3. 1862: Chief Minister of Prussia.

4. Secured the UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

5. 1871: Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire.

7. Major industrial power.

8. Other nations expected Germany to follow an aggressive foreign policy.

9. Bismarck aimed to reassure leaders of Europe that he was a man of peace.

10. Rule: authoritarian, militaristic.

11. Kaiser: chose the Chancellor.

13. There was a growing pressure for overseas colonies.

15. Bismarck did not fear France alone, but feared an alliance of another major power with France would leave Germany vulnerable to attack.

16. Fear of a war on two fronts.

17. AIM: To deprive France of allies.

18. Austria-Hungary and Russia would be logical allies, but they opposed one another and this made the situation complex for Bismarck.

20. Austria-Hungary: wanted the Turkish Empire to remain strong. They feared NATIONALISM would spread into Austria-Hungary and cause the break up of Austria-Hungary.

21. BISMARCK: WISHED TO MAINTAIN RELATIONS WITH BOTH EMPIRES. WHAT DID HE DO?

23. General agreement of solidarity against social revolution.

24. Agreement of

25. conservative powers.

28. Russia moved to help Serbia and this led to war between Russia and Turkey in 1877.

29. Austria-Hungary and Britain demanded a Congress of Powers and this led to the CONGRESS OF BERLIN in 1878.

30. The fate of Turkey was a matter of concern to all powers.

31. Russian domination was checked without war.

32. Some states gained independence from Turkey.

33. Europe after the Congress of Berlin

35. In 1879 the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary was formed. (support one another in the event of an attack from Russia).

36. Why? Bismarck wanted to avoid Austria-Hungary forming an alliance with Britain and France.

37. “ I wanted to dig a ditch between her and the Western Powers”.

39. June 1881 the League of the Three Emperors was renewed.

40. If one of the three powers was at war with a fourth power then the other two would stay neutral.

41. Enabled Austria-Hungary to expand into Bosnia and Herzegovina and Russia to infleunce Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.

42. The treaty meant Russia would not join France against Germany.

44. Bismarck would now not have to choose which of the two nations to support.

45. Try to be one of three, so long as the world is governed by an unstable equilibrium of five great powers

47. Negotiations began in 1881 and the agreement finalised in 1882.

48. Italy were a mutual enemy of

49. France, although not

50. a “great” power.

52. 1883 Austria-Hungary and Germany promise to efend Rumania and Rumania. BUT this clashes with agreement with Russia.

53. The Triple Alliance assumes a war with Russia, yet the League of Three Emperors is based on Austria-Hungary and Russia co-operation!

55. They wanted to form an alliance with Eastern Rumelia.

56. Britain and Austria-Hungary support Bulgaria.

57. Russia kidnap the Bulgarian prince! He is forced to abdicate.

58. Bismarck is now forced to choose sides.

59. He backs up Austria-Hungary and the League of Three Emperors ends (again!).

61. Mutual support against a fourth power.

62. The agreement was altered and the focus was against Russia.

63. Bismarck: relief that the burden of opposing Russia was now a shared concern.

65. This Treaty had to be worded to fit around all of his other agreements.

66. Neutrality if either country was attacked by a third power.

67. BUT.....this agreement did not hold if Germany attacked France or Russia attacked Austria-Hungary. (How does this cause problems with the Dual Alliance?).

68. In 1888 published the terms of the Dual Alliance (why?)

70. Period of peace.

71. In 1888 Kaiser William II became ruler of Germany.

72. Bismarck resigned in 1890 due to clashes with the new Kaiser.

73. Bismarck was credited with keeping peace in Europe for two decades.

75. BISMARCK QUOTES http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvTeokFH8mA