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Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst
     tetrapods (Late Permian – Early Jurassic)




             Graeme T. LLOYD &
             Michael J. BENTON
Why the Late Permian – Early
            Jurassic?
• Period of major change amongst
  tetrapods
• Earliest: mammals, dinosaurs, pterosaurs,
  ichthyopterygians, sauropterygians,
  turtles, crocodiles, frogs, and caecilians
• Triassic bounded by two ‘Big 5’ events (+
  third?)
• Received relatively little study
• Lacks a thorough analysis (Weems, 1992)
• Until now…
The Datasets
• 204 families and 810 genera
  – Stratigraphic range (stage)
  – Geographic range (continent)
  – Taxonomic class (amphibians/reptiles/
    mammals)
  – Body size (small/medium/large)
  – Diet (invertebrates/tetrapods/browser/
    fish/molluscs)
  – Habitat (marine/freshwater/terrestrial/
    aerial/arboreal)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Origination and Extinction
• Origination and Extinction seem to support
  end-Permian and end-Triassic events
• There is no evidence to support an end-
  Carnian event
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Summary of Ecological Change
• End-Permian event consistently
  associated with ecological change
• Marine taxa suffer a major extinction at the
  end-Carnian whilst mammals radiate
• End-Triassic significant only in ecological
  conservation
Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)
Pairwise Association I:
Late Permian – Early Jurassic tetrapods
Pairwise Association II:
     K-T bivalves*




           *(Data from McClure and Bohonak, 1995)
Pairwise Association III:
            Conclusions
• Cause and effect impossible to discern
• Taxonomic selectivity may imply non-
  preservable traits
• Great constraints on tetrapod evolution
• Could different variables be used?
• Geological signals are pervading the data
• New methodology required
Phylogeny to the rescue? I:
         Darwin identifies the problem


“[W]e continually over-rate the perfection of
  the geological record, and falsely infer,
  because certain genera or families have not
  been found beneath a certain stage, that
  they did not exist before that stage.”

                  The Origin of Species (1859)
Phylogeny to the rescue? II:
  Virtues of ghost range over stratigraphic range usage
• Boosts sample size - more stage-crossing taxa
• Corrects collection biases (e.g. Rauhut, 2003:
  Gondwanan vs. Laurasian theropods)
• Corrects preservation biases (e.g. pterosaurs vs.
  sauropterygians)
• Ghost range variations ≤ MPTs
• Fills ‘certain’ gaps (e.g. E. Cretaceous
  choristoderes, M. Jurassic pterosaurs etc.)
• Tetrapods are phylogenetically well understood
• But, requires massive trees and range extension
  asymmetric
• Effects every analysis undertaken here
Conclusions
• End-Permian extinction important event in
  tetrapod evolution
• Important ecological changes also occur at end-
  Carnian; lack of an extinction signature possibly
  a timing issue
• Interpreting end-Triassic problematic due to poor
  Early Jurassic record
• High pairwise association of variables prevents
  determination of causation (selectivity)
• Genus is a valid species proxy in tetrapod
  macroevolution
Acknowledgements




Mark Buckingham supplied the initial data on Late
Permian tetrapods as well as helpful comments and
suggestions. The Palaeontology Discussion Group
(PDG) at the University of Bristol gave constructive
feedback on an early version of this presentation, I am
particularly indebted to Pam Gill and Phil Donoghue for
their advice.

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Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian - Early Jurassic)

  • 1. Difficulty in identifying mass extinctions amongst tetrapods (Late Permian – Early Jurassic) Graeme T. LLOYD & Michael J. BENTON
  • 2. Why the Late Permian – Early Jurassic? • Period of major change amongst tetrapods • Earliest: mammals, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ichthyopterygians, sauropterygians, turtles, crocodiles, frogs, and caecilians • Triassic bounded by two ‘Big 5’ events (+ third?) • Received relatively little study • Lacks a thorough analysis (Weems, 1992) • Until now…
  • 3. The Datasets • 204 families and 810 genera – Stratigraphic range (stage) – Geographic range (continent) – Taxonomic class (amphibians/reptiles/ mammals) – Body size (small/medium/large) – Diet (invertebrates/tetrapods/browser/ fish/molluscs) – Habitat (marine/freshwater/terrestrial/ aerial/arboreal)
  • 8. Origination and Extinction • Origination and Extinction seem to support end-Permian and end-Triassic events • There is no evidence to support an end- Carnian event
  • 17. Summary of Ecological Change • End-Permian event consistently associated with ecological change • Marine taxa suffer a major extinction at the end-Carnian whilst mammals radiate • End-Triassic significant only in ecological conservation
  • 19. Pairwise Association I: Late Permian – Early Jurassic tetrapods
  • 20. Pairwise Association II: K-T bivalves* *(Data from McClure and Bohonak, 1995)
  • 21. Pairwise Association III: Conclusions • Cause and effect impossible to discern • Taxonomic selectivity may imply non- preservable traits • Great constraints on tetrapod evolution • Could different variables be used? • Geological signals are pervading the data • New methodology required
  • 22. Phylogeny to the rescue? I: Darwin identifies the problem “[W]e continually over-rate the perfection of the geological record, and falsely infer, because certain genera or families have not been found beneath a certain stage, that they did not exist before that stage.” The Origin of Species (1859)
  • 23. Phylogeny to the rescue? II: Virtues of ghost range over stratigraphic range usage • Boosts sample size - more stage-crossing taxa • Corrects collection biases (e.g. Rauhut, 2003: Gondwanan vs. Laurasian theropods) • Corrects preservation biases (e.g. pterosaurs vs. sauropterygians) • Ghost range variations ≤ MPTs • Fills ‘certain’ gaps (e.g. E. Cretaceous choristoderes, M. Jurassic pterosaurs etc.) • Tetrapods are phylogenetically well understood • But, requires massive trees and range extension asymmetric • Effects every analysis undertaken here
  • 24. Conclusions • End-Permian extinction important event in tetrapod evolution • Important ecological changes also occur at end- Carnian; lack of an extinction signature possibly a timing issue • Interpreting end-Triassic problematic due to poor Early Jurassic record • High pairwise association of variables prevents determination of causation (selectivity) • Genus is a valid species proxy in tetrapod macroevolution
  • 25. Acknowledgements Mark Buckingham supplied the initial data on Late Permian tetrapods as well as helpful comments and suggestions. The Palaeontology Discussion Group (PDG) at the University of Bristol gave constructive feedback on an early version of this presentation, I am particularly indebted to Pam Gill and Phil Donoghue for their advice.