1. Wetlands mapping in North America using MODIS 500m imagery July 28, 2011 ○ Gegen Tana a , Ryutaro Tateishi b a Graduate Schools of Science, Chiba University b Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University

2. What is a wetland?

3. Background － Definition of wetlands (Broadly used) Ramsar Convention: The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) The Ramsar convention (Ramsar 2004) defined wetlands as areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water , whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.

4. － Global wetlands locations in the Ramar Convention 160 countries participate in and 1953 wetlands are contained. Total surface area of designated sites (hectares): 190,455,433 (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) The Ramsar definition of " wetlands " is a broad one, including not just marshes, fen and peatland, but also lakes, coral reefs, temporary pools, even underground caves, and all sorts of other systems everywhere from the mountains to the sea, including man-made habitats. Background

8. Study area North America is defined in this study as Canada, United States , Mexico, the countries of Central America and the Caribbean Islands.

9. MCD43A4 : Terra+Aqua Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance 16-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V005 (All 23 periods of 2008) Spectral bands (1-7): Data used － Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance

11. － Land cover legend 20 land cover classes are defined by Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) Definition Code Class name R,G,B (color code) 1 Broadleaf e vergreen f orest 0,50,0 2 Broadleaf d eciduous f orest 60,150,0 3 Needleleaf e vergreen f orest 0,110,0 4 Needleleaf d eciduous f orest 85,110,25 5 Mixed f orest 0,200,0 6 Tree o pen 140,190,140 7 Shrub 190,190,0 8 Herbaceous 255,255,50 9 Herbaceous with s parse t ree / s hrub 180,230,100 10 Sparse vegetation 255,255,205 11 Cropland 255,175,80 12 P addy field 145,50,230 1 3 Cropland / o ther v egetation m osaic 220,160,255 1 4 Mangrove 155,130,230 15 Wetland 180,250,240 16 Bare Area,consolidated(gravel,rock) 150,150,150 17 Bare Area,unconsolidated (sand) 200,200,200 18 Urban 255,0,0 19 Snow / i ce 250,250,250 20 Water bodies 175,210,240

12. － Definition of wetlands in LCCS Wetland formula in LCCS2 : Closed to Open Woody Vegetation Water Quality: Fresh Water // Closed to Open Woody Vegetation Water Quality: Brackish Water // Closed to Open Herbaceous Vegetation. Water Quality: Fresh Water or Brackish Water. Depending on the level of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) expressed in parts per million (ppm), three classes are distinguished: fresh, brackish and saline water (Cowardin et al., 1979). 1) Fresh Water: Less than 1 000 ppm TDS. 2) Brackish Water: Between 1 000 and 10 000 ppm TDS. 3) Saline Water: More than 10 000 ppm TDS The main layer consists of closed to open woody vegetation. The crown cover is between 100 and 15%. The height is in the range of 7 - 2m. The main layer consists of closed to open herbaceous vegetation. The crown cover is between 100 and 15%. The height is in the range of 3 - 0.03m. Three main components : Hydrology, Soil and Vegetation LCCS definition : Land cover definition by Land Cover Classification System version 2 (LCCS2) developed by FAO ( http://www.glcn-lccs.org/ ) . Definition

13. Vegetated area Validation Wetland map Non-vegetated area Methodology － The flow of the study 23 period of MCD43A4(2008) NDWI Preprocessing Reference data Training data GLCNMO STRM 90m NDSI MODIS Tasseled Cap Indices Maximum likelihood classification Decision tree model III IV V I II II

14. Methodology － Part I: MODIS preprocessing Download the MCD43A4 Mosaic the tiles Resampling Modis Reprojection Tool (MRT) Cloud removal Reprojection Cloud free data

16. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI): (Gao, 1996) － Part II: NDWI & NDSI Bo-Cai G.NDWI--A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space, Remote sensing of environment, 1996, pp257-266 Dorothy K. Halla, George A. Riggsb and Vincent V. Salomonsonc. NDSI:Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data Remote Sensing of Environment, 1995 (D.K Halla, 1996) Methodology

17. － Part III: Dominant wetland types in North America (source – the Convention on Wetlands website) O — Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha) H — Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes. Tp - Permanent freshwater marshes/pools; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least most of the growing season. F — Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas. J — Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea. A — Permanent shallow marine waters in most cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits. E — Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems and humid dune slacks. I — Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests. G — Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats. Xf - Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands; includes freshwater swamp forests, seasonally flooded forests, wooded swamps on inorganic soils. Methodology

19. Methodology － Part III: Training data collection Common part of existing maps Google Earth Ramsar Convention Landsat ETM+ Google Earth Non-vegetated* 1 and vegetated * 2 land cover types Wetland Collection of training data *1: Water, Snow, Urban, Bare (Rock&Sand) *2: Broadleaf evergreen forest, Broadleaf deciduous forest, Needleleaf evergreen forest, Needleleaf deciduous forest, Mixed forest, Tree open, Shrub, Herbaceous, Herbaceous with sparse tree/shrub, Sparse vegetation, Cropland, Paddy field, Cropland/other vegetation mosaic, Mangrove,

20. Methodology － Part IV: Decision tree model STRM 90m <1000m NDWI_8<0.2013 Water Snow Wetland&Other vagetation NDSI_P10<0.1391 Mask of Urban&Bare area (GLCNMO) Resampling No Yes Yes No

22. Result Wetlands Others Water

23. Comparison (1) － Everglades National Park (United States) Google Earth image Result of this study GLOBCOVER GLC2000

24. Comparison (2) Result of this study GLOBCOVER GLC2000 － Reserva de la Biosfera Ría Celestún (Mexico) Google Earth image

26. Thank you for your attention!

29. Background － Global wetland databases Name:Global wetland distribution Resolution: Year:1987 Name:Distribution of wetlands Resolution: Year: Name: GLC2000 Resolution: 1km Year:2000 Name: GLCNMO Resolution: 1km Year:2003 Name: GLOBCOVER Resolution: 300m Year:2005 Name:Global lakes and wetlands database Resolution:1km Year:2004 Wetlands Wetlands Wetlands