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Guided Listening
1.
1
What is Guided Listening? “The mind arranges and stores information in an orderly fashion. New information about a concept is filed into an existing framework of categories called a schema that contains specific information about a concept. So, when prior knowledge is retrieved, this schema provides a framework on which to attach new knowledge” —Karen Bromley Guided Listening is an instructional tool that effectively links elements of oral language with independent reading through the use of metacognitive strategies. Through Guided Listening, students become more proficient at understanding that reading is a “dialogue with text.” Guided Listening creates the scaffold for effective listening. Students listen more effectively when they clearly understand what they are listening for. Guided Listening establishes this through giving students • a purpose for listening • a framework on which to organize their ideas • a way to record, share, and value the ideas of others • a practical transfer of these skills to their independent work Guided Listening vs. the Traditional Read-Aloud Often while I was reading to my class, I would wonder if their minds were Most teachers read daily to their wandering off. Sometimes I even caught my own mind straying from the words students as an essential on the page, yet the automatic reading aloud continued. Sometimes I saw my component of the balanced students doodling, fidgeting, or playing with items of their clothing (or the literacy program. clothing of others). I sometimes saw raised hands and, hopeful that they may have something profound to add to the story, was disappointed when I discovered that they needed to go to the washroom. On occasion, I would complete a story, and then proceed to have a “discussion” with the students about why a character did something, or what they would have done in a similar situation—often to be faced with students unable to recall the intricate details of the text, or even the overall theme. How about providing proof from the text? How do you know that? What made you think that? They were often unable to recall the I was once surprised after reading specific details of the text or had not attended to the things that were truly a chapter of Charlotte’s Web by important. E.B. White that, when I asked my I wondered if my students would be able to listen more effectively if they students to describe the main understood the purpose for listening before I read to them. If we give the students idea, and they told me that Fern the “questions” ahead of time, then they can listen for the answers, instead of had a crush on Henry Fussy. trying to remember random bits of information that may possibly be the answer 9 Guided Listening by Lisa Donohue. Copyright © 2007. Pembroke Publishers. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission from the publisher.
2.
to a possible
question that the teacher may possibly ask that they may possibly have to answer. Guided Listening is not an “add-on,” not simply something to add into your instructional day. Guided Listening allows you to take instructional activities Providing direct instruction on that are already in place and make them more successful, purposeful, and metacognitive reading strategies, focused. Every teacher reads aloud to the class, and every teacher allows time in allowing time for students to the day for independent reading. Guided Listening allows these two activities to independently practice these become purposefully connected. Incorporating Guided Listening to your skills, and assessing and providing teaching practice is a natural transition. It gives structure to already existing feedback, results in strong readers. practices and results in invaluable assessment opportunities that can serve to strengthen students’ learning. What Does a Traditional Read-Aloud Look Like? • The teacher sits with the class to read aloud a text to them. • The students gather together to sit and listen to the story and look at the pic- tures. • The teacher pauses occasionally to discuss concepts and ideas with the stu- dents. • The teacher poses questions for students to answer. • Students may be asked to share their thinking; one or two answers may be shared with the class. • There may be a follow-up activity after reading the text, for which students are asked to remember, retell, and reflect on parts of what they have heard. • The teacher usually focuses on incidental learning, reading the text and think- ing-aloud to model successful reading strategies. • There is little or no assessment of students’ understanding of the text. What Does Guided Listening Look Like? • The teacher gathers the class together to share the text with them using the Guided Listening procedure. • The teacher shares with the class the purpose for listening and provides focused instruction prior to reading the text. • Students use clipboards to record their ideas while listening. • The teacher pauses occasionally to discuss specific concepts and ideas with the students. • The students pose questions, present ideas, make inferences/predictions/con- nections, and reflect on the ideas of their peers • All students are actively engaged in the listening task. • There is individual student accountability for learning. • There can be direct connection to, and transfer of, listening skills to independ- ent reading. • Isolation of listening and reading strategies allow opportunities for practice and mastery of skills. • Guided Listening allows the teacher opportunities for instructional feedback, diagnostic assessment of student’s oral language skills, and intervention as needed for specific students (diversified instruction), and isolated assessment of each listening and reading strategy. 10 Guided Listening by Lisa Donohue. Copyright © 2007. Pembroke Publishers. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission from the publisher.
3.
What’s the Difference?
• During a traditional read-aloud, the teacher is fully engaged in the text, but is Read-alouds and independent unsure if all students are on task, listening attentively, and understanding the reading are essential daily text. Guided Listening ensures that all students are engaged and accountable components of balanced literacy for recording and sharing their ideas. program; however, students often • During a traditional read-aloud, the teacher asks the questions and the stu- become passive observers and not dents answer them. During Guided Listening, students ask the questions; all students are accountable for many questions remain unanswered. demonstrating their learning or • During a traditional read-aloud, the teacher determines which ideas are have an equal opportunity to important based on questions the teacher poses for discussion; during Guided participate in discussions. Guided Listening, students determine important ideas from the text based on parame- Listening helps students to listen ters set by the teacher. critically and respond • During a traditional read-aloud, the students are not aware of the follow-up appropriately. task while they are listening, so they are unable to selectively listen for infor- mation that may be helpful. In Guided Listening, the students are presented with a clear and concise purpose for listening prior to the read-aloud. • The traditional read-aloud is not usually connected to students’ independent reading. Guided Listening provides a clear connection and direct transfer between the instructional purpose of the read-aloud and the student’s inde- pendent reading. Metacognition Metacognition, in short, means thinking about thinking. When students are intentionally taught the processes connected with successful reading, they I think; therefore I am… become successful readers themselves. It is not enough for students to know I think about my thinking; what reading strategies are connected to reading, but they need to have direct therefore, I understand. instruction and sufficient time to independently practice these skills. Students require monitoring and feedback on their use of reading strategies. Instruction on metacognitive reading strategies needs to be ongoing, purposeful, integrated Keith Lenz (2005) from the into a variety of subject areas and with a variety of texts. When you teach University of Kansas concludes strategies in isolation, you allow students to focus specifically on the steps that the most successful ways of associated with each skill resulting in gradual integration and independence. teaching comprehension strategies Meena Singhal (2001) concluded that strategy training leads to improved is to use very direct and explicit reading performance. A chart that summarizes her recommendations for instruction. successful strategy instruction is on page 12. 11 Guided Listening by Lisa Donohue. Copyright © 2007. Pembroke Publishers. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission from the publisher.
4.
Successful Strategy Instruction
Connections to Guided Listening Teachers must focus on the processes Guided Listening is a structured time involved in reading and allocate instruc- with direct instruction and modelling of tional time to teaching these strategies each metacognitive listening strategy. through direct strategy-instruction and modelling. Teachers must think about how a partic- Texts should be carefully selected so that ular strategy is best applied and in which students will easily be able to apply the context. strategy that is being taught. Teachers should monitor use of reading Students’ application of oral language strategies in order to determine individ- can be monitored during Guided Listen- ual students’ strengths and needs. This, ing. This easily forms the basis for fur- in turn, will help to provide effective and ther instruction. appropriate strategy instruction. Teachers must present strategies as pur- Using a variety of texts for Guided Lis- poseful to a variety of texts and contexts tening will help students to effectively so that students can apply these strate- transfer their skills and knowledge of lis- gies in a variety or reading situations. tening strategies to a variety of applica- tions. Introducing students to different forms of media will also facilitate this transfer of skills. Strategy instruction needs to be consis- Using Guided Listening on a regular tent and ongoing, not just a single lesson basis helps students to continue to build or unit. on previous knowledge and begin to use these strategies with greater ease and integration. Students must be provided with oppor- Encouraging students to read independ- tunities to practice strategies that they ently immediately following a read-aloud have been taught enables them to relate listening strategies to reading strategies, and to practice the application of strategies while they are fresh in their mind. Students benefit from sharing with each Encouraging students to share their other about their reading strategies. thoughts and ideas during Guided Lis- tening gives them the chance to verbalize their thoughts. Sometimes, students think better when they can “hear them- selves think.” Sharing with partners or groups helps to strengthen their learning. 12 Guided Listening by Lisa Donohue. Copyright © 2007. Pembroke Publishers. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission from the publisher.
5.
Using Advance Organizers
The idea of using advance organizers is not a new one. Originally proposed by David Ausubel (1960), it is believed to increase the learning and retention of new information. Ausubel suggested that learning becomes meaningful when integrated into a child’s existing knowledge base. The most important element in Mayer (2003) concluded that learning is not how information is presented, but how the new information is students who received a diagram integrated into an existing knowledge base. Students learn better when they have before listening to a passage had previewed information. Teachers could do this by providing a brief introduction greater retention of the material. about the information before beginning the lesson. Although Guided Listening makes use of advance organizers, they are different in nature and purpose than those suggested by Ausubel. The advance organizers of Guided Listening provide students with cues as to which strategies they must use in order to effectively interpret and utilize the information. Students are presented with an outline of listening strategies that help to create a purpose for listening, to focus their attention and critically analyze relevant information. By providing advance organizers that focus students’ attention on one specific metacognitive strategy at a time, you give students the means to narrow the amount of information they are hearing and to determine which parts are most relevant to the task at hand. Practicing the strategies helps students to become fluent with each strategy in isolation, eventually leading to them internalizing and integrating these strategies into their personal schemas. When students automatically listen critically, analyze and synthesize information, and make inferences and predictions while listening, they will easily transfer these skills to their independent reading. Developing critical listening skills helps students to develop stronger metagcognitive skills, as well as to better understand their own reading strengths and needs. 13 Guided Listening by Lisa Donohue. Copyright © 2007. Pembroke Publishers. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission from the publisher.
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