On Monday 20 September the Dean of the Graduate School of Social Sciences (University of Amsterdam), Prof. Dr. Mark Rutgers, held a lecture on Plagiarism and Fraud. In his lecture he not only focused on the differences between plagiarism and fraud but also on how to quote and avoid plagiarism. Here you can find his lecture "Everything you always wanted to know about plagiarism".

1. Location:
Prins Hendrikkade 189-b
1011 TD Amsterdam
Phone: +31-20-5253777
Fax: + 31-20-5253778
Email: gsss@uva.nl
On writing, annotating, notes, references
and in particular …
everything you always wanted
to know about plagiarism
by Mark Rutgers
www.graduateschoolofsocialsciences.uva.nl

2. Introduction

3. Academic writing
• Academic or professional:
• Writing is at the heart of any science /
study
• Proof, arguments, knowledge …

4. Reporting
• Research: primary & secondary resources
• Paper/ thesis/ article: your findings !
• How?

5. Standing on
the shoulders of giants

6. Tools:
Annotation: mentioning in the text of the
source
• In text
• Foot notes
• End notes
• Bibliography / references
• Alphabatic list of sources

7. Many styles
APA: American Psychological Always:
Association
MLA: Modern Language • author(s)
Association
Chicago: Chicago University • year
Press • full title
ASA: American Sociological • (edition)
Association
APSR: American Political • publisher
Science Review • place
Harvard style

8. ‘APA’ in-text annotation
• One author: (Becker, 1987, p. 66)
• Two authors:
(Long & Jones, 2004, p. 89-94)
• Two authors or more:
(Lyons et al, 2001, p. 45).

9. Books
Surname, first name or initials (year of
publication). Title of book. place of
publication: publisher.
Example:
Brubaker, R. (1984). The limits of rationality.
An essay on the social and moral thought
of Max Weber. London: George Allen &
Unwin.

10. Book chapter
Surname, first name or initials (year of
publication). Title of chapter. In authors/editor
(Eds.) Title of book (pages). place of
publication: publisher.
Example:
Hekman, S. J. (1994). Weber and post-
positivist social theory. In A. Horowitz & T.
Maley(Eds.), The barbarism of reason:
Max Weber and the twilight of
enlightenment (pp. 267-286). Toronto,
Canada: University of Toronto Press.

11. Another example
Weber, M. (1985b). Wissenschaft als
beruf [Science as a vocation]. In J.
Winckelmann (Ed.), Gesammelte
aufsätze zur wissenschaftslehre
(6th ed., pp. 582-613). Tübingen,
Germany: Mohr/Siebeck. (Original
work published 1919).

12. Journal articles
Surname, first name or initials year of
publication, ‘Title of article’, Title of journal,
Vol., No., pp.
Example:
Levine, D. N. (1981). Rationality and
freedom: Weber and beyond.
Sociological Inquiry, 51, 5-25.

13. Web page with author
Web Journal:
Surname, first name or initials (year of publication).
Title of the article, Title of periodicle, vol., pp.
Retrieved date from source/URL.
Other:
Surname, first name or initials (year of publication).
Title of article . Retrieved date from source/URL.
Example:
Albanese, A (2009). Fairer compensation for air
travellers, media release, 29 January, Minister for
Local Government, viewed 30 January 2009,
<http://www.minister.infrastructure.gov.au/aa/releas
es/2009/ January/AA007_2009.htm>.

14. Web page without author
Site, Title, year, date you visited the site,
complete URL.
Example:
University of Queensland Library 2009,
Mechanical engineering subject guide,
University of Queensland Library, viewed 6
February 2009,
<http://www.library.uq.edu.au/findits/findit.php?tit
le= Mechanical+Engineering>.

15. Purpose of Annotation
• Give credit where due, show respect
• Protect copyright / authorship
• Make information verifiable
• Support your claims/arguments
• Simply the honerable and right thing to do !
• Ethics of Scientific Publication !!

16. Fraud
“Criminal deception, use of false
representation to gain un just advantage:
dishonest artifice or trick” (Sykes, J.B. (1976). The
concise oxford dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Claredon Press, p. 420)
• Using any aid during exam
• Attempting to copying form another student
during an exam
• Letting someone else take your exam
• Making up data, changing data, omitting
(unwellcome) data

17. Plagiarism
“The act of appropriating the literary
composition of another author, or
excerpts, ideas, or passages therefrom,
and passing the material off as one's own
creation” (Plagiarism, visited 28-08-2010, http://legal-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Plagerism)
• Copying anothers text
• Failing to properly indicate origin of ideas
• Submitting a text similar to a previosu assigment

18. Dutch law
Dutch copyright law (auteursrecht)
• article 15: allows citation in a scientific
publication, if, the length of the citation is
appropriate to the purpose and if the
source (if known) is explicitly mentioned.
• article 31 punishment of maximum of 6
month prison and fine of 18.500 Euro
GSSS / Dutch higher education law

19. GSSS / UvA
See: www.student.uva.nl/ (A-Z -> rules and
regulations -> plagiarism)
In case of fraud/plagiarism:
• Examination board is notified
• You will be heard
• Sanctions:
– Examination/paper marked as invalid, exclusion from
next exam opportunity
– Exclusion from multiple/all exams for up to 12 months
(and no thesis support)
– Ending of enrolment at UvA

20. How and when to use
other’s work?
Paraphrasing
Quoting
http://www.student.uva.nl/ifk/actueelifk.cfm/23E7A8DE-1321-B0BE-
68DADBF5C01A914D

21. Examples
In the case of moral action, something is done for
its own sake, “as if I do not want to do anything
else” (Kant, 1785/1981a, p. 75).
As Kant (1785/1997) stated, it “represents the
practical necessity of a possible action as a
means to achieving something else that one is
willing” (p. 25).
Weber (1972) said that purpose-rational action is
neither affectual nor traditional.

22. Example
Weber is generally understood as
epistemologically a (neo-) Kantian, and his
ideas shared “some powerful structural
affinities with Kantianism” (Lenhardt,1994, p.
22).6
6.Weber, however, studied works of Kant at
an early age, and in his works one finds
several references to Kant (Dassen, 1999).

23. Example
As indicated on the GSSS website, the
GSSS offers a wide range of Dutch and
English taught master’s programmes in
the social sciences.¹
1) GSSS, visited on 17-09-09, http://www.gsss.nl

24. Bibliography / References
1) Academic work always contains a
bibliography
2) The list of references is in alphabetical
order
3) The bibliography is complete (and not
over complete)

25. Just in case…
• Ephorus
• Google
• ….

26. A reminder
Honesty and providing your sources is
essential to academic work and integrity
Writing is sometimes and can be very
rewarding
Trial & Error is an essential part of learning
Fraud & Plagiarism is not …