2. Pi to adenosine creates a phospho-anhydride bond. Instead of uniform electron distribution, when the anhydride group is made, the e- becomes more polarized. They spend more time around oxygens so breaking yields energy.

3. Phospho-ester bond is phosphate to adenosine amino acid

4. Breaking off yield 7.3kCal

5. PEP (slide 4) phosphoenolpyruvate

6. Enol group is broken and yields energy, some of which is used to make ATP

7. Remaining 7.5kCal can be used to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

8. Once glucose is brought into cell, g6p is used in subsequent steps of the reaction

9. Also becomes trapped into the cell and cannot bind to glucose transporters.

10. Phosphate added to glucose – 3.3kcal used

11. -4kCal/mol is left over

12. Slide 5 – Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism

13. Energy yielded from catabolic reactions

14. Anaerobic – fermentation products and ATP is generated

15. Much less ATP

16. Ethanol and CO2

17. Or lactate that have used up O2 but still need to make energy

18. Aerobic

19. CO2 and H20 products

20. From waste or respiration will be fixed in plants and bacteria and will convert to sugars in plants.

21. Slide 6

22. Oxidation is fundamental for processes in cellular metabolism

23. Amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol all contribute to glycolysis as well as citric acid cycle and ETC in mito.

24. Oxidation

25. Process of removing hydrogen bonds and replacing them with Oxygen.

26. Stepwise process of oxidation is favorable

27. Useful in energy making

28. Reduction is the opposite process

29. Slide 7

30. How we generate energy when O2 is present.

31. A single step releases a lot of energy and the cell can’t capture that

32. In sugar oxidation, the steps of glyc. And oxid. Phospho. Occur in steps with enzymes to yield energy and capture it.

33. Slide 8 – Glycolysis

34. Glycolysis is in the CYTOPLASM

35. Know steps 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 10

36. They are the steps that are highly regulate by how much sugar is available to the cell.

37. 6, 7, 10 yield energy

38. Step 1

39. 1 molecule of glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate

40. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

41. Only used for glycolysis in the cell!!!

42. Regulation of its production is important

43. Can be split into 3C sugar, aldose

44. Glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate

45. Undergo the rest of steps of glycolysis to yield NADH and ATP from each giving you a net outcome of 2NADH and 2ATP

46. Glucose is converted by a hexokinase to glucose-6-phosphate

47. Hydrolyze ATP (use ATP to make gluc-6-phosphate)

48. When it’s high in concentration, hexokinase is inhibited to phosphorylate glucose to make G6P

49. Step 2

50. G6P undergoes structure change to become Fructose-6-phosphate

51. G6P-Hexomerase changes structure of G6P to F6P

52. Step 3

53. F6P is phosphorylated on first carbon to yield F-1,6-bisphosphate

54. Enzyme is Fructose-6-phosphatekinase

55. kinase b/c adding phosphate

56. use name of preceding molecule to name it

57. fundamental to glycolysis

58. uses ATP

59. highly regulatable

60. by concentration of ATP

61. if high, enzyme is inhibited, make less of F16BisPi

62. activated by low concentrations of ATP, then body senses ATP is low and F6PiKinase begins glycolysis to make more ATP

63. controls glycolysis

64. Step 6

65. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

66. Generates high energy molecules used by the cell for e- transfer or ATP generation

67. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

68. structural changes

69. converted to substrate that becomes pyruvate

70. Step 7

71. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is used to generate ATP

72. 1st and last carbon has phosphate, but 1st transfers Pi to make ATP.

73. Now a substrate called 3-phosphoglycerate because Pi is taken off of 1st carbon and now only a Pi at the end.

74. Can make 1 more ATP due to that phosphate in step 10

75. Step 10

76. Phosphoenolpyruvate is generated at some point

77. Glycerate 3 phosphate undergoes mutation, take out a water, and end up with a C=C carbon with enolate that has high energy bond and used to make final ATP of glycolysis.

78. Phosphoenolglycerate aka Phosphoenolpyruvate, the substrate that yields ATP in last step of glycolysis

79. ATP + Pyruvate + O2

80. Pyruvate is transferred to mitochondria

81. Be aware of hexokinase and fructose one… regulated by how much energy the cell has as well as the conc. In the cells.

82. From there, be aware of steps that make up carrier proteins and net results and NADH etc.

83. 2ATP + 2NADH + 2pyruvate produced.

84. Slide 10

85. NAD+ is a coenzyme, so when it is used in these reactions, its structure is unaltered, it can be reduced or oxidized and have same structure

86. (Niacin is the vitamin)

87. nicotonimide is main structure for NAD and NADH

88. NAD is an electron carrier

89. Lactate Fermentation

90. Produces ATP

91. Not as much as glycolysis

92. NADH electrons end up on carbonyl group of pyruvate to make lactate

93. Glucose G6P

94. Pyruvate has H’s added to it from NADH

95. NAD+ can be regernertaed so it goes back to glycolysis

96. 2 pyruvates 2 lactate + 2NAD+

97. 2 ADP to 2 ATP

98. pyruvate lactate

99. lactate dehydrogenase

100. Slide 12

101. Glucose is used to make pyruvate, but instead after it accepts the H’s it yield 2 CO2 and acetyl aldehyde, which receives Hs and e- from NADH and release ethanol.

102. Catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase not lactate dehydrogenase