1. ‫‪: Stack‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺰﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ‪ Stack‬ﻳﺎ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.)‪(1LIFO‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ، ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺯﺩ.‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻓﻈـﻪ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻫـﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﺧـﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ‪ LIFO‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬
‫‪¾¶IºoM kº»n‬‬
‫‪¾¶IºoM oÄp‬‬
‫‪³»j ¾¶IºoM oÄp‬‬
‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.‬
‫‪ Stack‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻞ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳـﺪ. ﺁﺧـﺮﻳﻦ‬

2. ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ، ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ.‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ‪ Push‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻳﺎ ‪ Pop‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﻛﺠﺎﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ!‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ.‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ، ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪ Stack‬ﻭ ‪ StackTop‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ، ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .‬
‫‪var‬‬
‫;1‪Form1:TForm‬‬
‫‪Stack : array [1..1024]of‬‬ ‫; ‪Extended‬‬
‫; ‪StackTop : Integer‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ، ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ:‬

3. procedure push (a : Extended );
begin
StackTop > 0 then
if
begin
Stack [StackTop ] := a ;
Form1.Memo1.Lines .Add (′Pushing ′ + FloatToStr (a ));
StackTop := StackTop − 1;
end else
Form1.Memo1.lines .Add (' Stack overflow ');
end ;
procedure pop (var a : Extended );
begin
StackTop < 1024 then
if
begin
StackTop := StackTop + 1;
a := Stack [StackTop ];
Form1.Memo1.Lines .Add (′Popping ′ + FloatToStr (a ));
end else
Form1.Memo1.Lines .Add (′Stack is empty ′);
end‫؛‬
.‫( ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬MemoBox) ‫ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬Standard ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
.‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﻭﺑﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‬

4. prodecure TForm1.FormCreate (Sender :Tobject );
var
i = Integer‫؛‬
b:Extended‫؛‬
begin
StackTop := 1024;
for i := 1 to 5 do
push (Random (1000));
for i := 1 to 5 do
pop (b );
end ;
.‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
1
Last In First Out