2. The World Since 1945:
An Overview
(1945–present)
Section 1: The Changing Political
Climate
Section 2: Global Economic Trends
Section 3: Changing Patterns of
Life
3. The Changing Political Climate
• How did the end of colonialism and the Cold
War shape the world?
• How did new nations try to form stable
governments?
• What role have world organizations played?
• What enduring issues face the world today?
1
4. The Cold War and the End of
Colonialism
In the postwar decades, the colonial empires built by the
western powers crumbled.
In Asia and Africa, people demanded and won freedoms.
Between 1950 and 1980, more than 50 new nations emerged in
Africa alone.
The new nations emerged in a world dominated and divided by
the Cold War. Each of the superpowers, the United States and
the Soviet Union, wanted new countries to adopt its ideology, or
system of thought or belief—either capitalism or socialism.
6. After winning independence, new nations had high hopes for the
future. Still, they faced immense problems.
New nations wrote constitutions modeled on western
democracies.
Most were unable to sustain democratic rule.
As problems multiplied, military or authoritarian leaders often
took control. They imposed order by building one-party
dictatorships.
Despite setbacks, in the 1980s and 1990s democracy did make
progress in some African, Asian, and Latin American nations.
1
How Did New Nations Seek Stability?
7. The Role of World Organizations
International organizations deal with issues of global concern.
The UN was set up as a forum for settling world disputes. Its
responsibilities have expanded greatly since 1945. UN agencies
provide services for millions of people worldwide.
Many nations formed regional groups to promote trade or meet
common needs. Examples include the European Union (EU) and the
North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA).
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) play a
large role in the world economy. WHO is the World Health
Organization. NGOs swoop in to help in many crisis areas.
Other types of nongovernmental organizations have forged valuable
global networks. Examples include the International Olympic
Committee and the International Red Cross.
1
8. A family in Indonesia tries to make their way to shelter after tsunamis destroyed
their village in 2004.
Aid organizations like CARE (logo above) worked to bring relief to the devastated
region.
NGO’s= non-government organizations, like Greenpeace, Oxfam, Amnesty
International, International Red Cross/Red Crescent, Doctors Without Borders, etc.
11. •Loss and weakening of state/governmental sovereignty
•Pressure to conform to global norms (business, law, culture, etc..)
•Increased demands for autonomy (freedom?) within state borders
•More vulnerable to actions/choices of other nations
•Need to be more sensitive to decisions within the state
•Problems once containable now spread to other nations more easily
(crime, drugs, disease, pollution, terrorism, economic crisis)
•Resources (land, capital, people) more easily exploited in developing
states
•More pressure to compete globally
•Rapid raise in costs of urbanization and industrialization
(pollution, crime, economic stratification, erosion of traditional
culture)
•"Americanization" or "Westernization" of culture and politics;
emphasis on homogeneity (McWorld)
Costs of Globalization
12. •Interdependence leads to more cooperation on larger
problems
•Reduction in barriers to trade, investment, and capital
(human and physical) makes economic transactions
easier, more efficient and more profitable
•Rapid economic growth
•Consumers gain more access to wider array of products and
reduced costs
•Creation of regional and global institutions to cope with
regional or global issues
•Spread of democracy and human rights
•Empowerment of non-state actors
•New avenues for political access, redress and voice
•Creating a sense of global citizenship
Benefits of Globalization
13. Global Issues
Many issues pose a challenge to world peace.
DEADLY WEAPONS
Since the United States exploded
two atomic bombs in
1945, nations have poured
resources into building nuclear
weapons.
Weapons of Mass Destruction--
WMDs
HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights include “the right
to life, liberty, and security of
person.” Human rights
abuses, including torture and
arbitrary arrest, occur around the
world.
THE QUESTION OF INTERVENTION
Does the world community have a
duty to step in to end human rights
abuses? How can it intervene when
the UN Charter forbids any action
that violates the independence of a
member nation?
TERRORISM
Since the
1960s, incidents of
terrorism have increased
around the world.
14. An Illegal Crossing
Each year tens of thousands of illegal
immigrants, like this family, risk their lives to
cross the border between Mexico and the
United States. What factors lead people to
risk their lives in illegal border crossing?
Why do signs like the one above fail to deter
many migrants?
Immigration Issues
16. Section Assessment
The Great Liberation refers to the end of
a) World War II.
b) European colonial empires.
c) the Cold War.
d) terrorism.
Which of the following was a regional group created to
promote trade and meet common needs?
a) the European Union
b) the International Red Cross
c) the International Olympic Committee
d) the UN
1
17. 1
Section Assessment
The Great Liberation refers to the end of
a) World War II.
b) European colonial empires.
c) the Cold War.
d) terrorism.
Which of the following was a regional group created to
promote trade and meet common needs?
a) the European Union
b) the International Red Cross
c) the International Olympic Committee
d) the UN
18. Global Economic Trends
• In what ways are the global North and South
economically interdependent?
• Why have developing nations had trouble
reaching their goals?
• How is economic development linked to the
environment?
2
19.
20. The Global North and South
It includes the industrial nations of
Europe and North America, as well
as Japan and Australia.
Although pockets of poverty
exist, the standard of living is
generally high.
Most people are literate, earn
adequate wages, and have basic
health services.
Most nations have basically
capitalist economies.
It refers to the developing world.
The South has 75 percent of the
world’s population and much of
its natural resources.
While some nations have enjoyed
strong growth, overall the global
South remains underdeveloped
and poor.
For most people, life is a daily
struggle for survival.
An economic gulf divides the world into two spheres — the
relatively rich nations of the global North and the relatively poor
nations of the global South.
GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH
2
21. Economic Interdependence
Rich and poor nations are linked by many economic ties.
•The nations of the global North control much of the world’s
capital, trade, and technology.
•The global North depends on low-paid workers in developing
states to produce manufactured goods as inexpensively as possible.
In an interdependent world, events in one country can affect
people everywhere.
EXAMPLE: In 1973, a political crisis led the oil-rich nations of the
Middle East to halt oil exports and raise oil prices. OPEC These
actions sent economic shock waves around the world.
2
OPEC
22. Obstacles to Development
POPULATION AND POVERTY
In the developing world, rapid population growth is linked to poverty.
ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE
Most new nations remained dependent on their former colonial rulers.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY
Political unrest often hindered economic development.
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Many new nations saw socialism, rather than capitalism, as a way to
modernize quickly. In the long run, socialism blocked economic growth.
Why have many developing nations been unable to make
progress toward modernization?
GEOGRAPHY
Lack of natural resources, difficult climates, uncertain rainfall, and lack
of good farmland have been obstacles for some nations.
2
25. Now, across the developing world, many people are caught in a cycle of poverty. The UN
estimates that 35,000 children die each day from starvation, disease, and other effects of
poverty. Because of malnutrition and the lack of good schools, millions of people are prone
to disease and unable to earn a good living. They and their children remain poor and
cannot escape this tragic cycle.
Rising Populations Strain Resources
26. Development and the
Environment
Economic development has taken a heavy toll on the
environment. Modern industry and agriculture have
gobbled up natural resources and polluted much of the
world’s water, air, and soil.
•Strip mining destroyed much land.
•Chemical pesticides and fertilizers harmed the soil and water.
•Gases from factories produced acid rain.
•The emission of gases into the upper atmosphere has caused
global warming, the increase in world temperatures.
2
Rich nations consume most of the world’s resources and produce
much of its pollution. At the same time, they have led the
campaign to protect the environment.
27. A Risky Situation
Vials of the bacteria that cause plague were left improperly secured in
Kazakhstan by Soviet scientists.
Nukes or plutonium for sale???
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an
international organization designed by its
founders to supervise and liberalize
international trade. The organization officially
commenced on January 1, 1995 under the
Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which
commenced in 1947.
35.
36. Ending Child Labor RUGMARK, an organization
that works to end child labor, sponsors the
education of South Asian students like this girl.
The RUGMARK label on her sleeve also appears
on carpets and rugs that were made without
child labor. What effect might labels like this
one have on people’s buying habits?
Often it is slave labor/children who pick the
beans for your chocolate--and for minimal
wages, if they are paid at all.
Human Trafficking, debt slavery, child
soldiers, prostitution, sexploitation, smuggling, a
nd body parts…are all BIG issues.
Nike sweatshop
in China.
37.
38.
39. Which of the following is true?
a) The Global South has 75 percent of the world’s
population.
b) The Global North has 75 percent of the world’s
population.
c) Most nations in the Global North have basically
socialist economies.
d) Most people in the Global South enjoy a high
standard of living.
The country with the lowest infant mortality rate in 1999 was
a) Angola. c) the United States.
b) Japan. d) Guatemala.
Section Assessment
2
40. Section Assessment
2
Which of the following is true?
a) The Global South has 75 percent of the world’s
population.
b) The Global North has 75 percent of the world’s
population.
c) Most nations in the Global North have basically
socialist economies.
d) Most people in the Global South enjoy a high standard
of living.
The country with the lowest infant mortality rate in 1999 was
a) Angola. c) the United States.
b) Japan. d) Guatemala.
41. Antarctica is the coldest inhabited place on Earth. From September to March—the summer
months—temperatures are about 50 degrees below zero with a wind chill of 80 below. Winter
months are 50 degrees colder than that. There is continuous daylight in the summer and
darkness in winter. Visitors only see sunrises and sunsets for a few weeks between the seasons.
Scientists work year-round in the harsh conditions of the South Pole. It is a forbidding
environment that not everyone is ready to face
45. Chapter 18: The Colonies Become
New Nations
Chapter Objective
Trace independence movements and political conflicts in Africa
and Asia as colonialism gave way after World War II.
SECTION 1 The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom
Trace the struggles for freedom on the Indian subcontinent.
SECTION 2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
Trace the independence movements in the
Philippines, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia.
SECTION 3 New Nations in Africa
Explain the independence movements and struggles in
Ghana, Kenya, Congo, and Angola.
**SECTION 4 Conflicts in the Middle East
Describe the formation of Israel and the conflicts in the
Middle East.
SECTION 5 Central Asia Struggles
Summarize the struggles for independence in Central Asia.
51. In an effort to end India's religious
strife, he resorted to fasts and visits to
the troubled areas. He was on one such
vigil in New Delhi when Nathuram
Godse, a Hindu extremist who objected
to Gandhi's tolerance for the
Muslims, fatally shot him. Known
as Mahatma, or "the great soul," during
his lifetime, Gandhi's persuasive methods
of civil disobedience influenced leaders
of civil rights movements around the
world, especially Martin Luther
King, Jr. in the United States.
On 30 January
1948, Gandhi was shot
and killed while having
his nightly public walk
on the grounds…
52.
53. Why Was India Partitioned?
After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for
independence.
Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan.
Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to
partition, or divide, the subcontinent.
In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim
Pakistan.
As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted
in Northern India.
Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million
people, including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed.
Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions
persisted.
1
55. Hat worn by Indian border guards along the
border with Pakistan
Refugees Flee Amid Violence
However, Hindus and Muslims still lived
side by side in many cities and rural areas.
As soon as the new borders became
known, millions of Hindus on the Pakistani
side of the borders packed up their
belongings and fled to the new India. At
the same time, millions of Muslims fled
into newly created Pakistan. An estimated
10 million people fled their homes, most
of them on foot.
Muslims fleeing along the crowded roads
into Pakistan were slaughtered by Hindus
and Sikhs , members of an Indian religious
minority. Muslims massacred Hindu and
Sikh neighbors. Around one million people
died in these massacres. Others died of
starvation and exposure on the road.
56. India’s population boom and the labor-saving
methods of the Green Revolution resulted in
millions of rural families migrating to cities.
But overcrowded cities like Kolkata (or
Calcutta) and Mumbai (or Bombay) could not
provide jobs and basic services for everyone.
To help the urban poor, Mother Teresa, a
Roman Catholic nun, founded the Missionaries
of Charity in Calcutta. This group provides food
and medical care to thousands. Still, millions
more remained in desperate need.
The Indian government backed family
planning, but did not adopt the harsh policies
that China did. Efforts to slow population
growth had limited success. Poorer
Indians, especially in rural areas, still see
children as an economic resource who help
work the land and care for parents in old age.
Combating Poverty
Mother Teresa worked with
the poor in Calcutta, India.
57.
58. Cities Rapidly Grow
In African, Asian, and Latin American nations, people have flooded into cities such as São
Paulo, Brazil, and Mumbai, India, to find jobs and escape rural poverty. Besides economic
opportunities, cities offer attractions such as stores, concerts, and sports. However, with no
money and few jobs, newcomers must often settle in shantytowns. These slums of flimsy
shacks are as crowded and dangerous as the slums of Europe and North America were in the
1800s and early 1900s. They lack basic services, such as running water, electricity, or sewers.
Drugs and crime are constant threats.
Mumbai, India, a poor slum contrasts sharply with an affluent suburb.
59. Bangalore: A Customer Support Center
Workers in Bangalore, India, serve as customer service operators for American
and European companies. To make callers feel more comfortable, the operators
are trained in English and American slang.
How do you expect the customer service industry to change as more countries
develop?
Outsourcing of American jobs gains India money,
employment and infrastructure, but costs America bigtime!
60. “Vivisection” of India (Gandhi)
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League
• Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party
• 1947 partition
– 500,000 killed
– 10 million refugees
• India moves toward
nonalignment position
– The “third path”
61. The Two Pakistans Grow Apart
From the beginning, West Pakistan tended to dominate the nation’s
government, even though East Pakistan had a larger population. The
government concentrated most economic development programs in
West Pakistan, while East Pakistan remained mired in poverty. Most
people in East Pakistan were Bengalis, while West Pakistanis came from
other ethnic groups. Many Bengalis resented the central government’s
neglect of their region.
Bangladesh Breaks Away
In 1971, Bengalis declared independence for East Pakistan under the
new name of Bangladesh, or “Bengali Nation.” Pakistan’s military ruler
ordered the army to crush the rebels. India supported the rebels by
attacking and defeating the Pakistani army in Bangladesh. Pakistan was
eventually compelled to recognize the independence of Bangladesh.
62. Cause and Effect: Partition of India
1
Muslim conquest
of northern India
in 1100s
British imperialism
in India
Nationalists
organize the
Indian National
Congress in 1885
Muslim
nationalists form
separate Muslim
League in 1906
Long-Term
Causes
World War II
weakens European
colonial empires
Pressure from Indian
nationalists
increases
Insistence by
Muhammad Ali
Jinnah and the
Muslim League that
Muslims have their
own state
Rioting between
Hindus and Muslims
throughout northern
India
Short-Term
Causes
Violence erupts as
millions of Hindus
and Muslims cross
the border
between India
and Pakistan
Gandhi is
assassinated by
Hindu extremists
India and Pakistan
become centers
of Cold War
rivalry
Establishment of
the state of
Bangladesh
Effects
Continuing clash
between India and
Pakistan over Kashmir
Nuclear arms race as
both India and
Pakistan refuse to
sign Non-Proliferation
Treaty
Oh, yeah--
That’s where
Osama was
“hiding”
Connections to
Today
64. Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden
Arabic: (March 10, 1957 – May 1, 2011)
was a member of the prominent Saudi bin Laden family and the founding leader of
the terrorist organization a l-Qaeda, best known for the September 11 attacks on the
United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian targets.
Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's list of FBI Ten Most
Wanted Fugitives.
Since 2001, Osama bin Laden and his organization had been major targets of the
United States' War on Terror. Bin Laden and fellow Al-Qaeda leaders were believed
to be hiding near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered
Tribal Areas. Navy SEALs took him out.
Got
him!
65. The assassination of Benazir Bhutto
occurred on 27 December 2007
in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Bhutto, twice Prime
Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990; 1993–
1996) and then-leader of the opposition
Pakistan Peoples Party, had been
campaigning ahead of elections due in
January 2008. Shots were fired at her after
a political rally and a suicide bomb was
detonated immediately following the
shooting. She was declared dead at 18:16
local time, at Rawalpindi General Hospital.
24 other people were killed by the bombing.
Bhutto had previously survived a similar
attempt on her life that killed at least 139
people, after her return from exile two
months earlier.
Though early reports indicated that she had
been hit by shrapnel or the gunshots, the
Pakistani Interior Ministry initially stated
that Bhutto died of a skull fracture sustained
when the force of the explosion caused her
head to strike the sunroof of the vehicle.
The War on Terrorism had a major impact on
Pakistan, when terrorism inside Pakistan increased
twofold. The country was already gripped with
sectarian violence, but after 9/11, it also had the
direct threat of Al-Qaeda and Taliban, which usually
targeted high-profile political figures.
66. The Kashmir Question
In 1947, British India was partitioned into
Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority
Pakistan. Kashmir is claimed by both India and
Pakistan and has been a battleground between
the two countries. The documents below help
to show why the “Kashmir problem” remains
worrisome today.
67. Struggles Over
Kashmir
Following independence, India
and Pakistan fought a war
over Kashmir, a state in the
Himalayas with Muslim and
Hindu populations. Its Hindu
ruler sought to join India even
though much of the state’s
Muslim majority wanted to be
part of Pakistan. In 1949, India
and Pakistan agreed to stop
fighting.
The peace between the two nations was short-lived. In 1965, Pakistan
and India fought another war over Kashmir and have had several brief
clashes since then. Over the years, Muslim Kashmiri
separatists, supported by militants from neighboring Pakistan, have
fought Indian troops. Indian forces, in turn, have attacked Muslim
Kashmiris.
68. Democracy: The Global
Spread of Democracy
This chapter describes
the spread of democracy
to West Germany and
Japan and later to
Eastern Europe. Using an
encyclopedia, research
the move to democracy
in an Eastern European
country. Then research a
move to democracy in a
country in Latin
America, East Asia, or
Africa. How was the
transition to democracy
similar or different in
these two countries?
69.
70.
71. 71
Indian Democracy
• Indian democracy flourishes
under Indira Ghandi (1917-1984)
– Daughter of Nehru, no relationship
to Mohandas
– “Green Revolution” increases
agricultural yields
– Repressive policies to slow
population growth, including
forced sterilization
• Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards
after attack on Sikh extremists in
Amritsar, 1984
72. Sikhs Rebel
Some Indian Sikhs wanted independence for
the prosperous and largely Sikh state
of Punjab. In 1984, armed Sikh separatists took
dramatic action. They occupied the Golden
Temple, the Sikh religion’s holiest shrine.
When talks failed to oust them, Indira Gandhi
sent troops. Thousands of Sikhs died in the
fighting, and the Golden Temple was damaged.
A few months later, Gandhi’s Sikh bodyguards
assassinated her, igniting more religious
violence.
Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi led India from 1966
to 1977 and again from
1980 to 1984.
73. Urbanization
undermined some
traditions, but most
Indians continued to
live in villages.
The government tried
to end discrimination
based on caste.
However, deep
prejudice continued.
India adopted a socialist
model to expand agriculture
and industry.
Rapid population growth
hurt efforts to improve
living conditions.
An economic slowdown
forced India to privatize
some industries and make
foreign investment easier.
India’s constitution set up a
federal system.
For 40 years after
independence, the Nehru
family led India.
India’s size and diversity
have contributed to
religious and regional
divisions.
Today, India is the world’s
largest democratic nation.
SOCIALECONOMICPOLITICAL
India: Political, Economic, and Social Change
1
74.
75.
76. Pakistan and Bangladesh
After independence, military leaders
seized power and ruled as dictators.
When civilian leaders were finally
elected, the military continued to
intervene.
The country lacked natural
resources for industry.
Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts.
Severe economic problems and
corruption plagued the government.
Forty percent of the nation’s budget
In 1971, Bengalis declared
independence for Bangladesh.
Geography has made it difficult to
rise out of poverty.
Explosive population growth has
further strained resources.
Since the early 1990s, civilian
governments have worked to
encourage foreign investments.
PAKISTAN BANGLADESH
1
77. Bangladeshi Laily Begum used to
sleep in a cow shed and spend her
days begging. Then she got a loan
for $119 from Grameen Bank, a
Bangladesh-based organization
that lends money to the poor. She
bought a cow and began to build
her own business selling milk.
Today she and her husband own
several shops and a restaurant.
“People now come to me for help
. . . I can feed myself and my
family, and now other people look
at me and they treat me with
respect.”
—Laily Begum, February 12, 1998
A loan recipient poses with the
cows she bought to help generate
income.
Micro-loans allow
people to help
themselves.
78. Conflict Divides Sri Lanka
The British colony of Ceylon, an island just south of India, gained independence in 1948. It
changed its name to Sri Lanka in 1972. A majority of Sri Lankans are Buddhists who speak
Sinhalese. However, a large Tamil-speaking Hindu minority lives in the north and east. Sri
Lanka adopted policies that favored the Sinhalese majority. These policies angered many
Tamils. In the late 1970s, Tamil rebels began a military struggle for a separate Tamil nation.
After years of fighting, Sri Lanka’s government and the Tamil rebels signed a peace
agreement in 2002. The rebels agreed to stop fighting, and the government agreed to give
the Tamil region some freedoms. However, it was uncertain whether this agreement
would hold.
79.
80. Bangladesh Breaks Away
In 1971, Bengalis declared
independence for East Pakistan
under the new name
of Bangladesh, or “Bengali
Nation.” Pakistan’s military ruler
ordered the army to crush the
rebels. India supported the
rebels by attacking and
defeating the Pakistani army in
Bangladesh. Pakistan was
eventually compelled to
recognize the independence of
Bangladesh.
Floods Ravage Bangladesh Devastating floods
often occur in Bangladesh after the summer
rains. In this photo, relief workers are
delivering supplies to a family trapped on their
roof. How might frequent floods make it more
difficult to improve the economy of
Bangladesh?
81. Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India?
a) British imperialism in India
b) World War II
c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh
d) the organization of the Indian National Congress
Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after
independence?
a) lack of natural resources
b) government corruption
c) ethnic tensions
d) failed socialist economic policies
Section Assessment
1
82. Section Assessment
1
Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India?
a) British imperialism in India
b) World War II
c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh
d) the organization of the Indian National Congress
Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after
independence?
a) lack of natural resources
b) government corruption
c) ethnic tensions
d) failed socialist economic policies
83.
84. How is South Asia Linked
to World Affairs?
• India and Pakistan achieved their independence as
the Cold War began.
• Pakistan accepted military aid from the United
States, while India signed a treaty of friendship with
the Soviet Union.
• When the Cold War ended, both India and Pakistan
sought aid from the western powers.
• Regional conflicts bred global concern after both
India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons.
• Non-aligned countries Like India, Pakistan, & Latin
America were referred to as the Third World.
1
85.
86. Developing Nations of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asian nations faced many problems after independence.
They lacked experience in self-government.
They faced complex ethnic and religious conflicts.
Demands for political freedom and social justice were frequent.
For years, repressive military rulers
battled rebel ethnic minorities.
They isolated the country and
imposed state socialism.
In 1990, the government held
elections. The opposition party
won, but the military rejected the
election results.
Geography posed an obstacle to
unity in Indonesia.
Under authoritarian rule,
Indonesia made great economic
progress.
The 1997 Asian financial crisis led to
riots against the government.
A new government was elected and
faced many problems.
MYANMAR INDONESIA
4
87.
88. Myanmar Suffers
Britain granted independence to its former colony of Burma in 1948. Burma was renamed
Myanmar in 1989. Ethnic tensions have plagued Myanmar. The majority, Burmans, have
dominated other ethnic groups. The military government has limited foreign trade, and
living standards remain low.
Under mounting foreign pressure, elections were held in 1990. A party opposed to
military rule won. It was led by Aung San Suu Kyi, whose father had helped Burma win
independence. The military rejected the election results and jailed, killed, or exiled many
opponents. Suu Kyi was held under house arrest. In 1995, Suu Kyi won the Nobel Peace
Prize for her “nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights,” but she remained a
prisoner in her own country.
Aung San Suu Kyi 1945–,
is a Burmese political leader; grad.
Oxford Univ. The daughter of
assassinated (1947) nationalist general
U Aung San, who is regarded as the
founder of modern Myanmar,
Aung San Suu Kyi was released in
November after spending most of
the past 20 years under house
arrest in Myanmar (AFP/File, Soe
Than Win)
89. Sukarno, Indonesia’s first president, who won their independence from the Dutch, was
removed by Suharto, whose “New Order” got population growth and food production under
control.
Flag of the Southeast Asian
nation of Malaysia
Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
Was elected for the second time as king.
The title is mostly ceremonial.
The Prime Minister
really runs the show:
Najib Razak
90. Southeast Asia’s Oil Wealth
Oil and gas reserves have been an important
source of wealth for Indonesia and its
neighbors. This oil well is in the oil-rich
monarchy of Brunei. Brunei is on the island of
Borneo, which is divided among
Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Ethnic Conflicts and Natural Disasters
Religious and ethnic conflicts fueled violence in parts of Indonesia. In the Moluccas, a
group of eastern islands, fighting between Muslims and Christians claimed thousands of
lives. Discrimination against Chinese on the island of Java led to vicious attacks on their
businesses. Rebels in Papua, on the island of New Guinea at the eastern end of
Indonesia, sought independence from Indonesia, as did conservative Muslim rebels in
Aceh), at the northwestern end of Indonesia.
Natural disasters have added to Indonesia’s
troubles. In 2004, an earthquake caused a
tsunami, or giant wave, that devastated the
coast of Aceh and left over 100,000 dead.
Related tsunamis ravaged Thailand, Sri
Lanka, and other countries around the Indian
Ocean.
91. The Pacific Rim
• By the 1990s, the volume of trade across the Pacific Rim was
greater than that across the Atlantic. The region has potential
for further growth.
• Countries on the Pacific Rim formed a huge market that
lured investors, especially multinational corporations.
• The development of the Pacific Rim promises to bring the
Americas and Asia closer together.
In the modern global economy, Southeast Asia and East Asia
are part of a vast region known as the Pacific Rim. It includes
countries in Asia and the Americas that border the Pacific
Ocean.
4
92. Pacific Powerhouse The countries of the Pacific Rim have geographic, cultural, and
economic ties. The region is a major center of ocean trade routes, shown on the map above.
93. Section Assessment
After the United States withdrew from the Vietnam War,
a) the North Vietnamese united the country.
b) South Vietnam invaded North Vietnam.
c) Vietnam remained divided.
d) the Soviet Union occupied the country.
The Pacific Rim refers to countries in
a) Asia and the Americas that border the Pacific Ocean.
b) East Asia and India that border the Pacific Ocean.
c) North and South America that border the Pacific Ocean.
d) East Asia and South Asia that border the Pacific Ocean.
4
94. Section Assessment
4
After the United States withdrew from the Vietnam War,
a) the North Vietnamese united the country.
b) South Vietnam invaded North Vietnam.
c) Vietnam remained divided.
d) the Soviet Union occupied the country.
The Pacific Rim refers to countries in
a) Asia and the Americas that border the Pacific Ocean.
b) East Asia and India that border the Pacific Ocean.
c) North and South America that border the Pacific Ocean.
d) East Asia and South Asia that border the Pacific Ocean.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99. Japan Becomes an
Economic Superpower
• What factors made Japan’s recovery an economic miracle?
• How did Japan interact economically and politically with
other nations?
• How are patterns of life changing in Japan?
1
100. Recovery and Economic Miracle
In 1945, Japan lay in ruins. What factors allowed Japan
to recover and produce an economic miracle?
• Japan’s success was based on producing goods for export. At first, the
nation manufactured textiles. Later, it shifted to making steel, and then to high
technology.
• While Japan had to rebuild from scratch, the nation had successfully
industrialized in the past. Thus, it was able to quickly build
efficient, modern factories and adapt the latest technology.
• Japan benefited from an educated, highly skilled work force.
• Japanese workers saved much of their money. These savings gave banks the
capital to invest in industrial growth.
• Japan did not have to spend money on maintaining a
large military force.
1
101. Peace Comes to Japan
A 1945 poster printed by a Japanese
bank encourages people to “make a
bright future for Japan.”
Land Reform Benefits Japanese Farmers
Japan’s postwar land reform redistributed land from wealthy landlords to small
farmers such as the ones in this photo.
How would ownership of land benefit farmers?
102. In 1952, the United States ended the
occupation and signed a peace
treaty with Japan. Still, the two
nations kept close ties.
American military forces maintained
bases in Japan, which in turn was
protected by American nuclear
weapons.
The two countries were also trading
partners, eventually competing with
each other in the global economy.
Japan’s Economic Miracle
By the 1970s and 1980s, Japan prospered by manufacturing products to be sold
overseas, such as the televisions being assembled in this photo.
104. Economic and Political Interaction
• The oil crisis of the 1970s brought home Japan’s dependence on
the world market. In response to the economic challenge the oil
crisis presented, Japan sought better relations with oil-producing
nations of the Middle East.
• Japan has had to deal with nations that still held bitter memories
of World War II. Japan was slow to apologize for its wartime
actions. In the 1990s, Japanese leaders offered some public
regrets for the destruction of the war years.
• For many years, Japan took a back seat in international politics.
More recently, it has taken on a larger world role. Today, Japan
ranks as the world’s largest donor of foreign aid. Well….
1
105. Changing Patterns of Life
• In the 1990s, Japan faced a terrible economic depression. Many workers
lost the security of guaranteed lifetime employment, and confidence was
undermined.
• In the 1990s, charges of corruption greatly weakened Japan’s dominant
political party, the LDP. Some younger, reform-minded politicians broke
with the LDP, threatening its monopoly on power.
• Today, most Japanese live in crowded cities in tiny, cramped apartments.
• While women have legal equality, traditional attitudes keep them in
subordinate positions in the workplace.
• For decades, Japanese sacrificed family life to work long hours. Many
younger Japanese, however, want more time to enjoy themselves. Some
older Japanese worry that the old work ethic is weakening.
1
107. Tsunami
A deadly 8.9 earthquake struck
Japan, one of the largest
earthquakes in the history of
Japan.
A massive 23-foot tsunami also
hit the coast killing
hundreds, leveling homes, and
sweeping away cars and boats.
200 to 300 bodies were found
in the northeastern coastal city
of Sendai, according to the AP.
Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko
108. Section Assessment
1
Which of the following contributed to Japan’s economic
recovery?
a) Japan was industrializing for the first time.
b) Japan’s large military helped revitalize the
economy.
c) Japan had an educated, highly skilled work force.
d) Japanese people spent most of their earnings.
In 1997, Japan exported the vast majority of the motor
vehicles it produced to a) Britain.
b) Germany.
c) Saudi Arabia.
d) the United States.
109. Section Assessment
1
Which of the following contributed to Japan’s economic
recovery?
a) Japan was industrializing for the first time.
b) Japan’s large military helped revitalize the
economy.
c) Japan had an educated, highly skilled work force.
d) Japanese people spent most of their earnings.
In 1997, Japan exported the vast majority of the motor
vehicles it produced to a) Britain.
b) Germany.
c) Saudi Arabia.
d) the United States.
116. Achieving Independence
• How did colonialism contribute to a growing
spirit of nationalism?
• What routes to freedom did Ghana, Kenya, and
Algeria follow?
• How did the Cold War affect Africa?
1
117. Nelson Mandela, who led a struggle against racial discrimination, was
imprisoned for 27 years, but eventually became president of South
Africa.
in South Africa from 1948 to 1994, a policy or system of
segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.
The white supremacist government
segregated education, medical care, beaches, and other public
services, and provided black people with services inferior to
those of white people.
120. Decolonization in Africa
• 19th century “scramble for Africa”
• Legacy of colonial competition
• Internal divisions
– Tribal
– Ethnic
– Linguistic
– Religious
121. France and North Africa
• Abandonment of most territories
– 1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13
other colonies in 1960
• But determination to retain Algeria
– Longer period of French colonization
– 2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria
by WW II
122. 122
Négritude: “Blackness”
• Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA
• Revolt against white colonial
values, reaffirmation of African civilization
• Connection with socialism, Communism
• Geopolitical implications
African needs unity. OAU Organization of African Unity states goals as:
1. To educate Africans about Africa.
2. To foster pride in African culture.
3. To encourage actions that will improve the standard of living in Africa.
But strong leaders who value the welfare of their people are the foremost and
main ingredient.
123. Post-Independence Difficulties
• Pax Romana of European colonists
• Civil wars in Rwanda, Burundi, Angola, Sudan
• Economic hardships
• Instability of democratic regimes
124. Afrocentrism • Kwame
Nkrumah, lead
er of Ghana
• Celebrated visit
of Queen
Elizabeth II in
1961, affirmati
on of Ghanese
independence
and equality.
Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence
Celebrations
125. The Colonial Legacy
• After liberation, the pattern of economic dependence established during the
colonial period continued.
• During the colonial period, Europeans undermined Africa’s traditional
political system.
• Colonial doctors addressed some diseases, such as yellow
fever, smallpox, and malaria. Colonial governments did not emphasize
general health care, however.
• At independence, African nations inherited borders drawn by colonial
powers. These borders often caused immense problems.
Western imperialism had a complex and contradictory impact
on Africa. Some changes brought real gains. Others had a
destructive effect on African life that is felt down to the present.
1
126. A Growing Spirit of Nationalism
Most were western
educated.
Leaders organized
political parties, which
published
newspapers, held
rallies, and mobilized
support for
independence.
After the war, most
Europeans had had their fill
of fighting.
In response to growing
demands for
independence, Britain and
France introduced political
reforms that would lead to
independence.
Japanese victories in Asia
shattered the West’s
reputation as an
unbeatable force.
Africans who fought for
the Allies resented the
discrimination and second-
class status they returned
to at home.
Nationalist
Leaders
The Global
Setting
Impact of
World War II
In 1945, the rising tide of nationalism was sweeping over European
colonial empires. Around the world, liberation would follow this tide.
1
127. Routes to Freedom
Muslim Algerian nationalists
used guerrilla warfare to win
independence from France.
During eight years of
fighting, hundreds of
thousands of Algerians, and
thousands of French, were
killed.
In 1962, Algeria won
independence.
Before World War II, Jomo
Kenyatta became a spokesman
for the Kikuyu, who had been
displaced by white settlers.
Radical leaders turned to
guerrilla warfare.
The British imprisoned Kenyatta
and killed or imprisoned
thousands of Kikuyu.
In 1963, Kenya won its
independence.
Kwame Nkrumah tried to
win independence for the
British trading colony Gold
Coast. He organized strikes
and boycotts.
Nkrumah was imprisoned.
In 1957, Gold Coast won
independence.
Nkrumah named the new
country Ghana, after the
ancient West African
empire.
ALGERIAKENYAGHANA
During the great liberation, each African nation had
its own leaders and its own story.
1
128. Clashes With Rebels Drag On
Rebel guerrillas have fought across the Philippines for decades, taking many lives. Some
rebels are Communists. Others belong to Muslim separatist groups in the south. Some
Muslim rebels have ties to international terrorism. As part of its war on terrorism, the
United States has aided the Filipino government in its fight against Muslim rebels.
Britain’s Prince Philip and Queen
Elizabeth II congratulate Jomo Kenyatta
as his nation, Kenya, gains independence
in 1963.
The Union Jack, the flag of the United Kingdom, flew over many African countries
before independence.
129. Jomo Kenyatta
Jomo Kenyatta (c. 1894–1978) was born in a small
Kikuyu village and educated at a Christian mission.
Moving to Nairobi, he was quickly drawn to the
first stirrings of the nationalist cause. He became a
prominent anticolonial organizer and was
eventually elected president of the Kenya Africa
Union. The British arrested Kenyatta in 1952 and
convicted him in 1953 on charges of inciting the
Mau Mau uprising against the British. Released in
1961, he resumed leadership of the movement for
independence, which was finally granted in
December 1963. When Kenya became a republic
in 1964, Kenyatta was elected its first president.
Under his 15-year rule, Kenya enjoyed political
stability and economic advances. Each
year, October 20, the date of his arrest, is
celebrated as Kenyatta Day.
What role do you think national heroes play in
helping to form a nation’s identity?
130. Africa’s Mineral Wealth
A miner in the West African country
of Sierra Leone rinses and sifts gravel
from a pit in an effort to find rough
diamonds. Rich mineral deposits are
important to the economies of many
African nations.
Many early leaders established one-party
political systems. Multiparty systems, these
leaders declared, encouraged disunity. Many
one-party states became dictatorships.
Dictators often used their positions to enrich
themselves and a privileged few.
When bad government policies led to
unrest, the military often seized power. More
than half of all African nations suffered
military coups . A coup, or coup d’état , is the
forcible overthrow of a government. Some
military rulers were brutal tyrants. Others
sought to improve conditions. Military leaders
usually promised to restore civilian rule once
they had cleaned up the government. In many
cases, however, they gave up power only
when they were toppled by other military
coups.
131. The Cold War and Africa
• By supplying arms to rival governments, the superpowers boosted
the power of the military in many countries and contributed to
instability.
• Cold War rivalries affected local conflicts within Africa. The Soviet
Union and the United States supported rival groups in the liberation
struggles.
• Weapons supplied by the superpowers enabled rival
clans, militias, or guerrilla forces to spread violence across many
lands.
African nations emerged into a world dominated by
rival blocs led by the United States and the Soviet
Union.
1
132. Although African nations gained political independence, colonial
powers often retained control of businesses in their former
colonies. Many new nations thus remained dependent
economically on their former colonizers.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the United States
competed for military and strategic advantage through alliances
with several African countries. For example, the United States
supported Mobutu Seso Seko, the dictator of Zaire (now known as
the Democratic Republic of the Congo), to counter Soviet support
for the government of neighboring Angola. Likewise, during the
1970s, the United States had an alliance with the government of
Somalia, while the Soviet Union supported neighboring Ethiopia.
These countries attracted superpower interest because they
controlled access to the Red Sea, a vital shipping route connecting
Asia, Europe, and Africa. Each superpower wanted to make sure
that the other did not gain an advantage.
Foreigners Jostle for Influence
Mobutu Sese Seko
Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za
Banga (14 October
1930 –7 September
1997), commonly
known as Mobutu
or Mobutu Sese Seko
Mobutu was overthrown in the First Congo War by Laurent-Kabila, who was supported by the
governments of Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda. Ethnic Tutsis in Zaire, known as
Banyamulenge, had long opposed Mobutu due to his open support for Rwandan Hutu
extremists responsible for the Rwandan genocide in 1994. When his government issued an
order in November 1996 forcing Tutsis to leave Zaire on penalty of death, they erupted in
133. The British trading colony Gold Coast was later renamed
a) Kenya.
b) Zaire.
c) Congo.
d) Ghana.
Which of the following was not a way that the Cold War impacted
Africa?
a) The superpowers boosted the power of African military
leaders.
b) The superpowers cooperated to resolve regional conflicts.
c) The superpowers provided weapons to clans and militias.
d) The superpowers supported rival groups in liberation
struggles.
1
Section Assessment
134. 1
The British trading colony Gold Coast was later renamed
a) Kenya.
b) Zaire.
c) Congo.
d) Ghana.
Which of the following was not a way that the Cold War impacted Africa?
a) The superpowers boosted the power of African military
leaders.
b) The superpowers cooperated to resolve regional conflicts.
c) The superpowers provided weapons to clans and militias.
d) The superpowers supported rival groups in liberation struggles.
Section Assessment
135. An Election Celebration
Citizens of Mauritania, in West Africa, celebrate the reelection of
the country’s president in 2003.
What signs of democracy do you see in this photograph?
136.
137. Market Women in
Ghana
In West African
countries such as
Ghana, many of the
businesspeople are
women. The woman
in this photo runs a
grocery stand in a
local market.
Why might West African political candidates seek to win the favor
of local market women?
138. Programs for Development
• What were barriers to unity and stability in Africa?
• What economic choices did African nations make?
• What critical issues affect African nations today?
• How has modernization affected patterns of life?
2
139. Barriers to Unity and Stability
• Once freedom was won, many Africans felt their first
loyalty to their own ethnic group, not to a national
government.
• Civil wars, some of which were rooted in colonial
history, erupted in many new nations.
• Faced with divisions that threatened national
unity, many early leaders turned to a one-party
system.
• When bad government led to unrest, the military
often seized power.
2
140. Economic Choices
Lenders required developing nations to
make tough economic reforms before
extending new loans.
In the short term, these reforms
increased unemployment and led to
higher prices the poor could not pay.
Many governments kept food prices
artificially low to satisfy poor city people.
As a result, farmers used their land for
export crops or produced only for
themselves. Many governments
neglected rural development in favor of
industrial projects.
Governments pushed to grow more
cash crops for export.
As a result, countries that once fed
their people from their own land
had to import food.
Many new nations chose socialism.
Some nations set up mixed
economies, with both private and
state-run enterprises.
SOCIALISM OR CAPITALISM CASH CROPS OR FOOD
URBAN OR RURAL NEEDS THE DEBT CRISIS
2
141. Critical Issues
The AIDS epidemic spread rapidly
across parts of Africa. In 2007,
it was estimated that more than 40
million people were infected
with the virus.
Once forests were cleared,
heavy rains washed nutrients
from the soil and destroyed
its fertility.
The rising population put a
staggering burden on Africa’s
developing economies.
In the 1970s and
1980s, prolonged drought
contributed to famine in parts
of Africa.
POPULATION EXPLOSION DROUGHT AND FAMINE
DEFORESTATION AIDS
2
142.
143.
144.
145.
146. Displaced by Drought A Sudanese mother
and children escape famine caused by
years of drought.
How can geography affect migration
patterns?
Drought Brings Starvation:
Desertification is a real threat.
AIDS Kills Millions
Since the 1980s, the devastating disease AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) has
taken a heavy toll on Africa's people. AIDS is
caused by a deadly virus commonly called HIV.
HIV damages the body’s ability to fight off
infections.
AIDS spread rapidly across Africa. In nations
such as South Africa and Botswana, up to one
third of adults were infected with HIV. In the
early 2000s, the UN estimated that more than
2 million Africans died of the disease each
year. Their deaths left millions of orphaned
children. The loss of so many skilled and
productive workers also damaged many
countries’ economies.
148. Old and New Patterns
Messages of reform based on Islamic
traditions and the call for social justice
were welcomed by many Islamic
Africans.
In some areas, it stimulated deeper
religious commitment.
Christianity has grown since its
introduction to Africa centuries ago.
Christian churches often combine
Christian and traditional African
beliefs.
As men moved to cities, rural women
took on the sole responsibility of
providing for their children.
Most constitutions promised women
generous rights. In reality, most women’s
lives continued to be ruled by traditional
laws.
Urbanization contributed to the
development of a larger national
identity.
However, it weakened traditional
cultures and undermined ethnic and
kinship ties.
In Africa, as elsewhere, modernization disrupted old ways.
URBANIZATION WOMEN
CHRISTIANITY ISLAMIC REVIVAL
2
149. Section Assessment
2
What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash
crops for export?
a) These countries had a surplus of food.
b) These countries had to import food to feed their populations.
c) These countries became increasingly wealthy.
d) These countries were able to produce adequate food in
addition to the cash crops.
Messages of Islamic reform
a) were rejected by many Islamic Africans.
b) weakened Islamic religious commitment.
c) were repressed by African governments.
d) were welcomed by many Islamic Africans.
150. Section Assessment
2
What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash
crops for export?
a) These countries had a surplus of food.
b) These countries had to import food to feed their populations.
c) These countries became increasingly wealthy.
d) These countries were able to produce adequate food in
addition to the cash crops.
Messages of Islamic reform
a) were rejected by many Islamic Africans.
b) weakened Islamic religious commitment.
c) were repressed by African governments.
d) were welcomed by many Islamic Africans.
151. A young guerilla cradles her
automatic rifle a year before
the end of El Salvador’s civil
war in 1992.
152. Adolescent boys wearing civilian clothes walk away from the weapons they
once carried as child soldiers after being evacuated from a combat zone in
Sudan. More than 2,500 former child soldiers have been airlifted out of conflict
zones in Sudan and brought to safe areas where rehabilitation and family-
tracing programs are now underway. Ranging in age from 8 to 18 years, the
children were demobilized from military camps run by the rebel Sudan
Peoples' Liberation Army (SPLA). According to the latest report from the UN
Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Sudan (2006), there
are an still thousands of child soldiers in various armed groups throughout
Sudan.
153. • Around the world today, children are not only the victims
of war, but also the participants. At any one time, more
than 250,000 girls and boys under the age of 18 are
fighting in armed conflicts.
• These young soldiers are part of government forces and
armed opposition groups in more than 30 locations
worldwide. And while many child soldiers are between
the ages of 15 and 18, some are as young as 7 years old.
What Should Be Done About
Child Soldiers?”
154. The Convention on the Rights of
the Child
In 1989, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the
Child (CRC). The CRC spells out the basic human rights that all children
have, no matter where they live. These basic rights include:
• Survival
• Protection from abuse and exploitation
• Full participation in family, cultural and social life
• Development of one's personality, talents and abilities to their fullest potential
• World leaders decided that children needed a special convention just for them
because they are less physically and mentally mature than adults. Children
are easily threatened by physical force because they’re smaller, and more
easily intimidated because they’re younger. Therefore, they need special
protection. By creating the CRC, the United Nations made sure that the world
recognized that children have human rights too.
• Article 38 of The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) requires
governments to take all possible steps to ensure that children under the age of
15 have no direct part in hostilities. It states that no child below 15 should be
recruited into the armed forces.
155. • Some 4,000 children, aged 7-17, have been recruited on both sides of the still
unresolved conflict. Children account for half of all those killed during the
conflict, and of the estimated 20% of the population disabled by the fighting, the
majority are children. Fewer than half eligible children attend primary school.
UNICEF assistance includes support for primary health care and
immunization, basic education, rehabilitation of water and sanitation
facilities, therapeutic food supplies for malnourished children and mothers, and
psychosocial counseling for war-traumatized children. In addition, UNICEF
continues to coordinate the demobilization of child soldiers and supports the
registration, tracing and family reunification of unaccompanied children, as well as
providing interim care.
A boy soldier holding a rifle stands in a row
with other child soldiers, members of the
government-allied Kamajor (civil defense
forces in the south), during a training session
near a centre run by the Christian Brothers, a
local NGO that works with
unaccompanied, abused and street
children, as well as former child soldiers, in
the southern town of Bo.
By late 1998, destruction of the basic infrastructure in Sierra Leone since the
May 1997 coup d' tat (the elected government was restored in February 1998)
has created a devastating situation, especially for children.
156. Control Arms Campaign is a campaign jointly run by International Action Network on Small
Arms, Amnesty International, and Oxfam International to press governments to protect
civilians during conflicts and disasters and to finish the ATT (Arms Trade treaty)
2000 people die each day from armed violence. 26 million people are currently displaced
within their own countries by armed conflict. And around 30 conflicts still continue around
the world today. Children are often among those the most disadvantaged by the wars.
The unregulated arms trade fuels conflict, poverty and serious human rights abuses. It also
limits people's ability to earn a living, grow crops, and benefit from education, whilst
diverting money that should be used for vital services such as health care. The Control Arms
campaign has been set up to bring an end to the unregulated arms trade.
157. Child Soldiers is part of the War Child International Network campaign launched to
voice disapproval of children’s abuse by armies/militant groups in the countries
affected by conflicts. 1 in 10 soldiers in armed conflict is a child. At this moment
more than 300.000 children are being used in wars worldwide. Campaign stresses
that children should never be soldiers. Not under any circumstances. Child and
soldier should never go together. But still, it happens. It happens every day. Some of
them are only 8 years old.
158.
159. Three Nations: A Closer Look
• What were some pressures for change
in Nigeria?
• What effects did dictatorship have on
the Congo?
• What was the outcome of Tanzania’s
experiment in socialism?
3
160. A Nigerian child stands in front
of the massive trunk of a felled
ironwood tree.
Plundering Forests at Gunpoint
In Ivory Coast, also known as Côte
d’Ivoire, civil war has allowed armed
gangs to log trees that have taken
hundreds of years to grow. This is having a
devastating effect on local economies.
Village chief Kouadio Yao told a United
Nations worker of watching a nearby
grove of valuable teak trees being
completely destroyed.
He was helpless to save it.
“If someone came with a gun, would you
be able to stop them and demand that
they pay for the trees? What I do know is
that because of the conflict, we have lost
everything.”
—Integrated Regional Information
Networks (IRIN), December 23, 2004
161. Pressures for Change in Nigeria
At independence, Nigeria drew up a constitution to protect various regional
interests.
The system did not work and ethnic rivalries increased. When Ibo leaders
declared the independent state of Biafra, civil war broke out. By the time
Biafra surrendered, almost a million people had died.
During the 1970s oil boom, Nigeria set up industries and borrowed heavily
from the West.
Between 1960 and 1985, rural people flooded to the cities. While the cities
grew, Nigeria ignored its farmers. Once a food exporter, Nigeria began
importing expensive grain.
When oil prices fell, the economy almost collapsed.
During Nigeria’s debt crisis in the 1980s, General Ibrahim Babangida imposed
harsh economic reforms to restore economic stability.
In 1993, elections were held, but Babangida and his military successors set
aside election results and cracked down on critics.
3
162. Dictatorship in Democratic
Republic of the Congo
After World War II, Belgium was determined to keep the Congo and did nothing to
prepare the colony for freedom.
In 1960, Belgium suddenly rushed the Congo to independence.
With some 200 ethnic groups and no sense of unity, the new nation quickly split
apart.
Civil war raged for almost three years.
In 1965, Mobutu Sese Seko seized power and renamed the country Zaire.
For the next 30 years, Mobutu built an increasingly brutal dictatorship.
In the late 1990s, ethnic violence in neighboring countries spilled into
Zaire.
Mobutu was at last overthrown.
Continuing power struggles within the country led to continuing
violence.
3
163.
164. Laurent Kabila Topples Mobutu, but…
• The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997, which
had been its name before Mobutu changed it to Zaire in 1971. But elation over
Mobutu's downfall faded as Kabila's own autocratic style emerged, and he seemed
devoid of a clear plan for reconstructing the country. In Aug. 1998, Congolese rebel
forces, backed by Kabila's former allies, Rwanda and Uganda, gained control of a
large portion of the country until Angolan, Namibian, and Zimbabwean troops
came to Kabila's aid. In 1999, the Lusaka Accord was signed by all six of the
countries involved, as well as by most, but not all, of the various rebel groups.
Continuing power struggles within the country led to continuing violence.
• In Jan. 2001, Kabila was assassinated, allegedly by one of his bodyguards. His
young and inexperienced son Joseph became the new president.
• In August 2007, a rebel general, Laurent Nkunda, led battles between his
militia, made up of fellow Tutsis, and the Congolese Army. The fighting continued
throughout the year, driving hundreds of thousands of people from their homes in
eastern Congo and threatening to spiral the already fragile country back into civil
war. Nkunda claimed he was protecting Tutsis from extremist Rwandan Hutus.
• A report released in January 2008 by the International Rescue Committee found
that despite billions in aid, the deployment of the world's largest peacekeeping
force, and successful democratic elections, some 45,000 people continue die each
month in Congo, mostly from starvation and disease.
• Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga resigned in September 2008, citing health reasons.
He was succeeded by Adolphe Muzito.
165. Tanzania’s first president, Julius Nyerere, sought to improve rural life,
build a classless society, and create a self-reliant economy.
To carry out his programs, Nyerere embraced “African socialism.” Nyerere
claimed that this system was based on African village traditions of
cooperation and shared responsibility.
Under African socialism, rural farmers were encouraged to live in large
villages and farm the land collectively. Under this arrangement, Nyerere
believed farm output would increase.
Nyerere’s experiment did not work as planned. Many families had to be
forcibly moved to the village collectives, farm output did not rise, and high
oil prices, inflation, and a bloated bureaucracy plunged Tanzania into debt.
Nyerere’s successor, Ali Hassan Mwinyi moved Tanzania toward a market
economy. These moves brought some improvement.
Tanzania’s Experiment in Socialism
3
166. Tanzania: A Closer Look
Tanzania has been very poor since it gained independence in the early
1960s. Fifty percent of its population lives below the poverty line. This
means that half of Tanzanians do not make enough money to meet their
basic needs. In 2003, the per capita income was estimated at $290 per year.
When the country gained independence, most Tanzanians were farmers or
herders. To improve life, the new government embraced what was called
“African socialism.” This was based on African village traditions of
cooperation and shared responsibility. The government took over banks
and businesses. Farmers were encouraged to move to large villages and
farm the land collectively. The goal was to increase output and sell surplus
crops to towns or for export.
The government’s experiment failed, partly because farmers refused to
leave their land. Farm output did not rise. This experiment also resulted in
a huge and inefficient government bureaucracy. The expense of this huge
bureaucracy and high oil prices plunged Tanzania into debt. In 1985, new
leaders introduced economic reforms, including cutting the size of
government, promoting a market economy, and encouraging foreign
investment.
167. Today, Tanzania remains
overwhelmingly agricultural.
About nine tenths of Tanzanian
workers work in agriculture. Over
half of Tanzania’s GDP comes
from agriculture. The
government continues to make
attempts to develop a more
profitable, mixed economy.
However, the country has had to
rely on loans from international
lenders to avoid economic crisis.
Although Tanzania remains
poor, its economy also received a
boost in the early 2000s from
the opening of a huge new gold
mine. The government planned
to use profits from gold, along
with foreign aid, to reduce
poverty and improve services
such as clean water, schools, and
healthcare.
Wangari Maathai
While working with a women’s rights group, Kenyan activist
Wangari Maathai (born in 1940) came up with the idea of getting
ordinary women involved in tree-planting projects. In 1977, she
launched the Green Belt Movement (GBM). This grassroots
organization promotes reforestation and controlled wood cutting
to ensure a sustainable supply of wood fuel. The group also
sought jobs for women in Kenya, Tanzania, and other East African
countries. In 2004, Maathai became the first African woman to
be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Today, Maathai continues to
work with the GBM. She is also a member of Kenya’s
government.
In what ways might planting trees help improve women’s lives?
168.
169. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
• Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi Mu‘ammar
al-Qaḏḏāfī; also known simply as Colonel Gaddafi; born
1942) has been the dictator of Libya since a coup in 1969.
• With respect to Libya's neighbors, Gaddafi followed Gamal Abdel
Nasser's ideas of pan-Arabism and became a fervent advocate of
the unity of all Arab states into one Arab nation. He also
supported pan-Islamism, the notion of a loose union of all Islamic
countries and peoples.
• Gaddafi sought closer relations with the Soviet Union. Libya became the first
country outside the Soviet bloc to receive the supersonic MiG-25 combat fighters.
Throughout the 1970s, his regime was implicated in subversion and terrorist
activities in both Arab and non-Arab countries. By the mid-1980s, he was widely
regarded in the West as the principal financier of international terrorism. Reagan
himself dubbed Gaddafi the "mad dog of the Middle East". On 15 April 1986, Ronald
Reagan ordered major bombing raids, dubbed Operation El Dorado Canyon, against
Tripoli and Benghazi killing Libyan military and government personnel. October 20 ,
2011 marked the death of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. The politician died a horrible
death: Gaddafi was first tortured and then executed. Initially, it was claimed that the
Colonel had been killed in a shootout. However, after the video of the terrible tortures
spread around the world, the version of death in the shootout ceased to exist.
170.
171. Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda….
• Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic
groups, associated political rebels, armed
gangs, and various government forces continue
fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control
over populated areas and natural resources -
government heads pledge to end conflicts, but
localized violence continues despite UN
peacekeeping efforts .
172. The neighboring nation of Burundi has a similar population and history. As in
Rwanda, tensions between Tutsis and Hutus led to civil war during the 1990s. While the
fighting did not lead to a genocide like that in Rwanda, guerrilla groups fought for much
longer in Burundi. Although several guerrilla groups signed a peace treaty in 2000, fighting
continued in the years that followed.
Rwanda and Burundi Face Deadly Divisions
The small nation of Rwanda, in Central Africa, faced one of Africa’s deadliest civil wars. The
Rwandan people included two main groups. Hutus were the majority group, but the
minority Tutsis had long dominated Rwanda. Both groups spoke the same language, but
they had different traditions. After independence, tensions between these two groups
simmered.
173. Since 1994, peace has returned to Rwanda.
This recent photo shows Rwandan boys
running home after school.
Although other African nations
suffered brutal ethnic conflicts and
civil wars, Rwanda’s 1994 genocide
was one of the most deadly.
However, as UN Secretary General Kofi
Annan points out, Rwanda’s recovery
in the years since offers hope that the
continent’s conflicts can be resolved.
“Rwanda has much to show the world
about confronting the legacy of the
past and is demonstrating that it is
possible to reach beyond tragedy and
re-kindle hope.”
— Tribute by Kofi Annan on the tenth
anniversary of genocide in Rwanda
174. After independence, Sudan’s Arab Muslim north
dominated the non-Muslim, non-Arab south.
Arab-led governments enacted laws and policies
that discriminated against non-Muslims and
against other ethnic groups. For example, the
government tried to impose Islamic law even in
non-Muslim areas. For decades, rebel groups in
the south battled northern domination.
War, drought, and famine caused millions of
deaths and forced many more to flee their
homes. However, in 2004, southern rebels signed
a peace agreement with Sudan’s government.
The southern rebels agreed to stop fighting, and
the government agreed to give the south limited
self-government, power in Sudan’s national
government, and freedom from Islamic law.
Sudan’s Ethnic Strife
However, by 2004, ethnic conflict had also spread to Sudan’s western region of Darfur. This
conflict raised fears of a new genocide. Arab militias, backed by the government, unleashed
terror on the non-Arab Muslim people of Darfur. They burned villages and drove hundreds of
thousands of farmers off the land that fed them and into refugee camps, where they faced
the threat of starvation. The UN, the United States, and other nations organized a huge aid
effort to help refugees.
175. Section Assessment
What kind of government did Mobutu create in Zaire?
a) a limited democracy
b) a dictatorship
c) a constitutional monarchy
d) an oligarchy
Which African leader embraced “African socialism”?
a) Mobutu
b) Nasser
c) Babangida
d) Nyerere
3
176. Section Assessment
3
What kind of government did Mobutu create in Zaire?
a) a limited democracy
b) a dictatorship
c) a constitutional monarchy
d) an oligarchy
Which African leader embraced “African socialism”?
a) Mobutu
b) Nasser
c) Babangida
d) Nyerere
177. In 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the nation of Zimbabwe.
The new nation faced severe challenges after years of war:
• International sanctions had damaged the economy.
• Droughts had caused problems.
• Recovery was slowed by a power struggle between
nationalist leaders, Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo.
• When Mugabe prevailed and became president, he called
for a one-party system and tolerated little opposition.
• In 2000, tensions over land ownership led to renewed
violence.
What Challenges Faced Zimbabwe?
4
178. • President Bush joined with a chorus of world leaders who
condemned the election and the government-sponsored crackdown
on the opposition. China and Russia, however, blocked the U.S.-led
effort in the UN Security Council to impose sanctions on Zimbabwe.
Bush responded in July by expanding existing U.S. sanctions against
Mugabe, companies in Zimbabwe, and individuals.
• As if life weren't unbearable enough in Zimbabwe, with its residents
facing hunger, empty store shelves, a nonexistent health
system, rampant unemployment, inflation a staggering 231 million
percent, and the obvious political instability, a cholera epidemic
broke out in August 2008. At least 565 people died from the disease
by the end of the year, and another 12,000 were infected.
• Tsvangirai agreed in January 2009 to enter into a power-sharing
government with Mugabe, and he was sworn in as prime minister in
February. I’m just amazed he’s still alive!
179. South Africa’s Long
Struggle
APARTHEID BLACK
RESISTANCE
TOWARD
REFORM
4
From the beginning, black
South Africans protested
apartheid. In 1912, the
African National Congress
(ANC) was set up to oppose
white domination. Nelson
Mandela mobilized young
South Africans to take part
in acts of civil disobedience
against apartheid laws. As
protests
continued, government
violence increased.
In 1910, South Africa
won self-rule from
Britain. Over the next
decades, the white
minority government
imposed apartheid, a
system of racial laws
which separated the
races and kept the black
majority in a subordinate
position.
In the late
1980s, President F. W. de
Klerk abandoned
apartheid, lifted the ban
on the ANC, and freed
Mandela. In
1994, Mandela was
elected president in
South Africa’s first
multiracial elections.
Mandela welcomed
longtime political foes
into his government.
Bishop
Desmond Tutu
de Klerk
&
Mandela
180. Apartheid Divides South Africa
After 1948, the government expanded the existing system
of racial segregation, creating what was known
as apartheid, or the separation of the races. Under
apartheid, all South Africans were registered by race:
Black, White, Colored (people of mixed ancestry), and
Asian. Apartheid’s supporters claimed that it would allow
each race to develop its own culture. In fact, it was
designed to protect white control over South Africa.
The Sharpeville Massacre
When South African police
opened fire on peaceful
demonstrators at
Sharpeville in 1960, many
demonstrators ran for their
lives. How might this police
action lead anti-apartheid
activists to give up on
peaceful methods?
181.
182.
183.
184.
185. Other Nations of Southern Africa
Portugal was unwilling to relinquish its
colonies in Angola and Mozambique.
In 1975,after fifteen years of
fighting, Angola and Mozambique won
independence.
After independence, bitter civil wars
raged, fueled by Cold War rivalries.
The United States and South Africa saw
the struggles in southern Africa as a
threat because some of the liberation
leaders were socialists.
The end of the Cold War helped stop the
conflict.
Instead of preparing the territory for
independence, South Africa backed the
oppressive regime run by the white
minority.
By the 1960s, the Southwest African
People’s Organization (SWAPO) turned to
armed struggle to win independence.
The struggle became part of the Cold
War, with the Soviet Union and Cuba
lending their support to the independence
movement.
When the Cold War ended, Namibia was
finally able to win independence.
PORTUGUESE
COLONIES
NAMIBIA
4
186. Outlook and Gains
In literature, film, and the
arts, Africans made major
contributions to global culture.
Africa has enormous potential for
growth.
With free-market reforms, countries
such as Ghana enjoyed economic
growth.
Most African nations sought to improve
health care and created family planning
programs.
Governments recognized the profound
effect population growth had on
standards of living.
As governments set up more
schools, literacy rates rose.
Universities trained a new generation
of leaders.
A few countries promoted higher
education for women.
Despite many setbacks, African nations have made progress.
EDUCATION HEALTH CARE
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY CULTURE
4
187. Section Assessment
How did Nelson Mandela resist apartheid?
a) He organized violent protests against the white government.
b) He tried to form a new state, separate from South Africa.
c) He mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of
civil disobedience.
d) He set up a separate government in exile.
Angola and Mozambique were colonies of
a) Britain.
b) Portugal.
c) Spain.
d) the United States.
4
188. Section Assessment
4
How did Nelson Mandela resist apartheid?
a) He organized violent protests against the white government.
b) He tried to form a new state, separate from South Africa.
c) He mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of
civil disobedience.
d) He set up a separate government in exile.
Angola and Mozambique were colonies of
a) Britain.
b) Portugal.
c) Spain.
d) the United States.
189. Independence did not end the fighting, however. Bitter civil wars, fueled by Cold War
rivalries, raged for years. South Africa and the United States saw the new nations as
threats because some liberation leaders had ties to the Soviet Union or the ANC. The
United States and South Africa aided a rebel group fighting the new government of
Angola. South Africa aided a rebel group in Mozambique.
The fighting did not stop until 1992 in Mozambique and 2002 in Angola, where tensions
remained even after a ceasefire. Decades of war had ravaged both countries.
Slowly, however, they have begun to rebuild.
Most African nations achieved independence through
peaceful means during the 1950s and 1960s. In
southern Africa, however, the road to freedom was
longer and more violent. For many years, the
apartheid government of South Africa supported
white minority rule in neighboring Namibia and
Zimbabwe.
Meanwhile, as Britain and France gave up their
African possessions, Portugal clung fiercely to its
colonies in Angola and Mozambique. In
response, nationalist movements turned to guerrilla
warfare. Fighting dragged on for 15 years, until
Portugal agreed to withdraw from Africa. In
1975, Angola and Mozambique celebrated
independence.
190. Arggggh! And real pirates! Mainly dealing
with nations on the east and
west sides of Africa —
Nigeria and Somalia
198. Forces Shaping the Modern
Middle East
• How have diversity and nationalism shaped the Middle
East?
• What political and economic patterns have emerged?
• Why has an Islamic revival spread across the region?
• How do women’s lives vary in the Middle East?
2
199. Most people in the Middle East
today are Muslims, but Jews and
Christians still live there.
Middle Eastern people speak more
than 30 different languages.
Every country is home to minority
groups.
Muslims share the same faith but
belong to different national groups.
Often, such differences have created
divisions.
After World War I, Arab
nationalists opposed the
mandate system that placed
Arab territories under European
control.
The Pan-Arab dream of a united
Arab state foundered, but the
Arab League continued to
promote Arab solidarity.
DIVERSITY NATIONALISM
2
200. Political and Economic Patterns
Some nations turned to socialism to end
foreign economic control and modernize
rapidly.
To get capital, governments took foreign
loans.
Heavy borrowing left many nations deeply
in debt.
Most of the region has limited rainfall.
Oil-rich countries have built
desalinization plants.
Individual nations have built dams to
supply water.
Nations must seek ways to use water
cooperatively.
Oil-rich nations built
roads, hospitals, and
schools. Poorer countries
lacked the capital needed
for development.
Most Middle Eastern
nations developed
authoritarian
governments.
GOVERNMENT
WATER
OIL
ECONOMICS
2
207. Islamic Revival
For more than 1,300 years, the Quran and Sharia provided
guidance on all aspects of life.
During the Age of Imperialism, westerners urged Muslim
nations to modernize and to adopt western forms of secular
government and law.
Some Middle Eastern leaders adopted western models of
development, promising economic progress and social justice.
By the 1970s, in the face of failed development and repressive
regimes, many Muslim leaders called for a return to Sharia.
Islamic reformers, called fundamentalists by the West, did not
reject modernization, but they did reject westernization.
2
208. Women in the Muslim World
Conditions for women vary greatly from country
to country in the modern Middle East.
Since the 1950s, women in most countries have
won voting rights and equality before the law. In
other countries, though, laws and traditions
emerged that limited women’s right to
vote, work, or even drive cars.
The changes have taken place at different rates in
different places:
• In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, many urban
women gave up long-held practices such as
wearing hejab, or burqa cover.
• Conservative countries like Saudi Arabia and
Iran have opposed the spread of western secular
influences among women.
•France has banned this fashion claiming security
reasons.
2
209. Section Assessment
2
In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by
OPEC nations? a) 10 percent
b) 100 percent
c) 61 percent
d) 59 percent
Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected
a) modernization.
b) westernization.
c) desalinization.
d) Pan-Arabism.
210. Section Assessment
2
In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by
OPEC nations? a) 10 percent
b) 100 percent
c) 61 percent
d) 59 percent
Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected
a) modernization.
b) westernization.
c) desalinization.
d) Pan-Arabism.
211. What Issues Has Turkey Faced?
• At the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviets tried to expand
southward into Turkey.
• Turkey struggled to build a stable government.
• Modernization and urbanization brought social turmoil.
• In 1999, a series of powerful earthquakes shook western
Turkey, including major industrial areas.
• Kurdish nationalists fought for autonomy.
• Turkey waged a long struggle over Cyprus.
• Turkey was divided politically, with secular politicians on one
side and Islamic reformers on the other.
3
212. Turkish people hold red and
blue balloons, symbolizing
Europe and Turkey, to
celebrate Turkey’s decision to
apply to the EU.
214. Egypt: A Leader in the Arab World
In the 1950s, Gamal Abdel Nasser set out to
modernize Egypt and end western domination. He:
• nationalized the Suez Canal
• led two wars against Israel
• employed socialist economic policies, which had limited
success built the Aswan High Dam
Anwar Sadat came to power in the 1970s. He:
• opened Egypt to foreign investment and private business
• became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel
Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak:
• reaffirmed the peace with Israel
• mended fences with his Arab neighbors
• faced serious domestic problems
3
Oops! Morsi is in…
215. Iran’s Ongoing Revolution
Because of its vast oil fields, Iran became a focus of western interests.
In 1945, western powers backed Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, despite
opposition from Iranian nationalists.
In the 1970s, the shah’s enemies rallied behind Ayatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini, who condemned western influences and accused the shah of
violating Islamic law.
The shah was forced into exile and Khomeini’s supporters proclaimed an
Islamic Republic.
Revolutionaries bitterly denounced the West. They attacked
corruption, replaced secular courts with religious ones, dismantled
women’s rights, and banned everything western. While, at first, they
allowed some open discussion, before long they were suppressing
3
216. An Islamist Government
Iran’s political leaders, who are Muslim clergymen, gather in 2003 to commemorate the
death of Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious leader and the founder of Iran’s Islamist
government. The leaders are seated beneath a giant portrait of Khomeini.
How does promoting the memory of Khomeini help to justify rule by religious leaders?
In the 1970s, the shah’s foes rallied behind one of these
exiles, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The ayatollah, a
religious leader, condemned Western influences and
accused the shah of violating Islamic law. In
1979, massive protests finally drove the shah into exile.
Khomeini returned to Iran, and his supporters proclaimed
an Islamic republic.
The new government was a theocracy, or government
ruled by religious leaders. They replaced secular courts
with religious ones and abolished women’s rights. They
also brutalized opponents, just as the shah had. The
government allowed Islamists to seize the American
embassy in 1979 and hold 52 hostages for more than a
year. In the early 2000s, concern grew that Iran might try
to develop nuclear weapons.
217. Section Assessment
3
Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus?
a) Turkey
b) Iran
c) Iraq
d) Egypt
Who nationalized the Suez Canal?
a) Hosni Mubarak
b) Anwar Sadat
c) Gamal Abdel Nasser
d) Ayatollah Khomeini
218. Section Assessment
3
Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus?
a) Turkey
b) Iran
c) Iraq
d) Egypt
Who nationalized the Suez Canal?
a) Hosni Mubarak
b) Anwar Sadat
c) Gamal Abdel Nasser
d) Ayatollah Khomeini
219. The Middle East and the World
• How did the Cold War increase tensions in the
Middle East?
• Why has the Arab-Israeli conflict been difficult
to resolve?
• Why did conflicts arise in Lebanon and the
Persian Gulf?
4
220.
221. Kurds Seek Freedom
An ethnic group called the Kurds lives in the northern Middle East.
Borders drawn by Europeans and others divided their homeland among
Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. In each country, the Kurds are a minority and
have faced discrimination, particularly in Iraq and Turkey.
During the decades after World War II, the Turkish government harshly
ruled the Kurdish minority in the east. For example, it became illegal for
Kurds to speak their language in public. Beginning in the 1970s, Kurdish
rebels fought Turkish forces. During the 1980s and 1990s, thousands of
Kurds died in the fighting. In 1991, however, Turkey legalized the use of
the Kurdish language, and in 1999 the main Kurdish rebel force gave up
the use of violence, though tensions continue.
Kurds also faced brutal treatment in Iraq. After Iraq’s defeat in the 1991
Gulf War, Kurds in northern Iraq rebelled and set up their own
governments with British and American military support.
222. Islam Confronts Modernization
Some Middle Eastern nations adopted Western forms of secular, or
nonreligious, government and law, keeping religion and government
separate. Many Middle Eastern leaders also adopted Western
economic models in a quest for progress. In the growing
cities, people wore Western-style clothing, watched American
television programs, and bought foreign products. Yet life improved
very little for many people.
By the 1970s, some Muslim leaders were calling for a return to
Sharia, or Islamic law. These conservative reformers, often called
Islamists, blame social and economic ills on the following of Western
models. Islamists argue that a renewed commitment to
Islamic doctrine is the only way to solve the region’s problems. The
Islamist movement appeals to many Muslims. Some have used
violence to pursue their goals. However, many Muslims oppose the
extremism of the Islamists.
223. It is the product of centuries of social, political and economic
inequality, imposed by repression and prejudice and frequently
reinforced by bloodshed. The hatred is not principally about religion.
Sunnis and Shi'ites may disagree on some matters of dogma and some
details of Islam's early history, but these differences are small--they
agree on most of the important tenets of the faith, like the infallibility
of the Koran, and they venerate the Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis and
Shi'ites are fighting for a secular prize: political domination.
Shi'ites soon formed the majority in the areas that would become the
modern states of Iraq, Iran, Bahrain and Azerbaijan. There are also
significant Shi'ite minorities in other Muslim states, including Saudi
Arabia, Lebanon and Pakistan. Crucially, Shi'ites outnumber Sunnis in
the Middle East's major oil-producing regions--not only Iran and Iraq
but also eastern Saudi Arabia. But outside Iran, Sunnis have
historically had a lock on political power, even where Shi'ites have the
numerical advantage.
ISLAM'S SCHISM BEGAN IN A.D. 632, immediately after the Prophet Muhammad died
without naming a successor as leader of the new Muslim flock. Some of his followers
believed the role of Caliph, or viceroy of God, should be passed down Muhammad's
bloodline, starting with his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib. But the majority backed
the Prophet's friend Abu Bakr, who duly became Caliph.
Sunni vs.
Shi'ites: Why
They Hate
Each Other
224. Oil, Religion, and Threats to Stability
Saudi Arabia, a vast desert land, has the world’s largest oil reserves. It also includes
Islam’s holy land. Since the 1920s, kings from the Sa’ud family have ruled Saudi Arabia.
They justify their rule by their commitment to the strict Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam.
However, Saudi Arabia’s economic development after World War II depended on massive
oil exports to the Western world. In return, Saudi leaders relied on the military support
of the United States. Although Saudi Arabia joined the OPEC oil embargo in 1973, the
nation’s rulers quickly returned to their cooperative relationship with the West.
To build support within the country, the royal family backed fundamentalist religious
leaders. However, some of these leaders and their followers criticized the kingdom’s
close ties to the West. They also charged that Western influence in the kingdom violated
Islamic principles.
Increasingly, opponents of the kingdom’s Western ties adopted violent or terrorist
tactics. Attacks on western targets included an attack on a U.S. military compound in
1996 and another on a U.S. consulate in 2004. These attacks threatened to disrupt the
Saudi oil industry, which depends on Western expertise. Some feared that growing
unrest could threaten the country’s ability to supply oil vital to the world’s economy.
Other oil-rich monarchies along the Persian Gulf, such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and
the United Arab Emirates, face similar threats. In Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE, foreign
citizens are a majority of the population. In Bahrain, there has been growing opposition
among the majority of the people, who follow Shiite Islam, toward Bahrain’s royal
family, who follow the Sunni branch of Islam.
225. Wars in the Persian Gulf
Border disputes, oil wealth, foreign intervention, and ambitious
rulers fed tensions along the Persian Gulf.
In 1980, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein invaded Iran.
• The resulting war dragged on for eight years, ending in a
stalemate. For both nations, the human and economic
toll was enormous.
In 1990, Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich nation of Kuwait.
• In the Gulf War, the United States organized a coalition of
American, European, and Arab powers to drive Iraqi forces
out of Kuwait.
4
228. Saddam Hussein’s Dictatorship
Saddam Hussein, shown here in a propaganda poster
in 1982, turned Iraq into a brutal police state, in which
critics were tortured and killed.
Iraq Has an Election
Iraqis line up to vote in the election of January
2005, the country’s first free election in more
than 35 years. The barbed wire in the
foreground is a sign of security concerns. There
was widespread concern about possible attacks
by Sunni Arabs, many of whom boycotted the
election.
229. A fallen statue of Saddam Hussein, the
dictator of Iraq, who was overthrown by
American troops
230. It would be wrong look upon Yemen as being not of
great importance
It sits in a key location overlooking important sea lanes
It is a homeland for a vigorous al Qaeda affiliate
The U.S. realizes that a descent into chaos there would
bring a multitude of problems
Why we should care about Yemen
By Tim Lister, CNN
235. Soviets Have Their Own “Vietnam” in Afghanistan
In 1979, the Soviet Union became involved in a long war in Afghanistan, an Islamic
country just south of the Soviet Union. A Soviet-supported Afghan government had tried
to modernize the nation. Its policies included social reforms and land redistribution that
would reduce the power of regional landlords. Afghan landlords—who commanded
armed men as warlords—and Muslim conservatives charged that both policies
threatened Islamic tradition. When these warlords took up arms against the
government, Soviet troops moved in.
Battling mujahedin or Muslim religious warriors, in the mountains of
Afghanistan, however, proved as difficult as fighting guerrillas in the jungles of Vietnam
had been for Americans. By the mid-1980s, the American government began to smuggle
modern weaponry to the mujahedin. The Soviets had years of heavy casualties, high
costs, and few successes. Like America’s Vietnam War, the struggle in Afghanistan
provoked a crisis in morale for the Soviets at home.
And now we are there and
the enemy has weapons supplied by US
Charlie Wilson's War is a 2007 American biographical
comedy drama film recounting the true story of U.S.
Congressman Charlie Wilson (D-TX) who partnered with "bare
knuckle attitude" CIA operative Gust Avrakotos to
launch Operation Cyclone, a program to organize and support
theAfghan mujahideen in their resistance to the Soviet
occupation of Afghanistan.
236.
237.
238. Chapter 19: Struggles for Democracy
Chapter Objective
Understand struggles for change in Latin America, Africa, the former Soviet
bloc, and China.
SECTION 1 Democracy: Case Study—Latin American Democracies
Summarize Brazil's, Mexico's, and Argentina's efforts to build democracy.
SECTION 2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
Describe the struggles to establish democracies in Africa.
**SECTION 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Explain the breakup of the Soviet Union.
**SECTION 4 Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Summarize the reforms and changes in Europe.
**SECTION 5 China: Reform and Reaction
Analyze China's policies toward capitalism and democracy.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247. Arggggh! And real pirates! Mainly dealing
with nations on the east and
west sides of Africa —
Nigeria and Somalia
249. Section 1: Forces Shaping Modern Latin
America
Section 2: Latin America, the United States,
and the World
Section 3: Mexico, Central America, and the
Caribbean
Section 4: Focus on Argentina and Brazil
250. Forces Shaping Modern Latin America
• Why is Latin America a culturally diverse region?
• What conditions contributed to unrest in Latin American
countries?
• What forces shaped political, economic, and social patterns
in Latin America?
1
• There have been commie coups and drug
lords, death squads and civil wars, especially
in Guatemala, El Salvador, and
Nicaragua…Then there are the Disappeared
in Argentina
251.
252. A woman at a municipal dump in Mexico
collects garbage to sell.
Carolina Maria de Jesus faced a life of
hardship in the slums of São Paulo
Brazil. Like millions of other
poor, rural people, she came to the
city hoping to improve her life.
Instead, to buy food, she spent her
days combing through garbage for
paper, cans, and other scraps to sell.
In her diary, de Jesus described her
daily struggle against poverty:
“July 16. . . . I went to Senhor
Manuel, carrying some cans to sell. . .
. He gave me 13 [coins]. I kept
thinking that I had to buy
bread, soap, and milk. . . . The 13
*coins+ wouldn’t make it. I returned . .
. to my shack, nervous and exhausted.
I thought of the worrisome life that I
led. Carrying paper, washing clothes
for children, staying in the street all
day long.”
—Carolina Maria de Jesus, Child of
the Dark
254. Throughout Latin
America—
there have been
countless
incidents of revolution,
civil wars, commie
takeovers, drug lords,
death squads,
oppressive military
coups,
rigged elections,
Murders, kidnappings,
disappearings,
near bankruptcies,
and general violence—
most of this stemming
from abject poverty
and inequality.
255. Why Is Latin America a Diverse Region?
Conquest
• After 1492, Europeans imposed their civilization on Native
Americans.
Immigration
• Since the late 1800s, immigrants from Europe and Asia have
contributed to the diversity.
Intermarriage
• As Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans mingled, they
created new cultures.
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