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FORCE AND MOTION
1.   Define a force as a push or a pull.
2.   Describe the motion of an object using terms such as speeding up, slowing down, constant speed and
     stationary. Acceleration and deceleration.
3.   Draw labelled diagrams showing all the forces acting on an object in motion (constant speed or
     accelerated) or an object at rest. Forces labelled as either thrust, friction, gravity and support.
4.   Recognise that unbalanced forces will cause acceleration or deceleration (and change of direction or
     shape)
5.   Recognise that constant speed is the result of balanced forces on an object.
6.   Explain what is meant by friction and describe both the beneficial effects and the problems caused by
     friction.
7.   Measure friction forces and their effects on an object’s motion.
8.   Use force meters to measure forces on objects.
9.   Describe weight as the gravity force on an object.
10. State the a force is measured in units called Newtons (N) and that 1N is the force needed to lift up 100g.

11. Calculate average speeds of objects using v = d/t. Whole number
    calculations only are required.
12. Experimentally determine the speed of an object by measuring
    both distance and time.
13. Describe the units of speed as m/s or km/h.
14. Draw a speed-time graph and recognise acceleration from the
    steepness of the graph line.
15. Describe the journey of an object from a given speed-time graph.



Saturday, 13 March 2010
Unmix the table           MAKING A GLOSSARY

      WORD                Ans                                 Definition
1. Speed                        A. the unit of force
2. Acceleration                 B. a push or a pull
3. Deceleration                 C. when the forces that are in opposite directions are equal to each
                                   other
4. Constant                     D. when the forces that are in opposite directions are not equal to
                                   each other
5. Force                        E. a force, due to the earth, that acts downwards on all objects.
6. Newton                       F. The rate of decrease of speed
7. Balanced                     G. is good or helpful
8. Unbalanced                   H. the force which acts on an object in the forward direction
9. Thrust                       I. remains the same (doesn’t change)
10. Gravity                     J. a force that always opposes motion
11. Support                     K. a measure of the force due to gravity that acts on an object
12. Mass                        L. The rate of increase of speed
13. Weight                      M. A force due to the ground that prevents an object from falling

14. Friction                    N. the amount of matter in an object

15. Beneficial                  O. The rate at which distance is covered
Saturday, 13 March 2010
MAKING A GLOSSARY
      WORD                Ans                                 Definition
1. Speed                        A. The rate at which distance is covered
2. Acceleration                 B. The rate of increase of speed
3. Deceleration                 C. The rate of decrease of speed
4. Constant                     D. remains the same (doesn’t change)
5. Force                        E. a push or a pull
6. Newton                       F. the unit of force
7. Balanced                     G. when the forces that are in opposite directions are equal to each
                                   other
8. Unbalanced                   H. when the forces that are in opposite directions are not equal to
                                   each other
9. Thrust                       I. the force which acts on an object in the forward direction
10. Gravity                     J. a force, due to the earth, that acts downwards on all objects.
11. Support                     K. A force due to the ground that prevents an object from falling
12. Mass                        L. the amount of matter in an object
13. Weight                      M. a measure of the force due to gravity that acts on an object

14. Friction                    N. a force that always opposes motion

15. Beneficial                  O. is good or helpful

Saturday, 13 March 2010
EF
                 FE
                A CT
                 FO S
                    RC  OF
                      E
Saturday, 13 March 2010
WHAT CAN A FORCE DO?




 Aim
 to investigate the effects of forces




Equipment
Ping pong ball (1 per group)
Drinking straw (4 per group)
Cans or some other object suitable for the goal posts (4 per group)

Method - Part 1

1.By blowing through the straw apply force on the ball according to
  the instructions given (the diagrams are there to help you)

2.For each exercise describe the response of the ball to the force
  (what does the ball do?)

Saturday, 13 March 2010
(i) The ball is stationery                 F                v=0                    Key
                                                                                   F = force
                                                                                   v = speed

     The ball ___________________________________________________________


(ii) The ball is already moving in the direction of the force when the force is applied

                                           F                 v


     The ball ___________________________________________________________

(iii) The ball is already moving in the opposite direction to which the force is
      applied
                                           F            v


    The ball ___________________________________________________________

(iv) The ball is already moving sideways to the direction in which the force applied

                                           F


                                                        v

    The ball ___________________________________________________________
Saturday, 13 March 2010
PING PONG SLALOM


1. This game involves setting up a slalom course (using objects from your pencil case)
   on your desk.

2. Each player blows through a straw to control the motion of the ball so that it weaves
   through the obstacles.

3. Each member of the group is timed using a stopwatch and given 3 turns.

4. The person with the lowest time wins the competition.




Saturday, 13 March 2010
EFFECTS OF A FORCE


• A force is a push or a pull
• You cannot see a force but you can sometimes see the effects of a
  force (what a force does).
• Forces can be either contact (eg. leaning on a desk) or non-contact
  (eg. magnetic, gravity)

A force can:

1.Cause movement in an object that is initially stationery

2.Change the speed of an object (speed it up or slow it down)

3.change the direction of an object.

4.change the shape of an object.

5.hold an object up (or lift an object)

Saturday, 13 March 2010
BA
 UN LA
   BA NC
      LA ED
        NC /
          ED
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Demo - lift force            WHAT CAN A FORCE DO?


                          Ping pong ball




                             Hair dryer




 Observation




Saturday, 13 March 2010
BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES


 BALANCED FORCES                                                 Back            Forward



                                 Support force


            Friction force           Driving force               speed stays the same
                                                        v
                                                                            OR

                                                                 speed equals ZERO
                                                                 (STANDING STILL)
                                 Force due to gravity


  BALANCED FORCES ARE EQUAL AND OPPOSITE TO EACH OTHER

 Draw diagrams showing all the forces acting in the following situations:

  1.An aeroplane travels through the air in level flight at a constant speed.

  2.A rock falls vertically with constant speed



Saturday, 13 March 2010
ARE NOT EQUAL
                  UNBALANCED FORCES & OPPOSITE TO                 Back            Forward
                                    EACH OTHER


         The object will speed up or it will slow down or change
         direction
                                           Support force


                          Friction force       Driving force             speed increases


                                                                         in the forward direction



                                           Force due to gravity

                                           Support force
                                                                         For an object that is
                                                                         already moving in the
                          Friction force       Driving force             forward direction

                                                                         speed decreases



                                           Force due to gravity
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Changing direction

  Car B is on a “collision
  course”                            car A’s path after the crash
  with car A




 Car B




                             Car A


Saturday, 13 March 2010
Demo 1                             BALANCED FORCES

• There are often several forces acting on an object.
• We see the effect of the combination of these forces often called the resultant force.
• When there is no resultant force we say that the forces are balanced.

                                              Trolley                               Pulley
                                                                  v




                                     Hanging masses
                                                    Lump of plasticene
                                                    (balances friction)


Copy and complete the following sentences (words in the list below can be used more
than once):

If the object is stationery it will ____________ ____________ under

the influence of ___________ forces. If the object is moving at a ________
_________ then it will continue to __________ _____ ______ ____________
_____________ .

 Word list:         stationery   remain    steady   balanced      a       speed   with move
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Demo 2                         UNBALANCED FORCES

                                              Trolley                   Pulley
                                                          v




                                      Hanging masses


Copy and complete the following sentences (words in the list below can be used more
than once):

• If the object is moving in a forward direction at a steady speed, an unbalanced
  force in the direction in which it is moving will cause it to _____________ .

• If the object is moving in a forward direction at a steady speed, an unbalanced
  force in the opposite direction to which it is moving will cause it to
  _____________ .

• If the object is moving forward and a force acts at right angles to the motion of the
  object, describe the path of the object.



 Word list:         decelerate   accelerate
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Exercises                     FORCES AND MOTION

   For each of the following situations:
1. describe the effect of the forces on the motion of the person or object in your own
   words
2. draw the forces on the diagram if they have not already been drawn




Saturday, 13 March 2010
Each team is as strong as the other




An incredible act of heroism ................. and all for a girl

                                      Questions


                                      1. Describe the motion of the helicopter when the
                                         lift force is increased.


                                      2. What happened to the helicopter when the skier
                                         jumped out?


                                      3. Describe the forces on the skier at the instant he
                                         lands on the snow.
Saturday, 13 March 2010
WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN?



                                          A   ________________


                                                   B   ________________

                                                              C   _____________




Write a description of the types of motion
illustrated in the spaces (above)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN?



                                          A    Accelerating
                                              ________________


                                                   B   ________________

                                                              C   _____________




Write a description of the types of motion
illustrated in the spaces (above)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN?



                                          A    Accelerating
                                              ________________


                                                   B    Constant speed
                                                       ________________

                                                              C   _____________




Write a description of the types of motion
illustrated in the spaces (above)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN?



                                          A    Accelerating
                                              ________________


                                                   B    Constant speed
                                                       ________________

                                                              C   Decelerating
                                                                  _____________




Write a description of the types of motion
illustrated in the spaces (above)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
FR
                          IC
                            TI
                              ON

Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Practical         TAKE A DIVE




                          blue tack          nylon




Saturday, 13 March 2010
Results


       Shape of                                     Average time
                          Time taken to fall (s)
       Parachute                                   taken to fall (s)


         Circular



         Square



      Rectangular



       Triangular



       Answer the questions (next slide) as full sentences

Saturday, 13 March 2010
In the space below draw a force diagram showing all the forces acting on the
  plasticene when it is dropping at a STEADY SPEED.




Saturday, 13 March 2010
AIR FRICTION and SPEED




                20 N
                                                               1500 N




                1000 N

                                                               1000 N




   Parachutist falling                   Parachutist falling rapidly at
   slowly at first SO                    the time that the parachute
   friction is small                     opens SO friction is large

Saturday, 13 March 2010
36 km                                         Space




 1400 kmh       -1




                          FELIX BAUMGARTNER
 Smash the
  sound
  barrier
                                              Earth
Saturday, 13 March 2010
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT FRICTION?

                   Friction is a force that opposes motion. Can you give 5 examples of
                   useful friction and 5 examples of friction which is a nuisance to us.


                   “HOW USEFUL !!”                           “WHAT A NUISANCE !!”




Saturday, 13 March 2010
FRICTION & FOOTWEAR
Aim
to find the relationship between the shoe design and the friction force between the
shoe and a flat surface.




                                                     Force meter
                              Force                                Shoe
  This end is higher

                          Ramp inclined at
                          an angle                          ϴ




Background
When the shoe is pulled up the ramp, friction is acting in the opposite direction. If the
shoe is being pulled at a steady speed then the force of friction is equal to the pull
force. The pull force is read from the force meter and this measurement will
be equal to the friction between the shoe and the ramp.



Saturday, 13 March 2010
Method
1. Set your bench up so that it is angled upwards (shown above).
2. Mark out a zone about 60 cm along the benchtop using a whiteboard marker. This
   will be the zone within which you will pull the shoe along at a steady speed.
3. The reading on the force meter is taken and recorded next to the type of shoe that
   was tested (in the table below).
4. Three readings of force are taken for each type of shoe and the average force is
   calculated.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated with at least 3 other different shoes.
6. The results are graphed.

   Results

         Type/
                                                                      Average friction
     description of            Force applied (Newtons)
                                                                           (N)
         shoe




              .
              .

Saturday, 13 March 2010
W
                              EI
                                GH
                                     T
Saturday, 13 March 2010
MASS AND WEIGHT

          The mass of an object, m is a measure of the amount of matter in that object.

           Units: kilogram, kg.

          The weight of an object, Fw is a measure of the force due to gravity on that
          object.

           Units: Newton, N.


               Practical: Finding the relationship between mass & weight


                                    Spring balance (reading in Newtons)




                                    Hanging masses (each mass, 50g)
    Method
1. Add masses to the hook of the spring balance one mass (50g) at a time
2. Each time you add a mass measure the weight (force due to gravity) acting on the
   mass and record it in the table below:
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Results
  Mass (g)                50   100   150   200   250   300   350   400   450

  Weight (N)

 Plot a graph of Weight against Mass and then write a conclusion




Saturday, 13 March 2010
SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH?




                 Now let’s see what a good graph    looks like
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH?


                                   Heading




                 Now let’s see what a good graph    looks like
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH?


                                            Heading
               Smooth curve/straight line
               (of best fit) to complete
               the graph




                 Now let’s see what a good graph         looks like
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH?


                                            Heading
               Smooth curve/straight line             Axes labelled
               (of best fit) to complete              (with unit & quanitity)
               the graph




                 Now let’s see what a good graph            looks like
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH?


                                            Heading
               Smooth curve/straight line               Axes labelled
               (of best fit) to complete                (with unit & quanitity)
               the graph




                          Possibly a
                          key




                 Now let’s see what a good graph              looks like
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH?


                                            Heading
               Smooth curve/straight line                 Axes labelled
               (of best fit) to complete                  (with unit & quanitity)
               the graph




                          Possibly a
                          key
                                             Points
                                             plotted as
                                             crosses



                 Now let’s see what a good graph                looks like
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH?


                                            Heading
               Smooth curve/straight line                 Axes labelled
               (of best fit) to complete                  (with unit & quanitity)
               the graph




                          Possibly a                           Linear scale
                          key
                                             Points
                                             plotted as
                                             crosses



                 Now let’s see what a good graph                looks like
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:



    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0

      1         3

      2         6

      3         9

      4        10

      5        10

      6         8

      7         6

      8         5

      9         5


Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:



    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0

      1         3

      2         6

      3         9

      4        10

      5        10

      6         8

      7         6

      8         5

      9         5


Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:



    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0

      1         3

      2         6

      3         9

      4        10

      5        10

      6         8

      7         6

      8         5

      9         5
                              0    1   2   3    4    5   6      7   8   9   10
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:



    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0           10

      1         3           9

      2         6           8

      3         9
                            7
                            6
      4        10
                            5
      5        10
                            4
      6         8
                            3
      7         6
                            2
      8         5
                            1
      9         5
                                 0   1   2   3   4   5   6      7   8   9   10
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10

      1         3            9

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10

      1         3            9

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10

      1         3            9

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10

      1         3            9

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10

      1         3            9

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10

      1         3            9                x

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                   x

      1         3            9                x

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                   x   x

      1         3            9                x

      2         6            8

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                   x   x

      1         3            9                x

                             8                            x
      2         6

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                   x   x

      1         3            9                x

                             8                            x
      2         6

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x                     x
      4        10
                             5
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                   x   x

      1         3            9                x

                             8                            x
      2         6

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x                     x
      4        10
                             5                                      x
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                   x   x

      1         3            9                x

                             8                            x
      2         6

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x                     x
      4        10
                             5                                      x   x
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:


                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                   x   x

      1         3            9                x

                             8                            x
      2         6

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x                     x
      4        10
                             5                                      x   x
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2   3   4   5   6     7   8   9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH


 An example for all of us!!
  Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table:

                                              A distance vs time graph
                          d (m)
    t (s)    d (m)

      0         0            10                     x   x

      1         3            9                  x

                             8                              x
      2         6

      3         9
                             7
                             6            x                     x
      4        10
                             5                                      x    x
      5        10
                             4
      6         8
                             3        x
      7         6
                             2
      8         5
                             1
      9         5
                                  x
                                  0   1   2     3   4   5   6   7   8    9   10   t (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SP
                            EE
                                 D

Saturday, 13 March 2010
FORCES & GRAVITY




Saturday, 13 March 2010
CALCULATING AVERAGE SPEED

                                                        distance travelled
                              Average speed        =
                                                         time taken

 This formula allows you to calculate the average speed when the distance and time
 are known. It can be written using symbols:

                          v= d         where v = average speed (in metres per second, ms-1)
                             t                d = distance travelled (in metres, m)
                                              t = time taken (in seconds, s)

  Use this formula to calculate time when distance and speed are known

                          t= d
                             v

  and this formula to calculate distance when speed and time are known

                          d= v x t

           “Here’s an easy way of remembering the formulae”                               d
           Just put your finger over the quantity you want to calculate and the
                                                                                      v       t
          formula appears
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Examples
 Calculate the average speed in each case:
 1. A cyclist travels 100m in 5s.


 2. A snail travels 1m in 200s.


 3. An old man walks 300 cm in 2s.



 Calculate the distance travelled in each case:
 1. A car travels at 10ms-1 for 10s.

 2. A Rocket in space travels 1500ms-1 for 60s.


 Calculate the time taken in each case:
 1. A car travels 100 m at an average speed of 10ms-1

 2. A Rocket in space travels 30000 m at an average speed of 1500ms-1.




Saturday, 13 March 2010
FRICTION - GOOD & BAD




Saturday, 13 March 2010
MORE FRICTION




Saturday, 13 March 2010
SPEED CALCULATIONS   [Wignall & Wales]




Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
GR
                            AP
                          M   HS
                           OT
                             IO OF
                               N
Saturday, 13 March 2010
“So what does speeding up look like on a speed - time
           graph?”?
                     See for your self!
                          Draw two graphs for the
                                                                                40000N
                          aeroplane taking off on a runway:
                          (a) a distance - time graph
                          (b) a speed - time graph                     80000N            10000N

                   Distance (m)        Time (s)         Speed (ms-1)
                 0                        0                  0             40000N
                 10                       1                 10
                 30                       2                 20
                 60                       3                 30
                 100                      4                 40
                 150                      5                 50
                 210                      6                 60
                 280                      7                 70
                 360                      8                 80
                 450                      9                 90
                 550                      10                100
Saturday, 13 March 2010
distance - time graph                                        speed - time graph
d (m)                                                        v (ms-1)



 500                                                         100


 400                                                          80


 300                                                          60


 200                                                          40


 100                                                          20



       0   1    2    3    4   5   6   7   8   9 10                 0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10
                                                     t (s)                                               t (s)
Questions
1. Sketch and label a line on your speed time graph that shows greater acceleration.
2. Sketch and label a line on your speed time graph that shows deceleration.
The picture (above) shows the forces acting on the plane while it is on the runway.
3. Explain, in terms of the forces shown on the picture, why:
   (a) the plane speeds up on the runway
   (b) the plane remains on the runway before taking off
Saturday, 13 March 2010
CONSTRUCTING A SPEED-TIME GRAPH                     Equipment:
                                                                              lab trolley
                                                                              Cello tape
                                                                              ticker timer
                                                                              ticker tape
Method                                                                        scissors
                                                                              30 cm ruler

Part 1: Making a ticker tape record of motion
1. Check that the power pack power switch is in the “off” position.
2. Switch the voltage control to 8V.
3. Connect the leads of the ticker timer to the AC sockets.
4. Thread one end of your ticker tape through the ticker timer so that when the
   power pack is turned on and the tape is pulled through there is a trail of dots
   produced. Test this with a short piece of tape before you thread your 1.5 m
   length through.
5. Use Cello tape to attach the other end of the 1.5 m length of ticker tape to a lab
   trolley.
6. Position the trolley and the timer as shown in the diagram.
7. Push on the trolley with enough force that it travels for at least 1.5 m after the
   trolley has left your hand.



                                   Timer                  8V        Power pack
                                                 On/Off




     Trolley                                                    Ticker tape


Saturday, 13 March 2010
Results
                                                                       t (s)   d (m)   v (ms-1)
                                     4.6 cm                            0
                                                                               0.015   0.15
                                                                       0.1
                                                                               0.046   0.46
                                                                       0.2


               An example of how to mark your tape and record your results

                     t (s)   d (m)   v (ms-1)       t (s)   d (m)   v (ms-1)

                     0                              1.1

                     0.1                            1.2

                     0.2                            1.3

                     0.3                            1.4

                     0.4                            1.5

                     0.5                            1.6

                     0.6                            1.7

                     0.7                            1.8

                     0.8                            1.9

                     0.9                            2.0

                     1.0                            2.1

Saturday, 13 March 2010
Speed                           Speed - time graph for a falling mass
(ms-1)


1.1 s




 0.5




                                                                                time
                  0.2     0.4        0.6                                1.6 s   (s)
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Summary           UNDERSTANDING DISTANCE - TIME GRAPHS




distance


                                                                       Standing still

                                                                             Horizontal
                                         Slowing down
                                                        Curving down


                          Constant speed
                          (the steeper the
                          line, the faster
                          the movement)
                                             Straight




                  Speeding up        Curving up



Saturday, 13 March 2010                                                         time
Summary          UNDERSTANDING SPEED - TIME GRAPHS




 speed

                                           Constant speed




                                                                     Slowing down


                          Speeding up




                                                                                    time

                  Standing still                            Standing still
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
SPEEDING UP AND SLOWING DOWN

 Consider the following speed - time graph of an object:

 v (ms-1)
              5
              4                                                          For each time interval
              3                                                          (labelled A, B and C)
              2                                                          complete the table below:
              1           A         B       C

                  0   1       2     3      4    5      t (s)

  Interval        initial          final         Change in speed          over how      How much the
                  speed           speed        (final - initial speed)      many       speed changes in
                                                                          seconds?        one second

      A

      B

      C

                                                                                       The ACCELERATION of the
                                                                                       object
                                                                                       A negative value is a
                                                                                       DECELERATION
Saturday, 13 March 2010
ST
    AR
                          TE
                             R   S
Saturday, 13 March 2010
DOUBLE TROUBLE




Saturday, 13 March 2010
PLAYING ON WORDS




Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
READING ABOUT NEWTON


Isaac Newton’s experience of an apple falling on his head encouraged him to think about forces.
He had ideas about gravity force that are still important today.
Newton was famous for his study of forces. He developed three laws which apply to forces.
Newton’s first law stated that an object will remain stationery of travel at a steady speed unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force. His second law stated that the object would accelerate in
the direction of the unbalanced force.
Newton knew that for any moving object there was often several forces acting together. The
forces would be unbalanced if when they are added together they do not cancel each other
out.
It is easy to work out the unbalanced force:




Saturday, 13 March 2010
WHAT’S IN A NEWTON?



1. What is the shape of your graph?

2. What does your graph tell you is happening when you increase the amount of
   mass (hanging) evenly?

3. How many Newtons of gravity force act on every 100 g mass?

4. Work out how many Newtons of gravity force would act on every kg of mass.

5. How many Newtons do you weigh on Earth?

6. The gravity force per kilogram on the moon is one sixth that of Earth. How many
   Newtons would you weigh on the moon.

7. If you dropped an object on the moon, would you expect it to accelerate to the
   ground as much as if you dropped it on Earth?

8. Why do you think the force of gravity on the moon is less than the force of
   gravity on Earth?

9. When an object accelerates towards the ground, are the forces balanced or
   unbalanced

Saturday, 13 March 2010
PARACHUTING




1. Name two forces that act on a skydiver falling through the air.
     Air friction/resistance/drag         and     gravity

2. What is meant by the term “terminal velocity”
     the greatest speed achieved during a free fall

3. How does the air resistance on a falling object change as the object
   speeds up?
                          It increases

4. Draw a picture showing the upward and downward forces on a skydiver
   that is falling with terminal velocity.
                                                               drag

5. What force stays the same during skydiving?

     gravity                                                  Gravity




Saturday, 13 March 2010
Progress quizz - 3 Mar

1. instrument used to measure forces           Force meter/spring scales

2. Name the unit of force         Newton

3. Symbol for the unit            N

4. 2 eg's of useful friction          braking, parachuting, swimming, tyres

5. 2 eg's of friction which is a nuisance    cars, planes, mechanical

6. Name the force that holds objects (on the ground) up       support

7. Name the force (T...) that causes an object to speed up        Thrust

8. 10 N ->, 2N <- ...... F's balanced/unbalanced          Unbalanced

                                                       8N
9. Overall force

10. What happens to the air friction as an object falls faster.      Increases



Saturday, 13 March 2010
UNDERSTANDING THE DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH

                                                          A description of what the object is doing
                                                          during each time interval:
    d (m)
                5                                         A
                4
                3
                                                          B
                2
                1         A           B   C
                                                          C
                    0     1   2       3   4   5   t (s)


Distance-time graphs can show speed
                                                                   Steady speed       Stopped
 1. Copy the graphs
 2. Use the labels in the box to label them                        Acceleration       Deceleration


d                                 d                           d                         d




                          t                          t                            t                   t
Saturday, 13 March 2010
QUICK QUESTIONS

1. Write the formula which allows you to calculate the:
   (a) average speed when the distance and time are known

   (b) time when the distance and average speed are known
   (c) distance when the time and average speed are known
2. Use the information in the table below to draw a distance - time graph


        t (s)      d (m)

          0           0

          1           2

          2           4

          3           6

          4           7

          5           8

          6           8

          7           6

          8           3
Saturday, 13 March 2010
QUICK QUESTIONS
Describe the motion that is pictured in the following graphs for the intervals shown:


  (a)                                                    A ___________________________________
        d
                                                         B ___________________________________

                                                         C ___________________________________

                                                         D ___________________________________
                A         B       C       D          t



  (b)       v
                                                         A ___________________________________

                                                         B ___________________________________

                                                         C ___________________________________

                                                         D ___________________________________
                    A         B       C       D      t

Saturday, 13 March 2010
FORCES TO GRAPHS

1.    What is the name of the force that drives objects in the forward
      direction
2.    Name the force that always acts in the opposite direction to the
      object’s motion.
3.    Name the force that slows down the motion of a parachute.
4.    If an object is traveling at a steady speed, what can we say about the
      forces acting on that object
5.    If an object is speeding up what can we say about the forces acting on
      that object
6.    How does a force change the direction of an object?
7.    Scientific word that means the same as 'speeding up"
8.    What is a scientific word that means the same as "slowing down".
9.    Sketch a distance time graph that shows an object traveling at a
      steady speed.
10. Sketch a distance time graph that shows an object stationery.

Saturday, 13 March 2010
PUTTING THINGS IN THE PICTURE

 Study the graph below and answer the questions which follow:

d
                                             Which section/s of the graph shows the object:
                                             (a) at constant speed _______

                       C                     (b) stationery _______
                                             (c) speeding up _______
        A        B         D   E             (d) slowing down _______
                                             (e) moving in the reverse direction _______

                                        t

v
                                            Which section/s of the graph shows the object:
                                            (a) at constant speed _______
                                            (b) increasing in speed steadily _______
                                            (c) decreasing in speed _______

                   B       D   E            (d) increasing in speed at an increasing rate
          A
                                                ______
                                   t
Saturday, 13 March 2010
WORKING OUT ACCELERATION                       Extra 4 experts

 Consider the following speed - time graph of an object:
 v (ms-1)
              5
              4                                                          For each time interval
              3                                                          (labelled A, B and C)
              2                                                          complete the table below:
              1           A        B       C

                  0   1       2    3   4       5      t (s)

   Interval       initial          final         Change in speed           over how       How much the
                  speed           speed        (final - initial speed)       many        speed changes in
                                                                           seconds?         one second

       A

       B

       C

           Using the correct units of acceleration, write the acceleration of the
           object during each time interval (in the space provided below):

           A = ___________ , B = ____________ , C = ______________
Saturday, 13 March 2010
EX
                          ER
                               CI
                                  S   ES
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010
Saturday, 13 March 2010

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Student Notes Y10

  • 1. FORCE AND MOTION 1. Define a force as a push or a pull. 2. Describe the motion of an object using terms such as speeding up, slowing down, constant speed and stationary. Acceleration and deceleration. 3. Draw labelled diagrams showing all the forces acting on an object in motion (constant speed or accelerated) or an object at rest. Forces labelled as either thrust, friction, gravity and support. 4. Recognise that unbalanced forces will cause acceleration or deceleration (and change of direction or shape) 5. Recognise that constant speed is the result of balanced forces on an object. 6. Explain what is meant by friction and describe both the beneficial effects and the problems caused by friction. 7. Measure friction forces and their effects on an object’s motion. 8. Use force meters to measure forces on objects. 9. Describe weight as the gravity force on an object. 10. State the a force is measured in units called Newtons (N) and that 1N is the force needed to lift up 100g. 11. Calculate average speeds of objects using v = d/t. Whole number calculations only are required. 12. Experimentally determine the speed of an object by measuring both distance and time. 13. Describe the units of speed as m/s or km/h. 14. Draw a speed-time graph and recognise acceleration from the steepness of the graph line. 15. Describe the journey of an object from a given speed-time graph. Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 2. Unmix the table MAKING A GLOSSARY WORD Ans Definition 1. Speed A. the unit of force 2. Acceleration B. a push or a pull 3. Deceleration C. when the forces that are in opposite directions are equal to each other 4. Constant D. when the forces that are in opposite directions are not equal to each other 5. Force E. a force, due to the earth, that acts downwards on all objects. 6. Newton F. The rate of decrease of speed 7. Balanced G. is good or helpful 8. Unbalanced H. the force which acts on an object in the forward direction 9. Thrust I. remains the same (doesn’t change) 10. Gravity J. a force that always opposes motion 11. Support K. a measure of the force due to gravity that acts on an object 12. Mass L. The rate of increase of speed 13. Weight M. A force due to the ground that prevents an object from falling 14. Friction N. the amount of matter in an object 15. Beneficial O. The rate at which distance is covered Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 3. MAKING A GLOSSARY WORD Ans Definition 1. Speed A. The rate at which distance is covered 2. Acceleration B. The rate of increase of speed 3. Deceleration C. The rate of decrease of speed 4. Constant D. remains the same (doesn’t change) 5. Force E. a push or a pull 6. Newton F. the unit of force 7. Balanced G. when the forces that are in opposite directions are equal to each other 8. Unbalanced H. when the forces that are in opposite directions are not equal to each other 9. Thrust I. the force which acts on an object in the forward direction 10. Gravity J. a force, due to the earth, that acts downwards on all objects. 11. Support K. A force due to the ground that prevents an object from falling 12. Mass L. the amount of matter in an object 13. Weight M. a measure of the force due to gravity that acts on an object 14. Friction N. a force that always opposes motion 15. Beneficial O. is good or helpful Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 4. EF FE A CT FO S RC OF E Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 5. WHAT CAN A FORCE DO? Aim to investigate the effects of forces Equipment Ping pong ball (1 per group) Drinking straw (4 per group) Cans or some other object suitable for the goal posts (4 per group) Method - Part 1 1.By blowing through the straw apply force on the ball according to the instructions given (the diagrams are there to help you) 2.For each exercise describe the response of the ball to the force (what does the ball do?) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 6. (i) The ball is stationery F v=0 Key F = force v = speed The ball ___________________________________________________________ (ii) The ball is already moving in the direction of the force when the force is applied F v The ball ___________________________________________________________ (iii) The ball is already moving in the opposite direction to which the force is applied F v The ball ___________________________________________________________ (iv) The ball is already moving sideways to the direction in which the force applied F v The ball ___________________________________________________________ Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 7. PING PONG SLALOM 1. This game involves setting up a slalom course (using objects from your pencil case) on your desk. 2. Each player blows through a straw to control the motion of the ball so that it weaves through the obstacles. 3. Each member of the group is timed using a stopwatch and given 3 turns. 4. The person with the lowest time wins the competition. Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 8. EFFECTS OF A FORCE • A force is a push or a pull • You cannot see a force but you can sometimes see the effects of a force (what a force does). • Forces can be either contact (eg. leaning on a desk) or non-contact (eg. magnetic, gravity) A force can: 1.Cause movement in an object that is initially stationery 2.Change the speed of an object (speed it up or slow it down) 3.change the direction of an object. 4.change the shape of an object. 5.hold an object up (or lift an object) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 9. BA UN LA BA NC LA ED NC / ED Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 10. Demo - lift force WHAT CAN A FORCE DO? Ping pong ball Hair dryer Observation Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 11. BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES BALANCED FORCES Back Forward Support force Friction force Driving force speed stays the same v OR speed equals ZERO (STANDING STILL) Force due to gravity BALANCED FORCES ARE EQUAL AND OPPOSITE TO EACH OTHER Draw diagrams showing all the forces acting in the following situations: 1.An aeroplane travels through the air in level flight at a constant speed. 2.A rock falls vertically with constant speed Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 12. ARE NOT EQUAL UNBALANCED FORCES & OPPOSITE TO Back Forward EACH OTHER The object will speed up or it will slow down or change direction Support force Friction force Driving force speed increases in the forward direction Force due to gravity Support force For an object that is already moving in the Friction force Driving force forward direction speed decreases Force due to gravity Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 13. Changing direction Car B is on a “collision course” car A’s path after the crash with car A Car B Car A Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 14. Demo 1 BALANCED FORCES • There are often several forces acting on an object. • We see the effect of the combination of these forces often called the resultant force. • When there is no resultant force we say that the forces are balanced. Trolley Pulley v Hanging masses Lump of plasticene (balances friction) Copy and complete the following sentences (words in the list below can be used more than once): If the object is stationery it will ____________ ____________ under the influence of ___________ forces. If the object is moving at a ________ _________ then it will continue to __________ _____ ______ ____________ _____________ . Word list: stationery remain steady balanced a speed with move Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 15. Demo 2 UNBALANCED FORCES Trolley Pulley v Hanging masses Copy and complete the following sentences (words in the list below can be used more than once): • If the object is moving in a forward direction at a steady speed, an unbalanced force in the direction in which it is moving will cause it to _____________ . • If the object is moving in a forward direction at a steady speed, an unbalanced force in the opposite direction to which it is moving will cause it to _____________ . • If the object is moving forward and a force acts at right angles to the motion of the object, describe the path of the object. Word list: decelerate accelerate Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 16. Exercises FORCES AND MOTION For each of the following situations: 1. describe the effect of the forces on the motion of the person or object in your own words 2. draw the forces on the diagram if they have not already been drawn Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 17. Each team is as strong as the other An incredible act of heroism ................. and all for a girl Questions 1. Describe the motion of the helicopter when the lift force is increased. 2. What happened to the helicopter when the skier jumped out? 3. Describe the forces on the skier at the instant he lands on the snow. Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 18. WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN? A ________________ B ________________ C _____________ Write a description of the types of motion illustrated in the spaces (above) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 19. WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN? A Accelerating ________________ B ________________ C _____________ Write a description of the types of motion illustrated in the spaces (above) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 20. WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN? A Accelerating ________________ B Constant speed ________________ C _____________ Write a description of the types of motion illustrated in the spaces (above) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 21. WHAT TYPES OF MOTION RESULT FROM THE FORCES DRAWN? A Accelerating ________________ B Constant speed ________________ C Decelerating _____________ Write a description of the types of motion illustrated in the spaces (above) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 22. FR IC TI ON Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 24. Practical TAKE A DIVE blue tack nylon Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 25. Results Shape of Average time Time taken to fall (s) Parachute taken to fall (s) Circular Square Rectangular Triangular Answer the questions (next slide) as full sentences Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 26. In the space below draw a force diagram showing all the forces acting on the plasticene when it is dropping at a STEADY SPEED. Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 27. AIR FRICTION and SPEED 20 N 1500 N 1000 N 1000 N Parachutist falling Parachutist falling rapidly at slowly at first SO the time that the parachute friction is small opens SO friction is large Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 28. 36 km Space 1400 kmh -1 FELIX BAUMGARTNER Smash the sound barrier Earth Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 29. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT FRICTION? Friction is a force that opposes motion. Can you give 5 examples of useful friction and 5 examples of friction which is a nuisance to us. “HOW USEFUL !!” “WHAT A NUISANCE !!” Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 30. FRICTION & FOOTWEAR Aim to find the relationship between the shoe design and the friction force between the shoe and a flat surface. Force meter Force Shoe This end is higher Ramp inclined at an angle ϴ Background When the shoe is pulled up the ramp, friction is acting in the opposite direction. If the shoe is being pulled at a steady speed then the force of friction is equal to the pull force. The pull force is read from the force meter and this measurement will be equal to the friction between the shoe and the ramp. Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 31. Method 1. Set your bench up so that it is angled upwards (shown above). 2. Mark out a zone about 60 cm along the benchtop using a whiteboard marker. This will be the zone within which you will pull the shoe along at a steady speed. 3. The reading on the force meter is taken and recorded next to the type of shoe that was tested (in the table below). 4. Three readings of force are taken for each type of shoe and the average force is calculated. 5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated with at least 3 other different shoes. 6. The results are graphed. Results Type/ Average friction description of Force applied (Newtons) (N) shoe . . Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 32. W EI GH T Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 33. MASS AND WEIGHT The mass of an object, m is a measure of the amount of matter in that object. Units: kilogram, kg. The weight of an object, Fw is a measure of the force due to gravity on that object. Units: Newton, N. Practical: Finding the relationship between mass & weight Spring balance (reading in Newtons) Hanging masses (each mass, 50g) Method 1. Add masses to the hook of the spring balance one mass (50g) at a time 2. Each time you add a mass measure the weight (force due to gravity) acting on the mass and record it in the table below: Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 34. Results Mass (g) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Weight (N) Plot a graph of Weight against Mass and then write a conclusion Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 35. SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH? Now let’s see what a good graph looks like Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 36. SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH? Heading Now let’s see what a good graph looks like Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 37. SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH? Heading Smooth curve/straight line (of best fit) to complete the graph Now let’s see what a good graph looks like Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 38. SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH? Heading Smooth curve/straight line Axes labelled (of best fit) to complete (with unit & quanitity) the graph Now let’s see what a good graph looks like Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 39. SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH? Heading Smooth curve/straight line Axes labelled (of best fit) to complete (with unit & quanitity) the graph Possibly a key Now let’s see what a good graph looks like Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 40. SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH? Heading Smooth curve/straight line Axes labelled (of best fit) to complete (with unit & quanitity) the graph Possibly a key Points plotted as crosses Now let’s see what a good graph looks like Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 41. SO WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH? Heading Smooth curve/straight line Axes labelled (of best fit) to complete (with unit & quanitity) the graph Possibly a Linear scale key Points plotted as crosses Now let’s see what a good graph looks like Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 42. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: t (s) d (m) 0 0 1 3 2 6 3 9 4 10 5 10 6 8 7 6 8 5 9 5 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 43. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: t (s) d (m) 0 0 1 3 2 6 3 9 4 10 5 10 6 8 7 6 8 5 9 5 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 44. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: t (s) d (m) 0 0 1 3 2 6 3 9 4 10 5 10 6 8 7 6 8 5 9 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 45. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 1 3 9 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 46. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 1 3 9 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 47. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 1 3 9 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 48. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 1 3 9 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 49. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 1 3 9 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 50. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 1 3 9 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 x 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 51. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 1 3 9 x 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 x 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 52. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x 1 3 9 x 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 x 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 53. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x x 1 3 9 x 2 6 8 3 9 7 6 x 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 54. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x x 1 3 9 x 8 x 2 6 3 9 7 6 x 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 55. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x x 1 3 9 x 8 x 2 6 3 9 7 6 x x 4 10 5 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 56. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x x 1 3 9 x 8 x 2 6 3 9 7 6 x x 4 10 5 x 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 57. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x x 1 3 9 x 8 x 2 6 3 9 7 6 x x 4 10 5 x x 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 58. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x x 1 3 9 x 8 x 2 6 3 9 7 6 x x 4 10 5 x x 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 59. DRAWING A GOOD GRAPH An example for all of us!! Draw a distance - time graph using the values in the table: A distance vs time graph d (m) t (s) d (m) 0 0 10 x x 1 3 9 x 8 x 2 6 3 9 7 6 x x 4 10 5 x x 5 10 4 6 8 3 x 7 6 2 8 5 1 9 5 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 60. SP EE D Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 61. FORCES & GRAVITY Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 62. CALCULATING AVERAGE SPEED distance travelled Average speed = time taken This formula allows you to calculate the average speed when the distance and time are known. It can be written using symbols: v= d where v = average speed (in metres per second, ms-1) t d = distance travelled (in metres, m) t = time taken (in seconds, s) Use this formula to calculate time when distance and speed are known t= d v and this formula to calculate distance when speed and time are known d= v x t “Here’s an easy way of remembering the formulae” d Just put your finger over the quantity you want to calculate and the v t formula appears Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 63. Examples Calculate the average speed in each case: 1. A cyclist travels 100m in 5s. 2. A snail travels 1m in 200s. 3. An old man walks 300 cm in 2s. Calculate the distance travelled in each case: 1. A car travels at 10ms-1 for 10s. 2. A Rocket in space travels 1500ms-1 for 60s. Calculate the time taken in each case: 1. A car travels 100 m at an average speed of 10ms-1 2. A Rocket in space travels 30000 m at an average speed of 1500ms-1. Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 64. FRICTION - GOOD & BAD Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 66. SPEED CALCULATIONS [Wignall & Wales] Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 68. GR AP M HS OT IO OF N Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 69. “So what does speeding up look like on a speed - time graph?”? See for your self! Draw two graphs for the 40000N aeroplane taking off on a runway: (a) a distance - time graph (b) a speed - time graph 80000N 10000N Distance (m) Time (s) Speed (ms-1) 0 0 0 40000N 10 1 10 30 2 20 60 3 30 100 4 40 150 5 50 210 6 60 280 7 70 360 8 80 450 9 90 550 10 100 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 70. distance - time graph speed - time graph d (m) v (ms-1) 500 100 400 80 300 60 200 40 100 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s) t (s) Questions 1. Sketch and label a line on your speed time graph that shows greater acceleration. 2. Sketch and label a line on your speed time graph that shows deceleration. The picture (above) shows the forces acting on the plane while it is on the runway. 3. Explain, in terms of the forces shown on the picture, why: (a) the plane speeds up on the runway (b) the plane remains on the runway before taking off Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 71. CONSTRUCTING A SPEED-TIME GRAPH Equipment: lab trolley Cello tape ticker timer ticker tape Method scissors 30 cm ruler Part 1: Making a ticker tape record of motion 1. Check that the power pack power switch is in the “off” position. 2. Switch the voltage control to 8V. 3. Connect the leads of the ticker timer to the AC sockets. 4. Thread one end of your ticker tape through the ticker timer so that when the power pack is turned on and the tape is pulled through there is a trail of dots produced. Test this with a short piece of tape before you thread your 1.5 m length through. 5. Use Cello tape to attach the other end of the 1.5 m length of ticker tape to a lab trolley. 6. Position the trolley and the timer as shown in the diagram. 7. Push on the trolley with enough force that it travels for at least 1.5 m after the trolley has left your hand. Timer 8V Power pack On/Off Trolley Ticker tape Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 72. Results t (s) d (m) v (ms-1) 4.6 cm 0 0.015 0.15 0.1 0.046 0.46 0.2 An example of how to mark your tape and record your results t (s) d (m) v (ms-1) t (s) d (m) v (ms-1) 0 1.1 0.1 1.2 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.4 0.4 1.5 0.5 1.6 0.6 1.7 0.7 1.8 0.8 1.9 0.9 2.0 1.0 2.1 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 73. Speed Speed - time graph for a falling mass (ms-1) 1.1 s 0.5 time 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.6 s (s) Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 74. Summary UNDERSTANDING DISTANCE - TIME GRAPHS distance Standing still Horizontal Slowing down Curving down Constant speed (the steeper the line, the faster the movement) Straight Speeding up Curving up Saturday, 13 March 2010 time
  • 75. Summary UNDERSTANDING SPEED - TIME GRAPHS speed Constant speed Slowing down Speeding up time Standing still Standing still Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 77. SPEEDING UP AND SLOWING DOWN Consider the following speed - time graph of an object: v (ms-1) 5 4 For each time interval 3 (labelled A, B and C) 2 complete the table below: 1 A B C 0 1 2 3 4 5 t (s) Interval initial final Change in speed over how How much the speed speed (final - initial speed) many speed changes in seconds? one second A B C The ACCELERATION of the object A negative value is a DECELERATION Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 78. ST AR TE R S Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 80. PLAYING ON WORDS Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 82. READING ABOUT NEWTON Isaac Newton’s experience of an apple falling on his head encouraged him to think about forces. He had ideas about gravity force that are still important today. Newton was famous for his study of forces. He developed three laws which apply to forces. Newton’s first law stated that an object will remain stationery of travel at a steady speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. His second law stated that the object would accelerate in the direction of the unbalanced force. Newton knew that for any moving object there was often several forces acting together. The forces would be unbalanced if when they are added together they do not cancel each other out. It is easy to work out the unbalanced force: Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 83. WHAT’S IN A NEWTON? 1. What is the shape of your graph? 2. What does your graph tell you is happening when you increase the amount of mass (hanging) evenly? 3. How many Newtons of gravity force act on every 100 g mass? 4. Work out how many Newtons of gravity force would act on every kg of mass. 5. How many Newtons do you weigh on Earth? 6. The gravity force per kilogram on the moon is one sixth that of Earth. How many Newtons would you weigh on the moon. 7. If you dropped an object on the moon, would you expect it to accelerate to the ground as much as if you dropped it on Earth? 8. Why do you think the force of gravity on the moon is less than the force of gravity on Earth? 9. When an object accelerates towards the ground, are the forces balanced or unbalanced Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 84. PARACHUTING 1. Name two forces that act on a skydiver falling through the air. Air friction/resistance/drag and gravity 2. What is meant by the term “terminal velocity” the greatest speed achieved during a free fall 3. How does the air resistance on a falling object change as the object speeds up? It increases 4. Draw a picture showing the upward and downward forces on a skydiver that is falling with terminal velocity. drag 5. What force stays the same during skydiving? gravity Gravity Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 85. Progress quizz - 3 Mar 1. instrument used to measure forces Force meter/spring scales 2. Name the unit of force Newton 3. Symbol for the unit N 4. 2 eg's of useful friction braking, parachuting, swimming, tyres 5. 2 eg's of friction which is a nuisance cars, planes, mechanical 6. Name the force that holds objects (on the ground) up support 7. Name the force (T...) that causes an object to speed up Thrust 8. 10 N ->, 2N <- ...... F's balanced/unbalanced Unbalanced 8N 9. Overall force 10. What happens to the air friction as an object falls faster. Increases Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 86. UNDERSTANDING THE DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH A description of what the object is doing during each time interval: d (m) 5 A 4 3 B 2 1 A B C C 0 1 2 3 4 5 t (s) Distance-time graphs can show speed Steady speed Stopped 1. Copy the graphs 2. Use the labels in the box to label them Acceleration Deceleration d d d d t t t t Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 87. QUICK QUESTIONS 1. Write the formula which allows you to calculate the: (a) average speed when the distance and time are known (b) time when the distance and average speed are known (c) distance when the time and average speed are known 2. Use the information in the table below to draw a distance - time graph t (s) d (m) 0 0 1 2 2 4 3 6 4 7 5 8 6 8 7 6 8 3 Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 88. QUICK QUESTIONS Describe the motion that is pictured in the following graphs for the intervals shown: (a) A ___________________________________ d B ___________________________________ C ___________________________________ D ___________________________________ A B C D t (b) v A ___________________________________ B ___________________________________ C ___________________________________ D ___________________________________ A B C D t Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 89. FORCES TO GRAPHS 1. What is the name of the force that drives objects in the forward direction 2. Name the force that always acts in the opposite direction to the object’s motion. 3. Name the force that slows down the motion of a parachute. 4. If an object is traveling at a steady speed, what can we say about the forces acting on that object 5. If an object is speeding up what can we say about the forces acting on that object 6. How does a force change the direction of an object? 7. Scientific word that means the same as 'speeding up" 8. What is a scientific word that means the same as "slowing down". 9. Sketch a distance time graph that shows an object traveling at a steady speed. 10. Sketch a distance time graph that shows an object stationery. Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 90. PUTTING THINGS IN THE PICTURE Study the graph below and answer the questions which follow: d Which section/s of the graph shows the object: (a) at constant speed _______ C (b) stationery _______ (c) speeding up _______ A B D E (d) slowing down _______ (e) moving in the reverse direction _______ t v Which section/s of the graph shows the object: (a) at constant speed _______ (b) increasing in speed steadily _______ (c) decreasing in speed _______ B D E (d) increasing in speed at an increasing rate A ______ t Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 91. WORKING OUT ACCELERATION Extra 4 experts Consider the following speed - time graph of an object: v (ms-1) 5 4 For each time interval 3 (labelled A, B and C) 2 complete the table below: 1 A B C 0 1 2 3 4 5 t (s) Interval initial final Change in speed over how How much the speed speed (final - initial speed) many speed changes in seconds? one second A B C Using the correct units of acceleration, write the acceleration of the object during each time interval (in the space provided below): A = ___________ , B = ____________ , C = ______________ Saturday, 13 March 2010
  • 92. EX ER CI S ES Saturday, 13 March 2010