This document is a structured note pricing study focusing on target redemption notes. It discusses how target redemption notes work, including how one was priced using the Libor market model. Monte Carlo simulation was used to model interest rate dynamics. The study also discusses hedging target redemption notes and analyzes how modifying the note contract would impact its value and average maturity. The goal is to contribute insights for issuers and investors of these products.
4. The Pricing and Design of Structured Notes A Study
of Target Redemption Notes
Abstract
Structured notes are tailor made products which are created by financial
engineering. In the past, global depression economy introduced low interest rates.
Under this background, structured notes developed quickly to fit the investor’s
demand. However, in recent years, investors expect interest rates to increase. No
matter how fast the rates increase, these expectations have resulted in common
structured notes, which focus on low interest rates and have become unpopular in the
market.
Generally speaking, structured notes can be divided into two categories by their
underlying assets: equity linked notes and interest rate linked notes. There are many
payment methods in structured notes. Here, we try to focus on one of these payment
methods – Target redemption. A target redemption note contract has been issued by
ING Belgium international finance S.A. according to the Libor Market model, in
order to construct an interest rate term structure and to value this product. Owing to
the fact that forward rates under the Libor Market model exist as a state-dependent
drift term, recombining lattices is not able to evolve the interest rate dynamics.
Instead, we use the Monte Carlo simulation to do this job. In addition, we will also
introduce the concept of hedge for products of this target redemption note contract.
At the end of our research, we tried to modify this product contract. After having
modified the conditions of contract, we analyzed their values as well as the average
maturity of the notes. With these results, we hope to bring contributions to the issuer
and the investor.
Key words Structured note, Target redemption, Libor Market model, Monte Carlo
simulation
IV
17. 理論
Libor market model
利率 利率
Black 1976
不 利 Black model 來 利率 cap swaption
利率 不 利率
Black model
利率 lognormal swap rate
利率
lognormal Jamshidian 1997
兩 利
Brace, Gatarek, and Musiela 1997 ,Musiela and Rutkowski 1997 ,Jamshidian
1997 , and Miltersen, Sandmann, and Sondermann 1997
arbitrage-free Libor market model 便
利率 Libor market model
利率
compounding period tenor of the rate
利 instantaneous short rate model Vasicek 1977 Cox-Ingersoll-Ross
利率
1985 Hull-White 1990 instantaneous forward
rate model Heath-Jarrow-Morton 1992 Ritchken-Sankarasubramanian 1995
來 兩
LMM
利率
LMM Black market formula
易
calibration
立 利率
LMM Libor rate swap rate
利 利率
BGM model lognormal forward-Libor model LFM
9
18. 利率 Black’s formula Jamishidian 1997
lognormal forward-swap model LSM Black’s
不 兩
swaption formula LFM LSM兩
6
立不 度 measure
L ( t ,τ i )
立
LMM Libor rate lognormal
P(t ,τ i )
τ i ~ τ i +1 δ i = τ i −1 − τ i
Libor rate 1 ≤ i ≤ N
t
τi 零
t
1 ⎡ P ( t ,τ i ) − P ( t ,τ i +1 ) ⎤
L ( t ,τ i ) = (1)
⎢ ⎥
P ( t ,τ i +1 )
δi ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1
V (t ) = ⎡ P ( t ,τ i ) − P ( t ,τ i +1 ) ⎤ 1
δi ⎣ ⎦
V ( 0) ⎡ V (τ i ) ⎤
Qi +1
= E0 ⎢ ⎥
P ( 0,τ i +1 ) ⎢ P (τ i ,τ i +1 ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
L ( 0,τ i ) = E0 ⎡ L (τ i ,τ i ) ⎤ ( 2)
i +1
⇒ Q
⎣ ⎦
P ( •,τ i +1 ) L ( t ,τ i +1 )
i +1
Q i +1
Q
度
E0 2
來
martingale Libor rate
Q i +1 度
Libor
t ∈ [0,τ i +1 ] 1≤ i ≤ N 列
Libor rate
dL(t ,τ i ) = γ (t ,τ i )L(t ,τ i )dW Q (t ) (3)
i +1
γ (t ,τ i ) (t )
i +1
Q i +1
WQ
數 度
volatility
Wiener process
3
6
Justin London Modeling derivatives in C++ chapter 13
10
19. ⎡ 1 τi τi
⎤
L (t , τ i ) = L (0 , τ i ) exp ⎢ − ∫ γ (s , τ i ) ds + ∫ γ (s , τ i )dW (s )⎥
Q i +1
2
⎢ 20 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0
了 Libor rate 都 率 度
τN Q N +1 率 度
dL(t ,τ N ) = γ (t ,τ N )L(t ,τ N )dW Q (t ) (4)
N +1
ρ (t ) 利
Radon-Nikodym 1
P(t ,τ i ) P(t ,τ i +1 ) P(t ,τ i ) P(0,τ i +1 )
dQ i
= ρ (t ) = =
P(0,τ i ) P(0,τ i +1 ) P(0,τ i ) P(t ,τ i +1 )
i +1
dQ
P(0,τ i +1 )
(1 + δ i L(t ,τ i )) (5)
=
P(0,τ i )
利 理
Girsanov
⎛t ⎞
t
ρ (t ) = exp⎜⎜ ∫ k (s )dW i +1 (s ) − ∫ k (s )2 ds ⎟
1
⎟
⎝0 ⎠
20
dρ (t ) = k (t )ρ (t )dW (t ) (6)
i +1
⇒
利
5 Ito’s lemma
∂ρ (t )
dρ (t ) = dL(t ,τ i )
∂L(t ,τ i )
P(0,τ i +1 )
γ (t ,τ i )L(t ,τ i )dW Q (t ) (7 )
i +1
= δi
P(0,τ i )
4
dρ (t ) = k (t )ρ (t )dW Q (t )
i +1
P (0,τ i +1 )
[1 + δ i L(t ,τ i )]dW Q (t )
= k (t ) (8)
i +1
P (0,τ i )
7 8
δ i γ (t ,τ i )L(t ,τ i )
k (t ) =
(1 + δ i L(t ,τ i ))
11
20. dW Q (t ) = dW Q (t ) − k (t )dt
i +1
i
δ γ (t ,τ i )L(t ,τ i )
(t ) − i
i +1
= dW Q dt
(1 + δ i L(t ,τ i ))
t ∈ [0,τ i +1 ]
Libor rate L ( t ,τ i )
利
Q N +1
1≤ i ≤ N 利 度
N δ L (t ,τ ) (t ,τ )γ (t ,τ )
dL(t ,τ i ) jγ
dt + γ (t ,τ i )dW Q (t ) (9)
=−∑
N +1
j i j
1 + δ j L(t ,τ j )
L(t ,τ i ) j = i +1
LMM one-factor Libor market model
LMM multi-factor Libor market model
dL(t ,τ i ) = µ (t ,τ i )dt + γ (t ,τ i )L(t ,τ i )dWi Q (t )
N +1
dL(t ,τ j ) = µ (t ,τ j )dt + γ (t ,τ j )L(t ,τ j )dW jQ (t )
N +1
(t )dW jQ (t ) = ρ ij dt
N +1 N +1
dWi Q
N δ ρ L (t ,τ ) (t ,τ )γ (t ,τ )
dL(t ,τ i ) jγ
dt + γ (t ,τ i )dWi Q (t )
=−∑
N +1
j ij i j
1 + δ j L(t ,τ j )
L(t ,τ i ) j =i +1
LMM 來 來 Libor rate 利率
參數
參數 γ (t ,τ i )
LMM Libor rate volatility
piecewise-constant instantaneous
volatility Brigo & Mercurio 2001 Interest Rate Models Theory and
列 念來
Practice
12
21. Time
Instant.
(τ 1 ,τ 2 ] (τ 2 ,τ 3 ] (τ N −1 ,τ N ]
…
t ∈ ( 0,τ 1 ]
Vols
Fwd Rate
γ (1,1) …
Dead Dead Dead
L ( t ,τ 1 )
L ( t ,τ 2 ) γ (1, 2 ) γ ( 2, 2 ) …
Dead Dead
… … … … …
L ( t ,τ N ) γ (1, N ) γ ( 2, N ) γ ( 3, N ) γ ( N, N )
…
料來 Brigo Mercurio 2001 Interest Rate Models Theory and Practice Page 195
Brigo, Capitani, and Mercurio 2001 instantaneous
volatility
σ k (t ) = σ k , β (t ) := Φ kψ k −( β (t )−1)
Rebonato 1998 Brigo & Mercurio 2001
便
σ i (t ) = Φ iψ (Ti − t ; a, b, c, d ) := Φ i ([a(Ti − t ) + d ]exp(− b × (Ti − t )) + c ) 7
了 參數 更
Φi = 1 Libor rate
利 利率 來 參數 a b c d
humped shape
John & Hull Options, Futures, and other derivatives
k
σ k2 t k = ∑ Λ2k −i δ i −1
i =1
7
Brigo, Capitani, and Mercurio 2001 On the joint calibration of the Libor market model to caps and
swaptions market volatility
13
22. σk
Λi 利 利率 料來 利率
t k ~ t k +1
利 念來 參數
參數 例
USD Cap
料來 Reuters 3000 Xtra 2004/11/22 3 months USD Libor rate market quote
率
Brigo, Capitani, and Mercurio 2001
( )
2
MKT
T i v Ti − caplet
Φ= 2
I 2 (T i ; a , b , c , d )
i
14
23. T
∫ ([a(T − t ) + d ]× exp(− b × (Ti − t )) + c ) dt
I (Ti ; a, b, c, d ) =
2
2
i
0
⎛ 2b 2 d 2 + 8b 2 cd + 2abd + 8abc + a 2 ⎞ 2
=⎜ ⎟ + c Ti
⎜ ⎟
4b 3
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2bcd + 2ac ⎞ ⎛ 2ac ⎞
⎟ × exp(− bTi ) − ⎜ ⎟Ti × exp(− bTi )
−⎜
⎝ ⎠ ⎝b⎠
2
b
⎛ 2b 2 d 2 + 2abd + a 2 ⎞
⎟ × exp(− 2bTi )
−⎜
⎜ ⎟
4b 3
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2abd + a 2 ⎞ a2
⎟Ti × exp(− 2bTi ) − Ti 2 × exp(− 2bTi )
−⎜
⎜ ⎟
2b 2
⎝ ⎠ 2b
Φi = 1 a b c d來說
利 SAS Nonlinear regression NLIN
利 參
Proc NLIN
數 參數
starting value
索 參數
Marquardt iterative procedure
8
a=0.2913 b=0.6641 c=0.1501 d=0.00151
利 參數 利率 來說 年
料 料 利 Brigo Mercurio 2001
參數 來說 利率
8
SAS 23 proc nlin
15
24. 利率 參數
參數 利 利率 來
利率 來
9
利率 Fisher Black 1976
利率 數 caplet
N
Cap market (0, TN , X ) = ∑τ i P(0, Ti )E i [Max(L(0, Ti −1 ) − X ,0)]
i =1
τi 履
X
caplet caplet
caplet
Lτ i P(0, Ti )[L(0, Ti −1 )N (d 1 ) − XN (d 2 )]
ln (L(0, Ti −1 ) X ) + σ i2−1 × Ti −1 2
d1 =
σ i −1 Ti −1
ln (L(0, Ti −1 ) X ) − σ i2−1 × Ti −1 2
= d 1−σ i −1 Ti −1
d2 =
σ i −1 Ti −1
利 參數來
Black caplet
年 歩
9
F. Black ”The Pricing of Commodity Contracts” Journal of Financial Economics 3 March
1976 167-79
16
53. 參
參
金 易
1
金 易
2
連
-
3
http://www.icbc.com.tw/chinese/entrust/entrust04/entrust0407.htm
林
4 SAS 93
金 陸
5 93
金 陸
6 94
來 連
7
http://www.warrantnet.com.tw/Polaris/composition.web/pageB-5.htm
參
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46