact Internal commitment Actions taken to become an empowering leader Foster initiative and responsibility Link work activities to the goals of the organization Provide ample information Allow group members to choose methods. Encourage self-leadership Implement team-based human resource policies Establish limits to empowerment Continue to lead. 40 Power, Politics and Leadership
51. SUMMARY To acquire and retain power , a leader must skillfully use organizational politics. Contributing factors include Pyramidal shape of organization Subjective performance standards Environmental uncertainty Emotional insecurity Machiavellianism Encouraging admiration from subordinates Political tactics and strategies Ethical methods Aimed at gaining power Aimed at building relationships Aimed at avoiding political blunders 41 Power, Politics and Leadership
52. Unethical tactics Embrace or demolish strategy Constitute another category of political behavior 42 Power, Politics and Leadership
53. Reference Dubrin, A.J. 2007, Leadership : Research Findings , Practice, and Skills Fifth edn, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 43 Power, Politics and Leadership
Notas do Editor
Power – the potential or ability to influence decisions and control resourcesOrganizational power can be derived from many sources
LEGITIMATE POWERPeople at at the highest levels in the organization have more power than people below them.Organizational culture helps establish the limits to anyone’s power Coercive powerA common coercive tactic is for executive to demote a subordinate manager if he or she does not comply with the executive’s plan for change
When leaders start losing to control resources, their power decilnes.Case Study : Donald Trump.When his holdings generates positive cash flow and his image was extra ordinary, he draws many investors.When his cash flow is negative, he finds difficultyin looking for investors.In 1993, Trump has improved his companyBy 1996 his company improved significiantly.In 2004, Trump casino filed bankruptcy to refinance his debt.
When an organizations faces lawsuit, the legal l department assumes power and influence over organizational decisions.Centrality is the extent to which a unit’s activities are linked into the system of organizational activities.
A leader’s power and influence increases when he shares power with others.A truly powerful leader makes team members feel powerful and able to accomplish tasks of its own.As Steven Covey notes, empowerment and leadership distribution are happening among progressive companies throughout the world.
1. Almost any form of participative management , shared decisionmakingand delegation can be regarded as empowerment
1. The focus of empowerment is on the changes taking place within the individual.
1. Organizational Politics refers to informal approaches to gaining power through means other than merit or luck.
Niccolo Machiavelli ( 1469-1527) , an Italian political philosopher and statesman . His famous work, The Prince, describes how a leader may acquiire and maintain power.Machiavelli’s ideal prince was an amoral, manipulating tyrant who would restore the Italian city-state of Florence to its formal glory.360 years later, a study by Gerald Biberman showed a positive relationship between Machivellianism and political behavior .
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