1 the nature of the scientific research

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The Nature of The
Scientific Research
Dr. Ibrahim ghazi

No. 1
Lecture

Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١

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What is The Scientific Research?

It’s a systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical
investigation to verify
propositions about suspected
relationships among variables.
Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٢

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Another meaning :
v Finding out answers to questions through
the application of accurate and objective
procedures.
v Finding out more reliable information and
better explanations to the observable parts
of the universe around us.
v Systematic/ organized inquiry to provide
information required to solve problems.
v Objective activity to explore nature to gain
better understanding (Movement from known to unknown).
Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٣

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Characteristics of Scientific Research
The basic characteristics distinguish of the Scientific
Research are:
v Public
v Objective (Rules – Facts)
v Empirical
v Systematic and Cumulative
v Predictive (Prediction for future occurrences)
v Accuracy (accurate in observation and description )
v Testability ( Verification and Replication )
v Generalizability
v Logical Reasoning
Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٤

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The Scientific Method Overview
v Choose a Problem
v Investigate the Problem (Observation )
v Develop a solution (Hypothesis)
v Plan the Procedures
v Test Hypothesis (Collect Data , Experiments)
v Organize Data (tables, graphs )
v Draw a Conclusion
How to visualize the Scientific Method ?
Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٥

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Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٦

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Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٧

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Investigation

Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٨

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Define/Identify
the problem

Form a Hypothesis
Test Hypothesis
Make
Perform Experiments
Observations

New Experiments

Organize and
Analyze Data

No
Do Experiments and Faulty Experiments
Observations Support
Hypothesis

Yes

Communicate Results
Draw Conclusions

Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٩

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Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٠

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Deductive and Inductive Thinking
Deductive Thinking = "top-down"

Inductive Thinking = "bottom up"

Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١١

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Objectives of the scientific research

qDescription
qExplanation
qPredicting
qControl
qModeling
Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٢

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Types of Researches
1. Descriptive Research
2. Analytical Research
3. Exploratory Research
4. Applied Research
5. Quantitative Research
6. Qualitative Research
7. Conceptual Research
8. Empirical Research
9. Diagnostic Research
Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٣
10. Historical Research
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What are the differences between the
quantitative and the qualitative Research?

Quantitative Research
• Deals with numerical measurements and
usually identify numerical differences
between groups.
Qualitative Research
• Deals with how people understand their
experiences.

Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٤
١٤

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
'Simple' numeric data 'Complex' rich data
Measurement Meaning
Explanation Understanding

Prediction Interpretation
Representative population Purposive/ representative
sample perspective sample

Hypothesis-testing Exploratory
Claims objectivity Accepts subjectivity

Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٥
١٥

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Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٦

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1 the nature of the scientific research

1. The Nature of The Scientific Research Dr. Ibrahim ghazi No. 1 Lecture Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

2. What is The Scientific Research? It’s a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation to verify propositions about suspected relationships among variables. Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٢ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

3. Another meaning : v Finding out answers to questions through the application of accurate and objective procedures. v Finding out more reliable information and better explanations to the observable parts of the universe around us. v Systematic/ organized inquiry to provide information required to solve problems. v Objective activity to explore nature to gain better understanding (Movement from known to unknown). Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٣ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

4. Characteristics of Scientific Research The basic characteristics distinguish of the Scientific Research are: v Public v Objective (Rules – Facts) v Empirical v Systematic and Cumulative v Predictive (Prediction for future occurrences) v Accuracy (accurate in observation and description ) v Testability ( Verification and Replication ) v Generalizability v Logical Reasoning Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٤ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

5. The Scientific Method Overview v Choose a Problem v Investigate the Problem (Observation ) v Develop a solution (Hypothesis) v Plan the Procedures v Test Hypothesis (Collect Data , Experiments) v Organize Data (tables, graphs ) v Draw a Conclusion How to visualize the Scientific Method ? Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٥ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

6. Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٦ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

7. Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٧ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

8. Investigation Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٨ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

9. Define/Identify the problem Form a Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Make Perform Experiments Observations New Experiments Organize and Analyze Data No Do Experiments and Faulty Experiments Observations Support Hypothesis Yes Communicate Results Draw Conclusions Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ٩ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

10. Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٠ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

11. Deductive and Inductive Thinking Deductive Thinking = "top-down" Inductive Thinking = "bottom up" Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١١ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

12. Objectives of the scientific research qDescription qExplanation qPredicting qControl qModeling Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٢ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

13. Types of Researches 1. Descriptive Research 2. Analytical Research 3. Exploratory Research 4. Applied Research 5. Quantitative Research 6. Qualitative Research 7. Conceptual Research 8. Empirical Research 9. Diagnostic Research Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٣ 10. Historical Research PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

14. What are the differences between the quantitative and the qualitative Research? Quantitative Research • Deals with numerical measurements and usually identify numerical differences between groups. Qualitative Research • Deals with how people understand their experiences. Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٤ ١٤ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

15. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research 'Simple' numeric data 'Complex' rich data Measurement Meaning Explanation Understanding Prediction Interpretation Representative population Purposive/ representative sample perspective sample Hypothesis-testing Exploratory Claims objectivity Accepts subjectivity Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٥ ١٥ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

16. Dr. Ibrahem Ghazi ١٦ PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

1 the nature of the scientific research

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1 the nature of the scientific research