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Science Day 2011
                   December 29, 2011
                       Govinda Bhisetti, Ph. D.
                       Lexington, MA 02421
                       govindarb@yahoo.com

            9:30 AM         Arrival
   10:00 – 10:15 AM         Introduction
   10:15 -- 11:45 AM        2011 Nobel Prizes
   12:00 – 12:30 PM         Top 10 News in 2011
   12:30 – 1:30 PM          Lunch
   2:00 – 3:00 PM           Breakthroughs in Science 2011
    3:00 – 4:00 PM          Tribute to Prof. Har Gobind Khorana
   4:00 -- 5:00 PM          Disaster of the Year: Japan Earthquake


12/29/2011               Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                1
Nobel Prize



                                            The Nobel Prize
                                            amount for 2011 is set
                                            at Swedish kronor
                                            (SEK) 10 million ($1.46
                                            million) per full Nobel
                                            Prize.




12/29/2011   Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                             2
Nobel Festivities




    http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1752




12/29/2011               Science Day Govinda Bhisetti         3
Prof. Har Gobind Khorana
The day is dedicated to Prof. Khorana, 1968 Nobel Prize winner in Medicine
who passed away on November 9, 2011

Hediscovered how amino acids coded by DNA combine to create proteins

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-BidjlCnHs (min 4 to 14)


                           http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/lau
                           reates/1968/khorana-bio.html




12/29/2011                Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                       4
2011 Nobel Prize winners




12/29/2011      Science Day Govinda Bhisetti   5
Prize Announcement Schedule
•     Monday, October 3, 2011                 PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE
      Ralph M. Steinman, and Bruce A. Beutler & Jules A. Hoffmann
      "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" and for their discoveries
      concerning the activation of innate immunity

•     Tuesday, October 4, 2011                 PHYSICS
      Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess
      for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant
      supernovae

•     Wednesday, October 5, 2011               CHEMISTRY
      Dan Shechtman ”for discovery of quasicrystals”

•     Thursday, October 6, 2011                LITERATURE
      Thomas Transtromer (Peru)
      because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality

•     Friday, October 7, 2010                      PEACE
      President Ellen Johnson, Leymah Gboww and Tawakkol Kafman (Liberia and Yemen)
      for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in
      peace-building work

•     Monday, October 10, 2010                 ECONOMICS
      Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims for their empirical research on cause and effect in the
      macroeconomy
                                                                Prizes were awarded on December 10, 2011
    12/29/2011                           Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                                           6
Peace Nobel Prize




       Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman

       for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for
       women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work.

12/29/2011                  Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                 7
PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE
             Ralph M. Steinman and Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann
for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity” and “for
    their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity




        Ralph M. Steinman            Bruce A. Beutler             Jules A. Hoffmann
        Rockefeller University, NY   Scripps Research Institute   Université
                                     La Jolla, CA                 Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg

   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xr5og53z_dc
12/29/2011                       Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                               8
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
• Innate or non-specific
   - mobilized immediately upon infection
   - not antigen specific

• Adaptive or specific
   - requires some time to react
      an invading organism
   - antigen specific
   - exhibits an immunological memory

Both aspects of the immune system have cellular and     Human blood contains most cellular and
                                                        noncellular factors that participate in
   humoral components
                                                        host immunity to bacterial pathogens

Khan: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rp7T4IItbtM



  12/29/2011                    Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                                9
Pathogen Recognition Systems and
         Innate Immunity
                         The innate immune system is an evolutionarily
                         conserved mechanism that provides an early and
                         effective response against invading microbial pathogens.

                         It relies on a limited set of pattern recognition receptors
                         (PRRs) that recognize specific pathogen-associated
                         molecular patterns (PAMPs) commonly present in
                         microbes but not in mammals. Upon detection of
                         PAMPs, some PRRs trigger an inflammatory response
                         leading to the efficient destruction of the invading
                         pathogens.

                         Four main families of PRRs have been shown to initiate
                         proinflammatory signaling pathways: the Toll-like
                         receptors (TLRs), the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the
                         RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the C-type lectin
                         receptors (CLRs). As our understanding of innate
                         immunity expands, more PRRs are being identified ,
                         such as cytosolic dsDNA sensors (CDSs) and NLRs
                         involved in the formation of inflammasomes.

                         Trends in Immunology, 27, 352-357 (2006)

12/29/2011   Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                                      10
Dendrtic Cells in Immunity
                                                                The immune system’s
                                                                response involves a cascade
                                                                of events orchestrated by
                                                                specialized immune cells




Dendritic cells have two key functions in the initial, innate immune response. 1) they
produce cytokines that help to kill viruses and bacteria. 2) they ensure that pathogens and
other foreign substances are highly visible to specialized helper T cells, called Th1 and Th2
cells, which coordinate the longer-term adaptive immune response. Th1 and Th2
responses last for an extended time. Dendritic cells recognize different types of offending
substances and guide the immune system to make the most appropriate response.

 12/29/2011                      Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                             11
Dendritic cell and adaptive immunity




                                                http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA
                                                m3Z5Iy85w




his T cell (blue), one of the immune system’s principle means of defense,
identifies the molecular signature of a dendritic cell (green) at a junction between
the two called the immunological synapse. If the immunological synapse signals
the presence of a foe, the T cell will attack.

12/29/2011                  Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                        12
CHEMISTRY
                                 Daniel Schechtman
                           for the discovery of quasicrystals
                                                                  Dan’s discovery of
                                                                  quasicrystals has
                                                                  created a new cross-
                                                                  disciplinary branch of
                                                                  science, drawing from,
                                                                  and enriching, chemistry,
                                                                  physics and
                                                                  mathematics. This is in
                                                                  itself of the greatest
                                                                  importance. It has also
                                                                  given us a reminder of
                                                                  how little we really know
                                                                  and perhaps even taught
     Dan Schechtman, 70                                           us some humility. That is
     Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
                                                                  a truly great achievement
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZRTzOMHQ4s
     http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1731
12/29/2011                         Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                          13
Quasicrystals

                                   5 or 10-fold symmetry


                              http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiT00AUwQl8



Many scientists — notably Linus Pauling, the Nobel-winning giant of chemistry —
argued vehemently that Dr. Shechtman’s data could be explained by “twinning,”
where two ordinary periodic crystals are fused together at an angle.

http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/feature_nobel_prize_2010.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLgW3fRMOhkfeature=related

  12/29/2011                 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                    14
PHYSICS
              Adam Riess, Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt
 for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through
 observations of distant supernovae”




             Saul Perlmutter, 52,     Brian P. Schmidt, 44,    Adam G. Riess, 41,
             Lawrence Berkeley        Australian National      Johns Hopkins
             National Laboratory      University in Canberra   University Baltimore

12/29/2011                          Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                      15
Expanding Universe
                                          • An exploding star known
                                          as Type 1a supernova is
                                          very bright

                                          • The Nobel prize winners
                                          used them to measure the
                                          expansion of the universe

                                          •http://www.youtube.com/w
                                          atch?v=v6o2bUPdxV0

                                          •http://www.youtube.com/w
                                          atch?v=dMwr0VYuExE




12/29/2011       Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                         16
Breakthrough of the Year 2011
                                       “The goal of an AIDS-free generation is
                                       ambitious, but it is possible,” - Hillary
                                       Clinton

                                       Antiretroviral treatments for HIV keep the virus
                                       from spreading and raised hopes of ending
                                       HIV/AIDS epidemics in whole populations.

                                       The year's runners-up include what makes
                                       asteroids red, ancient DNA in modern humans,
                                       the structure of photosystem II, pristine gas in the
                                       early universe, the microbiome, a new malaria
                                       vaccine, alien solar systems, zeolites, and
                                       senescent cells.

                                       http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_podcast/Scienc
                                       ePodcast_111223.mp3
                                       http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_podcast/Scienc
                                       ePodcast_111223.mp3
                                       http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mi5URSLUzD
                                       M
         23 December 2011
                                       Scanning electron micrograph of HIV viruses, each ~120
                                       nanometers in diameter, on an infected cell surface
12/29/2011           Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                                      17
2011 Science Breakthroughs
       1. HIV Treatment as Prevention.

       2. Asteroid Dust Solves Color Conundrum..

       3. Archaic Humans’ DNA Lives On.

       4. Plant Life’s Boxy Heart.

       5. Glimpses of a Simpler Time.

       6. Microbes R Us.

       7. RTS,S -- A Vaccine With Many Maybes.

       8. Extrasolar? Extra Strange.

       9. Industrial Molecules Tailor-Made

       10. Removing Old Cells to Stay Young?


12/29/2011                   Science Day Govinda Bhisetti   18
10. Removing Old Cells to Stay Young
   Washed-up cells in our tissues promote aging, culling them
   could keep us healthier longer

                                       • Senescent cells leak growth-stimulating
                                       and tissue-dissolving chemicals that
                                       encourage tumors to grow and spread,
                                       and might also promote aging by
                                       damaging the surrounding tissue or by
                                       stoking the protracted inflammation
                                       characteristic of old age.

                                       • Injections of a drug triggered the
                                       animals to kill off cells that manufacture
                                       the protein p16INK4a, which flags many
                                       senescent cells

                                       • Raises the possibility that targeting
                                       senescent cells or countering their
                                       effects could burnish our golden years.



12/29/2011            Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                               19
9. Industrial Molecules, Tailor-Made
New ways to tailor the size of their pores and create thinner, cheaper
zeolites




•    Zeolites, family of porous crystaline minerals was first discovered in 1756. Over
     the past 250 years, 40 natural zeolites have been discovered, and chemists
     have chipped in roughly 150 more synthetic versions.
•    South Korean scientists crafted a family of zeolites with network of small pores
     surrounded by walls holed with larger voids. Labs in Spain and China produced
     large- and small-pore zeolites by using a combination of inorganic and organic
     materials to guide the structures as they formed. Researchers in France and
     Germany discovered that, by carefully controlling growth conditions, they could
     form a large-pore zeolite.
    12/29/2011                  Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                       20
8. Extrasolar? Extra Strange
Distant planetary systems are pretty weird
                                                    •   NASA’s Kepler observatory—which has
                                                        been tracking 156,000 nearby stars
                                                        found six large planets, three of them
                                                        gas giants like Jupiter, orbiting a star
                                                        named Kepler 11 some 2000 light-
                                                        years from Earth.
                                                    •   Five of the six are bunched up very
                                                        close to the star, closer in than Mercury
                                                        is from the sun. The sixth planet lies
                                                        only a bit farther out, as far as Venus is
                                                        from the sun.
                                                    •   HAT-P-6b, a gas giant orbiting in a
                                                        direction opposite to the spin of the
                                                        parent star.
                                                    •   An exoplanet orbiting a binary star
With more than 700 extrasolar planets on                system.
record, researchers are grappling not only with     •   10 planets floating freely in space with
planets unlike anything circling our sun but also       no host stars nearby, suggesting that
with entire planetary systems whose weirdness           they may have been kicked out of the
is forcing scientists to rethink how planets form       planetary systems in which they
and settle into orbits.                                 formed.


  12/29/2011                      Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                              21
7. RTS,S - A Vaccine With Many Maybes
Clinical trials of a malaria vaccine keep hopes alive.

                                                            •   Clinical trial of a malaria
                                                                vaccine at 11 sites in seven
                                                                African countries enrolled
                                                                more than 15,000 children.

                                                            •   RTS,S vaccine produced by
                                                                GlaxoSmithKline in
                                                                collaboration with the PATH
                                                                Malaria Vaccine Initiative has
                                                                received more than $200
                                                                million in development support
                                                                from the Bill and Melinda
                                                                Gates Foundation.

                                                            •   Early results of the ongoing
                                                                trial reassured malaria
                                                                researchers that discovering a
                                                                malaria vaccine remains
                                                                possible.

   12/29/2011                Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                                22
6. Microbes R Us
    Internal microbial communities fell roughly into three enterotypes:
    Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus

•     The Microbiome: The microbes and viruses that call the human
      body home has led to the concept of the microbiome. Since 90
      percent of the cells in our bodies are actually microbial, scientists are
      beginning to understand how significantly microbial genes can affect
      how much energy we absorb from our foods and how our immune
      systems respond to infections.


•     Everyone has a dominant bacterium leading the gang
      in their digestive tract: Bacteroides, Prevotella or
      Ruminococcus.

•     Bacteroides thrives on a high-protein diet while
      Prevotella prefers vegetarian fare.

•     These findings and more helped to clarify the interplay
      between diet and microbes in nutrition and disease.

•     http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/normalflora.html


      12/29/2011                                Science Day Govinda Bhisetti      23
5. Glimpses of a Simpler Time
    Clouds of gas — trapped in filaments between galaxies — may be long-
    lasting leftovers from the Big Bang.

•   Astronomers using the Keck telescope
    in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe
    wound up discovering two clouds of
    hydrogen gas that seem to have
    maintained their original chemistry for
    two billion years after the big bang.

•   Other researchers identified a star that
    is almost completely devoid of metals,
    just as the universe's earliest stars
    must have been, but that formed much
    later.

•   The discoveries show that pockets of
    matter persisted unscathed amid eons
    of cosmic violence.




    12/29/2011                     Science Day Govinda Bhisetti       24
4. Plant Life’s Boxy Heart
    High Resolution Crystal Structure of Plant’s Photo System II

•   Plant’s essential protein called photo system II
    (PSII) uses solar energy to split water into
    hydrogen and oxygen atoms, then pairs
    oxygens into the O2 molecules we breathe. It is
    one of nature’s most fascinating and important
    reactions.
•   PSII is a transmembrane protein complex with
    20 protein subunits, several electron-transfer
    quinone factors, and a photoantenna system of
    chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments.
•   The high-resolution structure of PSII reveals
    the geometric arrangement of the Mn4CaO5
    cluster as well as its oxo bridges and ligands,
    and four bound water molecules. This provides
    a basis for unravelling the mechanism of water
    splitting and O–O bond formation.
•   The structure gives us a solid structural
    understanding of energy migration, electron
    transfer and water-splitting reactions taking
    place within PSII.

    12/29/2011                    Science Day Govinda Bhisetti     25
3. Archaic Humans’ DNA Lives On
 DNA from a Siberian finger bone showed mixing between Denisovans
 and Homo sapiens

• In the past 100,000 years, Homo sapiens
 arose in Africa, then swept out into Europe
 and Asia, “completely” replacing
 Neandertals and the other archaic peoples
 they met there.

• In December 2010, researchers published
  the whole genome of a new kind of archaic
  human from Denisova Cave in Siberia.

• It was found this year that members of
 three relatively isolated groups of Africans
 carried unusual DNA variants apparently
 inherited from archaic people in Africa in
 the past 35,000 years, long after modern
 humans arose.

 12/29/2011                   Science Day Govinda Bhisetti      26
2. Asteroid Dust Solves Color Conundrum
    Why the most common meteorites that fall to Earth didn’t seem to come
    from the most common asteroids in the asteroid belt?
•   Hayabusa, a Japanese spacecraft, a
    daring mission returned to Earth with
    dust from the surface of a large
    asteroids Itokawa after some near-
    disastrous technical difficulties and a
    stunningly successful recovery.

•   Analysis of these dust samples
    confirmed that the most common
    meteorites found on Earth, known as
    ordinary chondrules, are born from
    these much larger, S-type asteroids.

•   The earlier mistakes of identity were
    caused by discoloring of asteroids by
    solar wind.
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEyQ
    DwAUfRQfeature=related
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsQ
    p9Zey27Y                                    Touchdown on Itokawa, as portrayed in the Japanese movie
                                                Hayabusa: Back to the Earth


    12/29/2011                           Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                               27
1. HIV Treatment as Prevention
  Antiretroviral drugs reduce HIV transmission rates by 96%



                                                              The antiretroviral drugs
                                                              used to treat HIV-infected
                                                              people also dramatically
                                                              reduce HIV transmission
                                                              rates, a finding that may
                                                              influence the strategies
                                                              used by health advocates
                                                              and policymakers to
                                                              battle the disease.



http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_podcast/SciencePodcast_111223.mp3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mi5URSLUzDM
Science Hall of Fame
http://video.sciencemag.org/SciOriginals/744533805001/1

 12/29/2011                    Science Day Govinda Bhisetti                           28
HIV Clinical Trials HPTN 052 design
N Engl J Med 2011;365:493-505.




12/29/2011              Science Day Govinda Bhisetti   29
HIV Clinical Trials HPTN 052 design (contd.)




12/29/2011     Science Day Govinda Bhisetti    30

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Science Day 2011

  • 1. Science Day 2011 December 29, 2011 Govinda Bhisetti, Ph. D. Lexington, MA 02421 govindarb@yahoo.com 9:30 AM Arrival 10:00 – 10:15 AM Introduction 10:15 -- 11:45 AM 2011 Nobel Prizes 12:00 – 12:30 PM Top 10 News in 2011 12:30 – 1:30 PM Lunch 2:00 – 3:00 PM Breakthroughs in Science 2011 3:00 – 4:00 PM Tribute to Prof. Har Gobind Khorana 4:00 -- 5:00 PM Disaster of the Year: Japan Earthquake 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 1
  • 2. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize amount for 2011 is set at Swedish kronor (SEK) 10 million ($1.46 million) per full Nobel Prize. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 2
  • 3. Nobel Festivities http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1752 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 3
  • 4. Prof. Har Gobind Khorana The day is dedicated to Prof. Khorana, 1968 Nobel Prize winner in Medicine who passed away on November 9, 2011 Hediscovered how amino acids coded by DNA combine to create proteins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-BidjlCnHs (min 4 to 14) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/lau reates/1968/khorana-bio.html 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 4
  • 5. 2011 Nobel Prize winners 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 5
  • 6. Prize Announcement Schedule • Monday, October 3, 2011 PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE Ralph M. Steinman, and Bruce A. Beutler & Jules A. Hoffmann "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" and for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity • Tuesday, October 4, 2011 PHYSICS Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae • Wednesday, October 5, 2011 CHEMISTRY Dan Shechtman ”for discovery of quasicrystals” • Thursday, October 6, 2011 LITERATURE Thomas Transtromer (Peru) because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality • Friday, October 7, 2010 PEACE President Ellen Johnson, Leymah Gboww and Tawakkol Kafman (Liberia and Yemen) for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work • Monday, October 10, 2010 ECONOMICS Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy Prizes were awarded on December 10, 2011 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 6
  • 7. Peace Nobel Prize Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 7
  • 8. PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE Ralph M. Steinman and Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity” and “for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Ralph M. Steinman Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Rockefeller University, NY Scripps Research Institute Université La Jolla, CA Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xr5og53z_dc 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 8
  • 9. Innate and Adaptive Immunity • Innate or non-specific - mobilized immediately upon infection - not antigen specific • Adaptive or specific - requires some time to react an invading organism - antigen specific - exhibits an immunological memory Both aspects of the immune system have cellular and Human blood contains most cellular and noncellular factors that participate in humoral components host immunity to bacterial pathogens Khan: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rp7T4IItbtM 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 9
  • 10. Pathogen Recognition Systems and Innate Immunity The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that provides an early and effective response against invading microbial pathogens. It relies on a limited set of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) commonly present in microbes but not in mammals. Upon detection of PAMPs, some PRRs trigger an inflammatory response leading to the efficient destruction of the invading pathogens. Four main families of PRRs have been shown to initiate proinflammatory signaling pathways: the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). As our understanding of innate immunity expands, more PRRs are being identified , such as cytosolic dsDNA sensors (CDSs) and NLRs involved in the formation of inflammasomes. Trends in Immunology, 27, 352-357 (2006) 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 10
  • 11. Dendrtic Cells in Immunity The immune system’s response involves a cascade of events orchestrated by specialized immune cells Dendritic cells have two key functions in the initial, innate immune response. 1) they produce cytokines that help to kill viruses and bacteria. 2) they ensure that pathogens and other foreign substances are highly visible to specialized helper T cells, called Th1 and Th2 cells, which coordinate the longer-term adaptive immune response. Th1 and Th2 responses last for an extended time. Dendritic cells recognize different types of offending substances and guide the immune system to make the most appropriate response. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 11
  • 12. Dendritic cell and adaptive immunity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA m3Z5Iy85w his T cell (blue), one of the immune system’s principle means of defense, identifies the molecular signature of a dendritic cell (green) at a junction between the two called the immunological synapse. If the immunological synapse signals the presence of a foe, the T cell will attack. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 12
  • 13. CHEMISTRY Daniel Schechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals Dan’s discovery of quasicrystals has created a new cross- disciplinary branch of science, drawing from, and enriching, chemistry, physics and mathematics. This is in itself of the greatest importance. It has also given us a reminder of how little we really know and perhaps even taught Dan Schechtman, 70 us some humility. That is Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel a truly great achievement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZRTzOMHQ4s http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1731 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 13
  • 14. Quasicrystals 5 or 10-fold symmetry http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiT00AUwQl8 Many scientists — notably Linus Pauling, the Nobel-winning giant of chemistry — argued vehemently that Dr. Shechtman’s data could be explained by “twinning,” where two ordinary periodic crystals are fused together at an angle. http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/feature_nobel_prize_2010.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLgW3fRMOhkfeature=related 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 14
  • 15. PHYSICS Adam Riess, Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae” Saul Perlmutter, 52, Brian P. Schmidt, 44, Adam G. Riess, 41, Lawrence Berkeley Australian National Johns Hopkins National Laboratory University in Canberra University Baltimore 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 15
  • 16. Expanding Universe • An exploding star known as Type 1a supernova is very bright • The Nobel prize winners used them to measure the expansion of the universe •http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=v6o2bUPdxV0 •http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=dMwr0VYuExE 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 16
  • 17. Breakthrough of the Year 2011 “The goal of an AIDS-free generation is ambitious, but it is possible,” - Hillary Clinton Antiretroviral treatments for HIV keep the virus from spreading and raised hopes of ending HIV/AIDS epidemics in whole populations. The year's runners-up include what makes asteroids red, ancient DNA in modern humans, the structure of photosystem II, pristine gas in the early universe, the microbiome, a new malaria vaccine, alien solar systems, zeolites, and senescent cells. http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_podcast/Scienc ePodcast_111223.mp3 http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_podcast/Scienc ePodcast_111223.mp3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mi5URSLUzD M 23 December 2011 Scanning electron micrograph of HIV viruses, each ~120 nanometers in diameter, on an infected cell surface 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 17
  • 18. 2011 Science Breakthroughs 1. HIV Treatment as Prevention. 2. Asteroid Dust Solves Color Conundrum.. 3. Archaic Humans’ DNA Lives On. 4. Plant Life’s Boxy Heart. 5. Glimpses of a Simpler Time. 6. Microbes R Us. 7. RTS,S -- A Vaccine With Many Maybes. 8. Extrasolar? Extra Strange. 9. Industrial Molecules Tailor-Made 10. Removing Old Cells to Stay Young? 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 18
  • 19. 10. Removing Old Cells to Stay Young Washed-up cells in our tissues promote aging, culling them could keep us healthier longer • Senescent cells leak growth-stimulating and tissue-dissolving chemicals that encourage tumors to grow and spread, and might also promote aging by damaging the surrounding tissue or by stoking the protracted inflammation characteristic of old age. • Injections of a drug triggered the animals to kill off cells that manufacture the protein p16INK4a, which flags many senescent cells • Raises the possibility that targeting senescent cells or countering their effects could burnish our golden years. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 19
  • 20. 9. Industrial Molecules, Tailor-Made New ways to tailor the size of their pores and create thinner, cheaper zeolites • Zeolites, family of porous crystaline minerals was first discovered in 1756. Over the past 250 years, 40 natural zeolites have been discovered, and chemists have chipped in roughly 150 more synthetic versions. • South Korean scientists crafted a family of zeolites with network of small pores surrounded by walls holed with larger voids. Labs in Spain and China produced large- and small-pore zeolites by using a combination of inorganic and organic materials to guide the structures as they formed. Researchers in France and Germany discovered that, by carefully controlling growth conditions, they could form a large-pore zeolite. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 20
  • 21. 8. Extrasolar? Extra Strange Distant planetary systems are pretty weird • NASA’s Kepler observatory—which has been tracking 156,000 nearby stars found six large planets, three of them gas giants like Jupiter, orbiting a star named Kepler 11 some 2000 light- years from Earth. • Five of the six are bunched up very close to the star, closer in than Mercury is from the sun. The sixth planet lies only a bit farther out, as far as Venus is from the sun. • HAT-P-6b, a gas giant orbiting in a direction opposite to the spin of the parent star. • An exoplanet orbiting a binary star With more than 700 extrasolar planets on system. record, researchers are grappling not only with • 10 planets floating freely in space with planets unlike anything circling our sun but also no host stars nearby, suggesting that with entire planetary systems whose weirdness they may have been kicked out of the is forcing scientists to rethink how planets form planetary systems in which they and settle into orbits. formed. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 21
  • 22. 7. RTS,S - A Vaccine With Many Maybes Clinical trials of a malaria vaccine keep hopes alive. • Clinical trial of a malaria vaccine at 11 sites in seven African countries enrolled more than 15,000 children. • RTS,S vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline in collaboration with the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative has received more than $200 million in development support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. • Early results of the ongoing trial reassured malaria researchers that discovering a malaria vaccine remains possible. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 22
  • 23. 6. Microbes R Us Internal microbial communities fell roughly into three enterotypes: Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus • The Microbiome: The microbes and viruses that call the human body home has led to the concept of the microbiome. Since 90 percent of the cells in our bodies are actually microbial, scientists are beginning to understand how significantly microbial genes can affect how much energy we absorb from our foods and how our immune systems respond to infections. • Everyone has a dominant bacterium leading the gang in their digestive tract: Bacteroides, Prevotella or Ruminococcus. • Bacteroides thrives on a high-protein diet while Prevotella prefers vegetarian fare. • These findings and more helped to clarify the interplay between diet and microbes in nutrition and disease. • http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/normalflora.html 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 23
  • 24. 5. Glimpses of a Simpler Time Clouds of gas — trapped in filaments between galaxies — may be long- lasting leftovers from the Big Bang. • Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. • Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. • The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 24
  • 25. 4. Plant Life’s Boxy Heart High Resolution Crystal Structure of Plant’s Photo System II • Plant’s essential protein called photo system II (PSII) uses solar energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms, then pairs oxygens into the O2 molecules we breathe. It is one of nature’s most fascinating and important reactions. • PSII is a transmembrane protein complex with 20 protein subunits, several electron-transfer quinone factors, and a photoantenna system of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. • The high-resolution structure of PSII reveals the geometric arrangement of the Mn4CaO5 cluster as well as its oxo bridges and ligands, and four bound water molecules. This provides a basis for unravelling the mechanism of water splitting and O–O bond formation. • The structure gives us a solid structural understanding of energy migration, electron transfer and water-splitting reactions taking place within PSII. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 25
  • 26. 3. Archaic Humans’ DNA Lives On DNA from a Siberian finger bone showed mixing between Denisovans and Homo sapiens • In the past 100,000 years, Homo sapiens arose in Africa, then swept out into Europe and Asia, “completely” replacing Neandertals and the other archaic peoples they met there. • In December 2010, researchers published the whole genome of a new kind of archaic human from Denisova Cave in Siberia. • It was found this year that members of three relatively isolated groups of Africans carried unusual DNA variants apparently inherited from archaic people in Africa in the past 35,000 years, long after modern humans arose. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 26
  • 27. 2. Asteroid Dust Solves Color Conundrum Why the most common meteorites that fall to Earth didn’t seem to come from the most common asteroids in the asteroid belt? • Hayabusa, a Japanese spacecraft, a daring mission returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large asteroids Itokawa after some near- disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery. • Analysis of these dust samples confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids. • The earlier mistakes of identity were caused by discoloring of asteroids by solar wind. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEyQ DwAUfRQfeature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsQ p9Zey27Y Touchdown on Itokawa, as portrayed in the Japanese movie Hayabusa: Back to the Earth 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 27
  • 28. 1. HIV Treatment as Prevention Antiretroviral drugs reduce HIV transmission rates by 96% The antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV-infected people also dramatically reduce HIV transmission rates, a finding that may influence the strategies used by health advocates and policymakers to battle the disease. http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_podcast/SciencePodcast_111223.mp3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mi5URSLUzDM Science Hall of Fame http://video.sciencemag.org/SciOriginals/744533805001/1 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 28
  • 29. HIV Clinical Trials HPTN 052 design N Engl J Med 2011;365:493-505. 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 29
  • 30. HIV Clinical Trials HPTN 052 design (contd.) 12/29/2011 Science Day Govinda Bhisetti 30