2. Ubiquinone is also co-enzyme Q which pumps two H+ across membrane after 2 e-

3. Cytrochrome c transfers e-s to the complex III

4. Complex II is embedded in complex I

5. NADH tranfers e-s to heme groups in complex I

6. See slide 31

7. ATPase is made of two complexes: F0 and F1 pumps H+ through, F1 generates ATP. Every 3H+ is one ATP generated.

8. Must pump about 104 H+ through

9. Coenzyme Q and Cytochrome C - slide 30

10. Move within the membrane

11. C and Q have an iron heme group that holds the e-s and carry them through the ETC

12. O2 as the Final e- Acceptor

13. There are two heme groups: heme A and heme A3

14. Respiratory Complexes – slide 33 (KNOW Table)

15. NADH-COENZYME Q OXIDOREDUCTASE

16. Succinate dehydrogenase

17. Useful with FADH2. It will donate its e- to succinate dehydrogenase

18. FADH2 is less useful in making H+ motive force because FADH skips first complex. FADH2 only pumps out 6 instead of 10 H+

19. Useful to see who the e- were accepted from and who they were passed to.

20. NOTE: e- outside the mitochondria do not move into the membrane of the mitochindria, so the e-s in the mitochondria are the only e- in there when it comes to the ETC

21. ATP Synthesis - 34

22. See table

23. FO is the protein channel that pumps H+ across membrane

24. C proteins rotate and help turn gamma subunit of F1, Gamma transmits energy as rotation occurs

25. ATP is made in the matrix by F1

26. FO rotates c units, turning gamma subunit

27. Core, A protein

28. B, connects to f1

29. C rotational complex

30. Alpha and Beta subunit complex

31. Alpha

32. Beta units are the enzymatic subunits that bind to ADP and make ATP

33. Proton motive force is used to drive ATP synthesis

34. Chemiosmotic coupling drives substrate phosphorylation

35. ATP synthase is reversible. So instead of generating, it hydrolyzes ATP

36. Binding-Change Mechanism – 36

37. Beta subunits bind to ADP and phosphate and change comformational

38. Open, Beta 1, binds inorganic phosphate which causes rotation of gamma subunit that moves complex ~ 120 degrees.

39. Loose – ADP and phosphate, and ATP bound by next subunit is released. To be dropped in matrix to be used by cell.

40. Tight

41. Each 120 rotation releases an ATP

42. ATP synthesis is Spontaneous - 37

43. The proton gradient is -4.6kcal/mol, but the synthesis is endergonic

44. 104 H must be pumped to make 34 ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

45. Yield – 38

46. Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle – 38

47. Pyruvate > Krebs cycle

48. G3PDH – glycerol-3-phosphate accepts e-s and then goes into mitochondria through the porins in the membrane, which will then transfers e-s to FADH2 and into the ETC.

49. H+ are in inter membrane space, in the matrix the pH is more basic and a larger negative charge inside the membrane which will help power F1 to make ATP

50. Theoretical Yield - 41

51. GTP is theoretically the same as ATP

52. 36 ATP and 2 GTP

53. Energetics of the Process

54. To make 38 ATP – 55% efficiency

55. WHY?

56. Many intermediates in glycolysis and citric acid cycle use ATP, so only about 26 ATP are available afterwards

57. They are in the matrix, so need to be moved out

58. Voltage difference across membrane. ATP is slightly negative than ADP, so inside is negative and outside is positive, so the ATP wants to go to the outside. Through an ATP/ADP antiporter, so ADP is provided for ATP synthase

59. Phosphate transporter takes advantage of pH gradient. Inner is more basic than intermembrane space.

60. Fats as Energy Source – 49

61. Fatty acids can be broken to acetyl CoA

62. Mitochondrial matrix is where it occurs (slide 50)