The document summarizes the history of apartheid in South Africa and its eventual end. It describes how apartheid was instituted in 1948, establishing racial segregation and oppression of non-white populations. Anti-apartheid movements like the ANC organized protests but faced harsh crackdowns. Leaders like Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko were imprisoned. International sanctions and domestic unrest increased pressure until F.W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and released Mandela in 1990, paving the way for multi-racial elections in 1994 that elected Mandela as South Africa's first black president, marking the official end of apartheid.

1. ENDING
APARTHEID
IN
SOUTH AFRICA

2. South African UnionSouth African Union
With the founding of the South African Union in 1910, the British colony and
the independent Boer Republics were united.
With the founding of the South African Union in 1910, the British colony and
the independent Boer Republics were united.

3. South African Union
Due to harsh treatment of the
Boers during the Anglo-Boer War,
the British granted internal political
control to the Boer minority. South
Africa had gained self-rule under
the British Empire.
First Prime Minister,
Louis Botha (Afrikaner)
A modern "democratic" state was
formed, in which only the white
population could execute the right to
vote.
A modern "democratic" state was
formed, in which only the white
population could execute the right to
vote.

4. The founding members of the SANNC, from left to right,
Dr W. Rubusana, T. Mapikela, Rev. J. L. Dube, Sol Plaatje and S. Msane
AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC)
• Formed by Black South
Africans in 1912
•Organized strikes and
boycotts to protest
racist policies
• Formed by Black South
Africans in 1912
•Organized strikes and
boycotts to protest
racist policies

5. The National PartyThe National Party
In 1948, the National
Party came to power in
South Africa.
Promoted Afrikaner, or
Dutch South African,
nationalism.
In 1961, South Africa was
granted total independence
from Great Britain.
In 1948, the National
Party came to power in
South Africa.
Promoted Afrikaner, or
Dutch South African,
nationalism.
In 1961, South Africa was
granted total independence
from Great Britain.

6. Decolonization
South Africa was a settler
colony with larger European
population than most settler
colonies.
Afrikaners were distinct from
the Dutch - had no European
homeland to return to if ousted.
Afrikaners shared ideology of
white supremacy and limited the
education, opportunities, and
rights of the black Africans –
policy of apartheid
Why was South African Decolonization led and controlled
by the white Afrikaner minority?

7. Apartheid
“[Apartheid] is the
only basis on which
the character and the
future of each race can
be protected and made
secure…”
Hendrik Verwoerd,
Prime Minister 1958-
1966

8. System of ApartheidSystem of Apartheid
The system of segregation between races. The system of Apartheid was created to
make the whites more powerful and to keep the races separated.
The system of segregation between races. The system of Apartheid was created to
make the whites more powerful and to keep the races separated.
Whites Non-Whites

9. Ethnic Composition Of
South Africa
14%
75%
9% 2%
White
Black
Colored
Indian

10. Classified population by four racial categories:
White,
Bantu (black African),
Colored (of mixed race)
Asian (Indians and Pakistanis)
Classified population by four racial categories:
White,
Bantu (black African),
Colored (of mixed race)
Asian (Indians and Pakistanis)

11. Required non-whites to carry a "pass" to prove they had permission
to travel in white areas.
Required non-whites to carry a "pass" to prove they had permission
to travel in white areas.

12.  Assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas.
 Non-whites were forbidden to live, work or own land in areas belonging to whites
 Assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas.
 Non-whites were forbidden to live, work or own land in areas belonging to whites

13. •Created ten African
"homelands" or small
nations.
•Made every black
South African a citizen
of one of the
homelands, effectively
excluding blacks from
South African politics.
•Created ten African
"homelands" or small
nations.
•Made every black
South African a citizen
of one of the
homelands, effectively
excluding blacks from
South African politics.

14. 13% of South Africa's total area for almost 75% of its
population!
The homelands were not developed industrially. This led to a situation in which working men
would migrate into white South Africa, work there for 11 months and return once a year to their
families for four weeks.
The homelands were not developed industrially. This led to a situation in which working men
would migrate into white South Africa, work there for 11 months and return once a year to their
families for four weeks.

15. How Was Apartheid Enforced?
1953, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed:
•Empowered the government to declare states of emergency
•Increased penalties for protesting against the law.
•Penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings.
•Empowered the government to declare states of emergency
•Increased penalties for protesting against the law.
•Penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings.

16. Anti-Apartheid
Movement
•Led by Nelson Mandela
•The ANC vigorously opposed the apartheid policies
of the ruling National Party.
•They used boycotts, strikes and civil disobedience.
•Led by Nelson Mandela
•The ANC vigorously opposed the apartheid policies
of the ruling National Party.
•They used boycotts, strikes and civil disobedience.
Nelson Mandela,
a leader of the
ANC, burns pass.
Nelson, inspired you are to use
non-violence! Freedom, you will
gain one day!

17. 1960: Sharpeville Massacre
The Sharpeville Massacre signaled the start of armed resistance in South Africa, and
prompted worldwide condemnation of South Africa's Apartheid policies.
The Sharpeville Massacre signaled the start of armed resistance in South Africa, and
prompted worldwide condemnation of South Africa's Apartheid policies.
In 1960, a large group of
blacks in Sharpeville
refused to carry their
passes.
The government declared a
state of emergency that
lasted for 156 days, leaving
69 people dead and 187
people wounded.
In 1960, a large group of
blacks in Sharpeville
refused to carry their
passes.
The government declared a
state of emergency that
lasted for 156 days, leaving
69 people dead and 187
people wounded.

18. Spear of
the Nation
After the Sharpeville
Massacre the ANC was
officially banned.
A guerrilla arm of the
ANC was then formed
called Spear of the
Nation.
After the Sharpeville
Massacre the ANC was
officially banned.
A guerrilla arm of the
ANC was then formed
called Spear of the
Nation.

19. Nelson Mandela
Arrested!
Nelson Mandela was arrested
many times, but in 1962 when
the ANC (African National
Congress) was banned, he
was found guilty of sabotage
and bombing of government
buildings.
Nelson Mandela was arrested
many times, but in 1962 when
the ANC (African National
Congress) was banned, he
was found guilty of sabotage
and bombing of government
buildings.
"Sabotage did not involve loss of life, and it offered the best
hope for future race relations. Bitterness would be kept to a
minimum and, if the policy bore fruit, democratic government
could become a reality.”
Film ClipFilm Clip

20. Mandela Imprisoned
In 1962 Mandela was convicted of
sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the
government. He was sentenced to life
imprisonment on the Robben Island
Maximum Security Prison
In 1962 Mandela was convicted of
sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the
government. He was sentenced to life
imprisonment on the Robben Island
Maximum Security Prison Film Clip start at
2:16
“To be free is not merely to cast off
one’s chains but to live in a way
that respects and enhances the
freedom of others.”

21. Film Clip
Throughout the 70s and 80s his imprisonment became a rallying point for black
resistance. Throughout the 80s he rejected several offers of release, all
conditional on his renouncing certain beliefs. He would not be released until
February 11, 1990, after 27 years in prison.
Throughout the 70s and 80s his imprisonment became a rallying point for black
resistance. Throughout the 80s he rejected several offers of release, all
conditional on his renouncing certain beliefs. He would not be released until
February 11, 1990, after 27 years in prison.

22. •Formed the Black Consciousness Group:
•Believed freedom could only be achieved if blacks stopped feeling inferior to whites
•Attracted enormous international attention, and is considered by many to be the
turning point in the demise of apartheid.

23. Biko was jailed and beaten into a semi-conscious state. He was kept chained
and naked for hours and then sent to a hospital 12 hours away.
Biko was jailed and beaten into a semi-conscious state. He was kept chained
and naked for hours and then sent to a hospital 12 hours away.
Biko Imprisoned
September 12, 1977 – Steven Biko died. He was 30 years old.
In announcing his death, South African authorities claimed Biko died after refusing food and
water for a week in a hunger strike.
September 12, 1977 – Steven Biko died. He was 30 years old.
In announcing his death, South African authorities claimed Biko died after refusing food and
water for a week in a hunger strike.

24. September '77
Port Elizabeth weather fine
It was business as usual
In police room 619
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
When I try and sleep at night
I can only dream in red
The outside world is black and white
With only one colour dead
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
September '77
Port Elizabeth weather fine
It was business as usual
In police room 619
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
When I try and sleep at night
I can only dream in red
The outside world is black and white
With only one colour dead
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
You can blow out a candle
But you can't blow out a fire
Once the flames begin to catch
The wind will blow it higher
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
And the eyes of the world are
watching now
watching now
You can blow out a candle
But you can't blow out a fire
Once the flames begin to catch
The wind will blow it higher
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
And the eyes of the world are
watching now
watching now
Biko –
Peter Gabriel
Biko –
Peter Gabriel
Song
(Descending Spirit)

25. Steve Biko
"One People One Nation" was written on Biko’s coffin
"We have set on a quest for true
humanity, and somewhere on the
distant horizon we can see the
glittering prize. Let us march forth
with courage and determination,
drawing strength from our common
plight and brotherhood. In time we
shall be in a position to bestow upon
South Africa the greatest gift possible
- a more human face".
-- Steve Biko

26. Spent his life speaking out against injustice and oppression.
Led a worldwide economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations
not to do business with South Africa.
 Many nations imposed trade restrictions on South Africa.
 UN condemned the South African government on human rights violations.
 Since the 1960s, South Africa was not allowed to join the Olympic games.
Spent his life speaking out against injustice and oppression.
Led a worldwide economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations
not to do business with South Africa.
 Many nations imposed trade restrictions on South Africa.
 UN condemned the South African government on human rights violations.
 Since the 1960s, South Africa was not allowed to join the Olympic games.

27. -- Desmond Tutu
"My vision is of a South Africa
that is totally non-racial...a
new South Africa, a free South
Africa, where all of us, black
and white together, will walk
tall; where all of us, black and
white together, will hold hands
as we stride forth on the
Freedom March to usher in the
new South Africa where
people will matter because
they are human beings made
in the image of God."

28. Elected by white South Africans as the new president in 1989.
He legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison.
Apartheid laws were repealed.
Agreed to hold elections in 1994 in which people of all races could vote.
Elected by white South Africans as the new president in 1989.
He legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison.
Apartheid laws were repealed.
Agreed to hold elections in 1994 in which people of all races could vote.

29. “The season of violence is over. The time for
reconstruction and reconciliation has arrived.”
“The season of violence is over. The time for
reconstruction and reconciliation has arrived.”
In 1990, the president of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, legalized the ANC
and released Mandela from prison after serving 27 years!!
In 1990, the president of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, legalized the ANC
and released Mandela from prison after serving 27 years!!

30. On February 11, 1990, Nelson Mandela
was released from prison!

31. “As I walked out the
door toward the gate
that would lead to my
freedom, I knew if I
didn't leave my
bitterness and hatred
behind, I'd still be in
prison.”

32. Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk won the Noble Peace Prize in
1993 for ending apartheid and creating a new democratic and
free South Africa!
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk won the Noble Peace Prize in
1993 for ending apartheid and creating a new democratic and
free South Africa!

33. Mandela Becomes
President
In 1994, Mandela was elected
president of South Africa.
Nelson Mandela was the first
black president of South Africa!
“We shall build a society in which
all South Africans, both black and
white, will be able to walk tall,
without fear in their hearts,
assured of their inalienable right to
human dignity – a rainbow nation
at peace with itself and the world."

34. “Out of the experience of an extraordinary human
disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society
of which all humanity will be proud.”
“Out of the experience of an extraordinary human
disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society
of which all humanity will be proud.”

35. South Africa Under Mandela
Nelson Mandela created a non-racial democracy and created a new flag
that represented all the people!
Once Mandela was president, he ended apartheid and created a new constitution!

37. Thabo Mbeki

In June 1996, Thabo Mbeki became
the Deputy President of the new
Government of National Unity.

In December 1997, Thabo Mbeki
became the new President of the
African National Congress.

Thabo Mbeki was elected President
of South Africa in June of 1999.

38. Jacob Zuma
Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma is the current
President of the African National Congress
(ANC), the governing political party, and was
Deputy President of South Africa from 1999 to
2005. Zuma is also referred to by his initials JZ
and his clan name Msholozi. Zuma became the
President of the ANC on December 18 2007
after defeating incumbent Thabo Mbeki at the
ANC conference in Polokwane. Zuma is the
ANC's presidential candidate in the general
election held on 22 April 2009.
"Never did I think as I was growing up here that one day I would
cast my vote here as I am doing," said Zuma, a 67-year-old
veteran of the struggle against apartheid. "It must be great,
feeling the difference from the olden days to where we are today,
when we can decide our own fate."