1. LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION

2. History and development of accounting record Ancient accounting record: Using system called “stewardship”. The document facilitate the owner to control and identify their asset, which is under the custody of the steward Renaissance in Italy: Accounting technique using double entry book-keeping was introduced. A system to ensure that financial information was recorded efficiently and accurately.

3. Industrial Age: In 19th century the emergence of large corporations, separation of the owners from the managers, makes the businesses reports became more complex. Needs to prepare financial statements to the shareholders. Post Industrial Age: Accounting is a need for decision making – information element.

4. What is accounting? Accounting is an information system that provides quantitative, financial information to stakeholders about the economic activities and condition of a businessso that they can make business/economic decisions.

5. The different between accounting and bookkeeping: Accounting: “a process of identifying, recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the result thereof” (AICPA, 1961) Bookkeeping: “ only involves activities of collecting and recording financial data”

6. Accounting: Definition The process of identifying, measuring, recording and communicating economic information to permit informed judgment and decisions by users of the information.

7. Identifying Recording Communicating Measuring INTERNAL USERS EXTERNAL USERS

8. Identifying: Identify those events that are considered as an evidence of economic activity relevant to the business Recording: Keeping of a chronological diary of measured events in an orderly and systematic manner Communicating: Communicate through the preparation and distribution of accounting reports to the interested parties.

9. USERS OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION Internal Users Managers who plan, organise and run the business e.g. production supervisors, marketing managers, and directors Owners of the business

10. USERS OF FINANCIAL INFORMATIONcontinued External Users Resource providers e.g. investors, employees, creditors Recipients of goods and services e.g. customers, beneficiaries Reviewers e.g. regulatory agencies, media, governments, trade unions, special interest groups

11. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Income Statement Reports revenues less expenses for a particular period of time Balance Sheet Reports assets and claims to those assets at a particular point in time

12. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS continued Statement of Changes in Equity Reports amount of profit for the period and the changes in equity Cash Flow Statement Reports information regarding cash receipts and cash payments for a particular period of time

15. Changes in equity other than those arising from capital transaction with owners and distribution with ownersCash Flow Statement, and Accounting policies and explanatory notes

16. Accounting policies and explanatory notes Important additional notes to define statement prepared e.g accounting policies Any additional information that is not shown in the financial statement will effect the fairly presentation

17. Income Statement Wong PTY LTD Income Statement for the year ended 31 October 2008 Service revenues $10 600 Expenses Salaries expense $3 200 Supplies expense 1 500 Rent expense 900 Insurance expense 50 Interest expense 50 Depreciation expense 40 5 740 Profit before tax 4 860 Tax expense 2 000 Profit after tax $ 2 860

18. Statement of Changes in Equity WONG PTY LTD Statement of Changes in Equity (extract) as at 31 October 2008 Profit $ 2 860 Retained earnings 1/10/08 0 Dividends (500) Retained earnings 31/10/08 $ 2 360

19. WONG PTY LTD Balance Sheet as at 31 October 2008 Assets Cash $15 200 Accounts receivable 200 Advertising supplies 1 000 Prepaid insurance 550 Office equipment 4 960 Total assets $21 910 Liabilities and equity Liabilities Accounts payable $ 2 500 Interest payable 50 Revenue received in advance 800 Salaries payable 1 200 Bank loan 5 000 Total liabilities $ 9 550 Equity Share capital 10 000 Retained earnings 31/10/08 2 360 Total equity 12 360 $21 910

20. Cash Flow Statement WONG PTY LTD Cash Flow Statement for the month ended 31 October 2008 Cash flows from operating activities Cash receipts from operating activities $11 200 Cash payments from operating activities (5 500) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 5 700 Cash flows from investing activities Purchased office equipment (5 000) Net cash used by investing activities (5 000) Cash flows from financing activities Issue of shares 10 000 Proceeds from bank loan 5 000 Payment of dividend (5 000) Net cash provided by financing activities 14 500 Net increase in cash 15 200 Cash at beginning of period -- Cash at end of period $15 200

21. Accounting Roles: Language of Business Decision making tool Create accountability and control As an Information system

22. DECISION TOOLKIT Are the business operations profitable? Does the business rely mainly on debt or equity to finance its assets? Does the business generate sufficient cash from operations to fund its investing activities? Is the company using its assets effectively?

23. DECISION TOOLKIT continued Is the company maintaining an adequate margin between sales and expenses? Can the company meet its short-term obligations? Can the company meet its long-term obligations?